Chemical analysis and bioactivities of raw and process syconia of seven varieties of Ficus deltoidea jack
Ficus deltoidea (FD) locally known as "mas cotek is one of the commonly known "medicinal plants native to Southeast Asia. High demand of the leaves part especially as ingredient of healthy products leads to the underutilization of its syconia. Traditionally, the syconia is roasted, ground...
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| Format: | Thesis Book |
| Language: | English |
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| Summary: | Ficus deltoidea (FD) locally known as "mas cotek is one of the commonly known "medicinal plants native to Southeast Asia. High demand of the leaves part especially as ingredient of healthy products leads to the underutilization of its syconia. Traditionally, the syconia is roasted, ground and consumed as coffee substitute. However, selection of the syconia with better bioactive qualities is the major constrain as there are seven varieties of FD in Peninsular Malaysia namely; var. trengganuensis, var. kunstleri, var. angustifolia, var. delto idea , var. bilobata, var. intermedia and var. motleyana. Moreover, information on the processing conditions that could retain the phytochemicals as well as the quality attributes is lacking. The aims of this study are the determination of similarity and differences of the chemical and bioactivity characteristics between syconia of the seven varieties of FD. Thus, the objectives were to determine the proximate composition, total phenolic content, antioxidant and aglucosidase inhibitory activities, to develop an High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) method for detection and quantification of vitexin and isovitexin, to discriminate the varieties chemical fingerprints and determine their correlation with the bioactivity (antioxidant and a-glucosidase inhibitory activities), to determine the effect of roasting on the proximate composition, total phenolic content, antioxidant and a-glucosidase inhibitory activities, vitexin and isovitexin content in var. trengganuensis and var. kunstleri, as well as to determine the effect of pH and storage conditions on total phenolic content, antioxidant and a-glucosidase inhibitory activities of infusion prepared from var. kunstleri. Total phenolic content (TPC) was determined using Folin-Ciocalteu method, while the bioactivities tested included aglucosidase inhibitory activity and antioxidant activity using 1, I-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assays. Marker compounds were separated on tIPTLC. Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR) based metabolomics coupled with chemometric tools was applied to discriminate the seven varieties ofFD. Roasting was carried out at different temperatures and durations. The effect of different pH and storage duration on the bioactivity syconia infusion was also examined. The results revealed that the proximate compositions were significantly difference among the seven varieties of FD except total ash. Var. motleyana was found to contain the highest crude protein and fat. The results also indicated that among 21 accessions of FD, var. kunstleri displayed the most promising a-glucosidase inhibitory and antioxidant activities, with ICso values ranging from 37.8 to 89.5 ug/ml. and 13.6 to 79.3 ug/ml., respectively. Meanwhile, TPC values varied from 304.1 to 782.6 mg GAE/g. The most amount of vitexin and isovitexin were quantified in var. bilobata and var. intermedia. Besides, orthogonal partial least square discriminating analysis (OPLS-DA) of FTIR spectra revealed chemical variation and discrimination between FD varieties. FTIR fingerprints responsible for the clustering were 1729, 1705, 1448, 1095, 453 and 443 for ethanolic extracts (EE), while 1001, 1093, 1435, 1600 and 1969 em" for aqueous extracts (AE). This indicated that the chemicals which are responsible for the cluster discrimation are varied. In addition, crude proteins, fibres, fats and carbohydrates content were significantly (p<0.05) increased at all the roasting conditions in both var. trengganuensis and var. kunstleri. Roasting increased DPPH radical scavenging activity and FRAP values of EE of var. trengganuensis, while decreased FRAP value of var. kunstleri. However, roasting was found to also decrease both marker compounds. The pH adjustments using phosphate buffer decreased DPPH scavenging activity and FRAP values, while storage at 60°C decreased FRAP value of both infusions made with pure water and phosphate buffer (PH 3.5). In conclusion, there were differences in proximate composition, antioxidant and a-glucosidase inhibitory activities among all varieties. Var. kunstleri was found to display the strongest bioactivity compared to others. Furthermore, roasting conditions showed both positive and negative effects depended on the studied parameters. Therefore, this study revealed that syconia part of FD has large potential to be utilized as an ingredient in food nutritional products. Besides, the selected accessions of FD varieties have potential to be the elite plants for development activity oflocal agro-industry |
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| Physical Description: | xxiii, 291 leaves; 31 cm. |