Pectin from pomelo [citrus grandis] fruit peels : extraction and potential application in hand cream / Siti Nur Adnin Zamri

Pomelo or “Limau Bali” also known as Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck is the highest demand fruit crops grown in the world especially in Asian countries including the South East Asia due to its aromatic smell and soft juicy pulp. Gelatin can be found in citrus fruit as they are rich with pectin and they h...

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Main Author:	Zamri, Siti Nur Adnin
Format:	Thesis
Language:	English
Published:	2022
Subjects:	Organic chemistry Extraction (Chemistry)
Online Access:	https://ir.uitm.edu.my/id/eprint/70026/1/70026.pdf
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id	my-uitm-ir.70026
record_format	uketd_dc
spelling	my-uitm-ir.700262022-11-15T02:01:32Z Pectin from pomelo [citrus grandis] fruit peels : extraction and potential application in hand cream / Siti Nur Adnin Zamri 2022-11-10 Zamri, Siti Nur Adnin Organic chemistry Extraction (Chemistry) Pomelo or “Limau Bali” also known as Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck is the highest demand fruit crops grown in the world especially in Asian countries including the South East Asia due to its aromatic smell and soft juicy pulp. Gelatin can be found in citrus fruit as they are rich with pectin and they have a number of advantages when used in the food and pharmaceutical industry. The primary component of citrus peel, is in a form of a complex heteropolysaccharide that is frequently utilised as a functional ingredient, such as a thickening, gelling, and emulsifying agent, thus it is the perfect substitute for gelatin. This study focus on the extraction of pectin from the local pomelo (Citrus grandis) fruit peels and its potential application in hand cream. Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) is used as a solvent to extract the pectin. The characterization of pectin was run with Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) to record the infrared spectrum of absorption, emission, and photoconductivity of the sample, Optical Microscope(OM) to magnify the image of an object specimen, Equivalent weight (Eq. W) and methoxyl content and Degree of esterification, (DE) to know the exact amount of methoxyl content inside a pectin. The hand cream containing pectin is analysed through the pH, hand cream removal and appearance, and homogeneity and smear test. The percent yield of the pectin obtained is 22.1%. The identification of pectin in FTIR is detected with the presence of bands that indicate the stretching of carboxylate ions (COO) at 1732 cm-1 and ester carbonyl groups (C=O) at 1632 cm-1. The Equivalent weight (Eq. W) and methoxyl content and DE indicates that the pectin is a high methoxyl pectin as the methoxyl content is 7.39% and the DE is 98%. To sum up, the extraction of pectin from the local pomelo (Citrus grandis) fruit peels were successfully obtained using HCL as a solvent and the successful extraction was confirmed with the physicochemical and structural properties of extracted pectin by using degree of esterification (DE), equivalent weight and methoxyl content, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Optical Microscope (OM). Lastly, the parameter test proves the unique properties of pectin as a thickener and gelling agent. 2022-11 Thesis https://ir.uitm.edu.my/id/eprint/70026/ https://ir.uitm.edu.my/id/eprint/70026/1/70026.pdf text en public degree Universiti Teknologi Mara Perlis Faculty of Applied Sciences
institution	Universiti Teknologi MARA
collection	UiTM Institutional Repository
language	English
topic	Organic chemistry Extraction (Chemistry)
spellingShingle	Organic chemistry Extraction (Chemistry) Zamri, Siti Nur Adnin Pectin from pomelo [citrus grandis] fruit peels : extraction and potential application in hand cream / Siti Nur Adnin Zamri
description	Pomelo or “Limau Bali” also known as Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck is the highest demand fruit crops grown in the world especially in Asian countries including the South East Asia due to its aromatic smell and soft juicy pulp. Gelatin can be found in citrus fruit as they are rich with pectin and they have a number of advantages when used in the food and pharmaceutical industry. The primary component of citrus peel, is in a form of a complex heteropolysaccharide that is frequently utilised as a functional ingredient, such as a thickening, gelling, and emulsifying agent, thus it is the perfect substitute for gelatin. This study focus on the extraction of pectin from the local pomelo (Citrus grandis) fruit peels and its potential application in hand cream. Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) is used as a solvent to extract the pectin. The characterization of pectin was run with Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) to record the infrared spectrum of absorption, emission, and photoconductivity of the sample, Optical Microscope(OM) to magnify the image of an object specimen, Equivalent weight (Eq. W) and methoxyl content and Degree of esterification, (DE) to know the exact amount of methoxyl content inside a pectin. The hand cream containing pectin is analysed through the pH, hand cream removal and appearance, and homogeneity and smear test. The percent yield of the pectin obtained is 22.1%. The identification of pectin in FTIR is detected with the presence of bands that indicate the stretching of carboxylate ions (COO) at 1732 cm-1 and ester carbonyl groups (C=O) at 1632 cm-1. The Equivalent weight (Eq. W) and methoxyl content and DE indicates that the pectin is a high methoxyl pectin as the methoxyl content is 7.39% and the DE is 98%. To sum up, the extraction of pectin from the local pomelo (Citrus grandis) fruit peels were successfully obtained using HCL as a solvent and the successful extraction was confirmed with the physicochemical and structural properties of extracted pectin by using degree of esterification (DE), equivalent weight and methoxyl content, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Optical Microscope (OM). Lastly, the parameter test proves the unique properties of pectin as a thickener and gelling agent.
format	Thesis
qualification_level	Bachelor degree
author	Zamri, Siti Nur Adnin
author_facet	Zamri, Siti Nur Adnin
author_sort	Zamri, Siti Nur Adnin
title	Pectin from pomelo [citrus grandis] fruit peels : extraction and potential application in hand cream / Siti Nur Adnin Zamri
title_short	Pectin from pomelo [citrus grandis] fruit peels : extraction and potential application in hand cream / Siti Nur Adnin Zamri
title_full	Pectin from pomelo [citrus grandis] fruit peels : extraction and potential application in hand cream / Siti Nur Adnin Zamri
title_fullStr	Pectin from pomelo [citrus grandis] fruit peels : extraction and potential application in hand cream / Siti Nur Adnin Zamri
title_full_unstemmed	Pectin from pomelo [citrus grandis] fruit peels : extraction and potential application in hand cream / Siti Nur Adnin Zamri
title_sort	pectin from pomelo [citrus grandis] fruit peels : extraction and potential application in hand cream / siti nur adnin zamri
granting_institution	Universiti Teknologi Mara Perlis
granting_department	Faculty of Applied Sciences
publishDate	2022
url	https://ir.uitm.edu.my/id/eprint/70026/1/70026.pdf
_version_	1783735921549508608

Pectin from pomelo [citrus grandis] fruit peels : extraction and potential application in hand cream / Siti Nur Adnin Zamri

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