Process development for optimal lycopene extraction from selected fruit waste and its antioxidant activity /
Lycopene is one of the most widely used carotenoid is an efficient antioxidant and is bequeathed with multiple bio-protective roles. Primarily attributed to its unique molecular structure, which can protect the human body against oxidative stress, reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases and som...
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| Main Author: | |
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| Format: | Thesis |
| Language: | English |
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Kuala Lumpur :
Kulliyyah of Information and Communication Technology, International Islamic University Malaysia,
2014
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://studentrepo.iium.edu.my/handle/123456789/5116 |
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| Summary: | Lycopene is one of the most widely used carotenoid is an efficient antioxidant and is bequeathed with multiple bio-protective roles. Primarily attributed to its unique molecular structure, which can protect the human body against oxidative stress, reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases and some forms of cancer. Increasing demand of lycopene in the nutraceuticals and drug industry has directed researchers to produce lycopene with cost effective methods in large scale to meet the growing demand. Thus, searching for optimal extraction conditions with antioxidant activity and renewable waste as low cost medium for lycopene production is gaining great interests and abides by the waste reduction concept. The comparison of lycopene content and its lipophillic antioxidant activity was explored amongst four fruit peels; guava, papaya, watermelon and red dragon fruit to choose for the best source. Lycopene content was measured using both UV–vis spectrophotometer and identified using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and thin layer chromatography (TLC) methods. Papaya, a tropical fruit showed tremendous potential as an alternative source and was selected to conduct further investigation. Screening and optimization for the parameters that affected the lycopene extraction and its antioxidant activity were studied using statistical experimental design where three contributing variables were studied to find the optimal levels for the process. Response surface methodology (RSM) using faced centered composite design (FCCCD) was applied to study the interaction between the most contributing factors i.e. temperature, time and solid-solvent ratio. It was observed that with an approximate lycopene yield of 103.1 mg/kg, the DPPH and FRAP equals to 81.85% and 836.46 μM Fe(II)/L respectively and a higher TPC of 1735.1 mg/L GAE were obtained at temperature 120°C, time of 5 hours in a solid-solvent ratio of 1:40 g/mL. While lycopene yield of 74.538 mg/ kg exhibits DPPH scavenging activity of 91.14 %; FRAP value of 954 μM Fe(II)/L and TPC content equals 1409.42 mg/L GAE at a temperature of 120°C for 4 hours extraction time with a solid-solvent ratio of 1:30 g/mL. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated that the statistical model used was significant (p<0.05) with coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.91 which was very close to the adjusted R2 (0.82) which indicated the reliability of the model. Validation of the model was conducted using the optimal conditions mentioned previously where the predicted and the experimental results are in good agreement which prove the validity of the model and the existence of the optimal conditions. The lycopene oleoresin was saponified using a mixture of propylene glycol and aqueous alkali to obtain substantially pure lycopene crystals. The present work had the objective of confirming the identify of lycopene from papaya peels using HPLC and TLC as the identifying parameters. HPLC revealed that the major constituents of the extraction oleoresin after saponification were lycopene and β-carotene which constitute 69.879% and 30.121% of the total oleoresin respectively. In conclusion, development of this process would be an alternative source for lycopene production at large scale and cost effective in terms of utilising papaya peels as a renewable raw material. |
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| Physical Description: | xvi, 144 leaves ; ill. ; 30cm. |
| Bibliography: | Includes bibliographical references (leaves 113-130) |