Production of bio-surfactant under liquid state fermentation using palm kernel cake /
Palm Kernel Cake is one of the major byproduct of the Palm oil industry in Malaysia. The annual production of 3,424,614 tonnes and 3,463,365 tonnes of palm kernel cake was reported in 2012 and 2011 respectively. It has high carbon, oil and protein content. This work study introduces Palm kernel cake...
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| Format: | Thesis |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Kuala Lumpur :
Kulliyyah of Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia,
2013
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Click here to view 1st 24 pages of the thesis. Members can view fulltext at the specified PCs in the library. |
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| Summary: | Palm Kernel Cake is one of the major byproduct of the Palm oil industry in Malaysia. The annual production of 3,424,614 tonnes and 3,463,365 tonnes of palm kernel cake was reported in 2012 and 2011 respectively. It has high carbon, oil and protein content. This work study introduces Palm kernel cake as a novel substrate for the production of biosurfactants under liquid state fermentation. Biosurfactants are surface active compounds that are produced by a variety of microorganisms.Several isolated strains that were able to utilize palm kernel cake, were assayed and screened for maximum biosurfactant production. These strains were isolated from the degraded palm kernel cake itself. From the screened isolates, strain SM03 showed the best and consistent results and was therefore, selected as a potential biosurfactant producing microorganism. The strain was identified as P. alcalifaciens using Gen III Micro Plate Biolog Microbial Identification System. Plackett-Burman design was used to efficiently screen the important media components that had major influence on the biosurfactant production. Media screening was followed by one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT). In order to optimize media components, one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) optimization was used to evaluate the influence of Meat extract, MgSO4, K2HPO4, NaNO3 and NH4NO3. One-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) helped in finding out the central value for each of the five mentioned media components. The central values obtained by OFAT were (g/l): (Meat extract (10), MgSO4 (0.60), K2HPO4 (.80), NaNO3(0.75) and NH4NO3 (3.3)). One-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) optimization was followed by statistical multivariate optimization (Response Surface Methodology) using Design Expert 8.0.7.1 trial version. The concentrations of the three media components (Meat Extract, MgSO4 and K2HPO4) were optimized by using face centered central composite design (FCCCD) of Response Surface Methodology (RSM).The upper and lower concentrations of these three components were selected based on one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) optimization results. The other components were fixed as (g/l): PKC (60), Glucose (7), Yeast extract (4), KH2PO4 (0.14), NH4NO3 (3.3), FeSO4 (0.10) and NaNO3(0.75). The analysis of variance (ANOVA) results showed the model was significant. The software also suggested the numerical solutions. Three of these solutions were reproduced to validate the results. The percentage of variation, whenthe experimental and predicted values were compared, for all the three experiments was less than 5 %. The surface tension was reduced to 33.85 mN/m during optimization process and 33.76 mN/m during validation process. Also the biosurfactant yield was calculated as 8.3 g/l using optimized media concentrations. The scale up of the production process was also studied. The production was done in 1 L bioreactor. The yield of biosurfactant produced in the bioreactor was 7.9 g/l and the surface tension was found to be 34.23 mN/m. The kinetic study of biosurfactant production was also done. The results showed that the production process was significantly described by zero order, first order and second order reaction kinetics models. The coefficient of determination (R2) for zero, first and second order models was 0.9489, 0.9397 and 0.9294, respectively. |
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| Physical Description: | xviii, 135 leaves : ill. ; 30cm. |
| Bibliography: | Includes bibliographical references (leaves 112-128) |