Opioid tolerance and adherence and its relationship to cytokine concentrations among patients with non-cancer pain at pain clinics in three tertiary hospitals /
Introduction: Opioids are strong analgesics that have been used for centuries for the treatment of pain. The long-term use of opioid in chronic non-cancer pain (CNCP) is controversial as the available evidence is limited to short term efficacy and side effects. Several concerns are raised regarding...
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| 主要作者: | |
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| 格式: | Thesis |
| 语言: | English |
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Kuantan, Pahang :
Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia,
2019
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| 在线阅读: | Click here to view 1st 24 pages of the thesis. Members can view fulltext at the specified PCs in the library. |
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