Production of high nutritional fish feed from seaweed and palm kernel cake using solid state fermentation /
The importance of fish as a protein source in human and animal's diet as well as the rising cost of imported fish feed ingredients have called for an intensive research towards the production of high nutritional fish feed using cheap and natural nutrient sources. The inclusions of ingredients l...
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| Main Author: | |
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| Format: | Thesis |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Kuala Lumpur :
Kulliyyah of Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia,
2017
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Click here to view 1st 24 pages of the thesis. Members can view fulltext at the specified PCs in the library. |
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| Summary: | The importance of fish as a protein source in human and animal's diet as well as the rising cost of imported fish feed ingredients have called for an intensive research towards the production of high nutritional fish feed using cheap and natural nutrient sources. The inclusions of ingredients like soybean meal, wheat flour and corn starch using the traditional method were currently applied in producing the conventional feed. Seaweed and palm kernel cake were used in this study as alternative protein ingredients in fish feed and the enrichment of their nutritional value was achieved by using solid state fermentation. Following the fermentation process, the nutrient compositions of the three types of seaweeds from three different major groups: Caulerpa lentillifera (Chlorophyta), Eucheuma cottonii (Rhodophyta) and Sargassum sp. (Phaeophyta) were compared. Solid state fermentation was conducted for six days using fungi (Phanerochaete chrysosporium) and yeast (Candida utilis) to improve the bioprotein production. Results of the screening analysis involving the three seaweeds showed that Sargassum fulvellum was the best type of seaweed to produce nutritious fish feed. Screening and optimization of 11 media using the Plackett-Burman design were conducted to identify the potential media that influenced the bioprotein concentration of the biomass produced. Three positive media (K2HPO4, MnSO4.H2O, CuSO4.5H2O) were selected for further analysis using one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) method to determine the suitable concentrations to be used. Face-Centered Central Composite Design (FCCCD) of Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to further optimize the concentration of the three media by using the range determined in the OFAT analysis while the other media like MgSO4.7H2O, CaCl2.H2O, FeSO4.7H2O and peptone were made constant.. The final media constituents utilized after the validation process were (g/L): MgSO4.H2O (9.0), K2HPO4 (4.6), peptone (3.0), FeSO4.7H2O (3.0), MnSO4.2H2O (0.2), CuSO4.5H2O (0.1) and CaCl2.H2O (0.1) which produced 225.542 mg/g of bioprotein concentration. The OFAT analysis of four process conditions (initial pH, inoculum size, moisture content and temperature) were then conducted. Three important parameters which were initial pH, inoculum size and moisture content were selected for further optimization using RSM while the temperature and time were made constant at 28C and six days, respectively. The validation results showed that the conditions of pH 3.5, inoculum size at 8.03% and 71.04% initial moisture content produced maximum bioprotein concentrations (247.130 mg/g). Analysis of the final fish feed produced were conducted and the results showed that the nutritional compound of the fish feed met the ideal compositions of fish feed reported by previous researchers. The improvement was observed in the fish performance since the experimental fish feed has doubled the weight of the fish within the 12 weeks of experiment compared to the controlled fish. The fish feed produced could also enhance the weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion rate and the specific growth rate of the fish compared to the controlled fish. Future study could be done by up scaling the method using tray bioreactor. Hence, the overall study shows that the use of novel seaweed and method are better options in enhancing the nutrition of the fish feed produced. |
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| Item Description: | Abstracts in English and Arabic. "A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Science (Biotechnology Engineering)." --On titile page. |
| Physical Description: | xix, 183 leaves : illustrations ; 30cm. |
| Bibliography: | Includes bibliographical references (leaves 148-164). |