The effects of niobium addition on mechanical and physical properties of austempered ductile iron / Siti Khadijah Alias

Austempered Ductile Iron (ADI) is merging as one of potential material in many engineering applications especially in automotives components and heavy machineries applications. The development of Austempered Ductile Iron is a significant necessity, as this material possessed superior properties,...

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Main Author:	Alias, Siti Khadijah
Format:	Thesis
Language:	English
Published:	2010
Subjects:	TJ Mechanical engineering and machinery
Online Access:	https://ir.uitm.edu.my/id/eprint/4268/1/TM_SITI%20KHADIJAH%20ALIAS%20EM%2010_5%201.pdf
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id	my-uitm-ir.4268
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spelling	my-uitm-ir.42682016-10-06T08:12:10Z The effects of niobium addition on mechanical and physical properties of austempered ductile iron / Siti Khadijah Alias 2010 Alias, Siti Khadijah TJ Mechanical engineering and machinery Mechanics applied to machinery. Dynamics Austempered Ductile Iron (ADI) is merging as one of potential material in many engineering applications especially in automotives components and heavy machineries applications. The development of Austempered Ductile Iron is a significant necessity, as this material possessed superior properties, high castability, and lower cost compared to steel. This thesis investigates the effect of Niobium element addition on the mechanical and physical properties of alloyed ductile iron before and after austempering process. The constitution of ductile iron (DI) and two newly developed materials which were 0.5wt % Niobium alloyed ductile iron (0.5wt % Nb-DI), and 2wt % Niobium alloyed ductile iron (2wt % Nb-DI) were made through Y block (300mm x Ø25mm) CO2 sand casting. Samples were then austenitized at 900 ºC for 1 hour before austempered at 350 ºC at 3 different holding times which were 1 hour, 2 hours and 3 hours consequently. Mechanical and physical properties of as cast and austempered samples with different holding time were evaluated through hardness, impact (ASTM E23), tensile (TS 138 EN1002-1) and density test. Microstructure observations which was obtained through Olympus B X 41M microscope and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) observation were also done after 2% Nital chemical etched. Microstructure observations revealed that ductile iron possessed the structures of graphite nodules surrounded by island of ferrite and pearlite and addition of Niobium had promoted graphite nodules and Niobium Carbide (NbC) in polygonal form dispersed in matrix of pearlite. The experimental results explicitly indicated samples of 2wt % Nb-ADI (1 hr) gives the optimum tensile strength and impact toughness properties among all types of samples which associated with the fine bainitic and retained austenite matrix, in coupled with the presence of Niobium Carbide in the material structure. It was also demonstrated that the tensile strength and impact toughness properties of Nb alloyed austempered ductile iron decreased corresponding to longer austempering time as coarser retained austenite and bainitic structure were observed. In opposition to that, austempering process at 350°C for 3 hours holding times gives maximum obtainable hardness properties which is due to formation of martensitic and bainitic structure due to longer holding time. The densities of alloyed ductile iron and austempered ductile iron however had only slightly variations as compared to conventional ductile iron and austempered ductile iron with approximately 1.94% differences. Keywords: Mechanical Properties, Sand Casting, Austempered Ductile Iron, Cast Iron, Niobium 2010 Thesis https://ir.uitm.edu.my/id/eprint/4268/ https://ir.uitm.edu.my/id/eprint/4268/1/TM_SITI%20KHADIJAH%20ALIAS%20EM%2010_5%201.pdf text en public masters Universiti Teknologi MARA Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
institution	Universiti Teknologi MARA
collection	UiTM Institutional Repository
language	English
topic	TJ Mechanical engineering and machinery TJ Mechanical engineering and machinery
spellingShingle	TJ Mechanical engineering and machinery TJ Mechanical engineering and machinery Alias, Siti Khadijah The effects of niobium addition on mechanical and physical properties of austempered ductile iron / Siti Khadijah Alias
description	Austempered Ductile Iron (ADI) is merging as one of potential material in many engineering applications especially in automotives components and heavy machineries applications. The development of Austempered Ductile Iron is a significant necessity, as this material possessed superior properties, high castability, and lower cost compared to steel. This thesis investigates the effect of Niobium element addition on the mechanical and physical properties of alloyed ductile iron before and after austempering process. The constitution of ductile iron (DI) and two newly developed materials which were 0.5wt % Niobium alloyed ductile iron (0.5wt % Nb-DI), and 2wt % Niobium alloyed ductile iron (2wt % Nb-DI) were made through Y block (300mm x Ø25mm) CO2 sand casting. Samples were then austenitized at 900 ºC for 1 hour before austempered at 350 ºC at 3 different holding times which were 1 hour, 2 hours and 3 hours consequently. Mechanical and physical properties of as cast and austempered samples with different holding time were evaluated through hardness, impact (ASTM E23), tensile (TS 138 EN1002-1) and density test. Microstructure observations which was obtained through Olympus B X 41M microscope and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) observation were also done after 2% Nital chemical etched. Microstructure observations revealed that ductile iron possessed the structures of graphite nodules surrounded by island of ferrite and pearlite and addition of Niobium had promoted graphite nodules and Niobium Carbide (NbC) in polygonal form dispersed in matrix of pearlite. The experimental results explicitly indicated samples of 2wt % Nb-ADI (1 hr) gives the optimum tensile strength and impact toughness properties among all types of samples which associated with the fine bainitic and retained austenite matrix, in coupled with the presence of Niobium Carbide in the material structure. It was also demonstrated that the tensile strength and impact toughness properties of Nb alloyed austempered ductile iron decreased corresponding to longer austempering time as coarser retained austenite and bainitic structure were observed. In opposition to that, austempering process at 350°C for 3 hours holding times gives maximum obtainable hardness properties which is due to formation of martensitic and bainitic structure due to longer holding time. The densities of alloyed ductile iron and austempered ductile iron however had only slightly variations as compared to conventional ductile iron and austempered ductile iron with approximately 1.94% differences. Keywords: Mechanical Properties, Sand Casting, Austempered Ductile Iron, Cast Iron, Niobium
format	Thesis
qualification_level	Master's degree
author	Alias, Siti Khadijah
author_facet	Alias, Siti Khadijah
author_sort	Alias, Siti Khadijah
title	The effects of niobium addition on mechanical and physical properties of austempered ductile iron / Siti Khadijah Alias
title_short	The effects of niobium addition on mechanical and physical properties of austempered ductile iron / Siti Khadijah Alias
title_full	The effects of niobium addition on mechanical and physical properties of austempered ductile iron / Siti Khadijah Alias
title_fullStr	The effects of niobium addition on mechanical and physical properties of austempered ductile iron / Siti Khadijah Alias
title_full_unstemmed	The effects of niobium addition on mechanical and physical properties of austempered ductile iron / Siti Khadijah Alias
title_sort	effects of niobium addition on mechanical and physical properties of austempered ductile iron / siti khadijah alias
granting_institution	Universiti Teknologi MARA
granting_department	Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
publishDate	2010
url	https://ir.uitm.edu.my/id/eprint/4268/1/TM_SITI%20KHADIJAH%20ALIAS%20EM%2010_5%201.pdf
_version_	1783733107350831104

The effects of niobium addition on mechanical and physical properties of austempered ductile iron / Siti Khadijah Alias

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