Synthesis of catalyst from eggshell and perna v. Shell for biolubricant production
Currently, environment conservation issues had been rising due to the extensive usage of mineral and synthetic oil based lubricants. The direct application of vegetable oil as biolubricant base oil to overcome these environmental concerns had some drawbacks due to poor oxidation, thermal and hydroly...
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| Main Author: | |
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| Format: | Thesis |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
2019
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/31076/1/Synthesis%20of%20catalyst%20from%20eggshell%20and%20perna%20v.%20Shell%20for%20biolubricant.pdf |
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| Summary: | Currently, environment conservation issues had been rising due to the extensive usage of mineral and synthetic oil based lubricants. The direct application of vegetable oil as biolubricant base oil to overcome these environmental concerns had some drawbacks due to poor oxidation, thermal and hydrolytic stability of the vegetable oil. Catalytic transesterification is widely used in industry to tackle these limitations. In order to tackle the problems arise with the usage of existing homogeneous and heterogeneouscatalyst, this study focused on employment of non- and potassium hydroxide impregnated heterogeneous calcium oxide catalyst from waste egg and Perna V. shell catalysts. The potential of impregnated waste based catalyst in the synthesis of biolubricant still have not been explored. The performances of these catalysts were being tested. The non- and impregnated egg and Perna V. catalysts were prepared and the decomposition temperature, surface morphology, surface area and X-Ray diffraction patterns and elemental composition of the catalysts were investigated. The two steps of transesterification reaction of castor oil into final product of castor oil trimethylolpropane triester were researched. The production of biolubricant consists of two catalytic transesterification reactions in series with castor oil methyl ester as intermediate product. The highest intermediate product, castor oil methyl ester were obtained at reaction time of 2 hours, methanol to oil ratio of 6:1, operation temperature of 65° and 2wt/wt% of catalyst loading. The effective catalyst for this reaction was potassium impregnated Perna V. shell catalyst with castor oil methyl ester yield of 92.2%. The optimum operation conditions for second catalytic transesterification reaction between castor oil methyl ester and trimethylolpropane was at 120°C, reaction time of 3 hours with 3wt/wt% of catalyst concentration and 4:1trimethylolpropane to castor oil methyl ester molar ratio. The best catalyst for the second transesterificationreaction was potassium impregnated eggshell catalyst with 71.4% of triester composition. For both the reaction, the impregnated catalyst performed better than the non-impregnated catalysts due to the presence of enhanced active sites for the transesterification to take place. The produced trimethylolpropane esters followed the biolubricant standards for hydraulic purposes. |
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