Solid-state fermentation of palm kernel cake and composting of oil palm empty-fruit bunches using microbes

The main concern of the oil palm industry is the growing amount of by-product and wastes produced from the processing of oil palm each year. On average, for every ton of Fresh Fruit Bunches (FFB) processed, 200kg of Empty-Fruit Bunches (EFB), 670kg of Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) and 30 kg of Palm...

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Main Author:	Lau, Sharon Yu Ling
Format:	Thesis
Language:	English English
Published:	2009
Subjects:	TP248.13-248.65 Biotechnology
Online Access:	https://eprints.ums.edu.my/id/eprint/41590/1/24%20PAGES.pdf https://eprints.ums.edu.my/id/eprint/41590/2/FULLTEXT.pdf
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spelling	my-ums-ep.415902024-11-26T05:26:10Z Solid-state fermentation of palm kernel cake and composting of oil palm empty-fruit bunches using microbes 2009 Lau, Sharon Yu Ling TP248.13-248.65 Biotechnology The main concern of the oil palm industry is the growing amount of by-product and wastes produced from the processing of oil palm each year. On average, for every ton of Fresh Fruit Bunches (FFB) processed, 200kg of Empty-Fruit Bunches (EFB), 670kg of Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) and 30 kg of Palm Kernel Cake (PKC) are produced. Thus, zero waste strategy has to be adopted to maintain the competitive edge of the booming industry. The experimental work of this study aims to effectively utilize wastes by adopting solid-state fermentation of PKC to convert it to poultry feed and composting of EFB into biofertilizer. PKC is an excellent source of protein and energy and is used extensively in the animal feed industry. However, the main problems faced in the application of PKC as animal feed especially in the non-ruminants are the high fiber content and limitation in amino acid contents of untreated PKC. Thus, solid-state fermentation (SSF) has become a method of preference for the purpose of upgrading the quality of PKC involving the use of microbes as it stimulates the natural environment of most microorganisms. Two species of fungi, Emericella nidulans var. nidulans (Eidam) Vuillermin, Cladosporium herbarum (Pers.) Link BGB and three strains of bacteria Bacillus subtilis , which are good beta-mannanase producing strains were used in combinations to improve the nutritive value of PKC as animal feed through lab-scale solid-state fermentation. With the fermentation operating conditions set to 20% of inoculum, 110% moisture content, pH 7.0 and PKC particle size 0.8 mm, five types of mixed culture treatments were tested. Treatment of PKC with the combination of Emericella nidulans (4DP5) and Bacillus subtilis (7DY7) showed advantages over other treatments. This treatment produced the highest increase in reducing sugar content in PKC to 418.3%. In addition to that, this treatment also gave the lowest increase in aflatoxin level of only 26.8% from 9.99 ppb (aflatoxin content in untreated PKC) to 12.67 ppb, which is below 20 ppb, an acceptable level in animal feed. Simultaneously, EFB and POME have been used extensively as mulch and organic fertilizer in the oil palm plantations. Thus, composting has been singled out as a useful method in converting EFB, which is essentially organic in nature, into humus that is suitable for crop production. One hundred and thirteen potential isolates from the four main groups of microbes namely bacteria, actinomycetes, yeasts and fungi were selected to form a concoction of inoculum, which was applied during composting of EFB in a model backyard-scale system. Mechanically-shredded EFB and raw POME, subjected to an open system composting employing the 4 days turn-over method help to accelerate the rate of EFB composting. The rate of EFB composting was sped up to within 28 days. With the aide of inocula, EFB composting was further improved in terms of maturity and nitrogen and phosphorus content in the compost. EFB added with compost, nitrogen-fixing and phosphate-solubilizing inoculum (Pile A) yielded the carbon/nitrogen value of 18.7 on day 28 from the initial value of 71 compared to 21.2 (Pile B) and 26.4 (control). Pile A also showed an increase of 2.19% in nitrogen content and 0.18% in phosphorus content. 2009 Thesis https://eprints.ums.edu.my/id/eprint/41590/ https://eprints.ums.edu.my/id/eprint/41590/1/24%20PAGES.pdf text en public https://eprints.ums.edu.my/id/eprint/41590/2/FULLTEXT.pdf text en validuser masters Universiti Malaysia Sabah Institut Penyelidikan Bioteknologi
institution	Universiti Malaysia Sabah
collection	UMS Institutional Repository
language	English English
topic	TP248.13-248.65 Biotechnology
spellingShingle	TP248.13-248.65 Biotechnology Lau, Sharon Yu Ling Solid-state fermentation of palm kernel cake and composting of oil palm empty-fruit bunches using microbes
description	The main concern of the oil palm industry is the growing amount of by-product and wastes produced from the processing of oil palm each year. On average, for every ton of Fresh Fruit Bunches (FFB) processed, 200kg of Empty-Fruit Bunches (EFB), 670kg of Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) and 30 kg of Palm Kernel Cake (PKC) are produced. Thus, zero waste strategy has to be adopted to maintain the competitive edge of the booming industry. The experimental work of this study aims to effectively utilize wastes by adopting solid-state fermentation of PKC to convert it to poultry feed and composting of EFB into biofertilizer. PKC is an excellent source of protein and energy and is used extensively in the animal feed industry. However, the main problems faced in the application of PKC as animal feed especially in the non-ruminants are the high fiber content and limitation in amino acid contents of untreated PKC. Thus, solid-state fermentation (SSF) has become a method of preference for the purpose of upgrading the quality of PKC involving the use of microbes as it stimulates the natural environment of most microorganisms. Two species of fungi, Emericella nidulans var. nidulans (Eidam) Vuillermin, Cladosporium herbarum (Pers.) Link BGB and three strains of bacteria Bacillus subtilis , which are good beta-mannanase producing strains were used in combinations to improve the nutritive value of PKC as animal feed through lab-scale solid-state fermentation. With the fermentation operating conditions set to 20% of inoculum, 110% moisture content, pH 7.0 and PKC particle size 0.8 mm, five types of mixed culture treatments were tested. Treatment of PKC with the combination of Emericella nidulans (4DP5) and Bacillus subtilis (7DY7) showed advantages over other treatments. This treatment produced the highest increase in reducing sugar content in PKC to 418.3%. In addition to that, this treatment also gave the lowest increase in aflatoxin level of only 26.8% from 9.99 ppb (aflatoxin content in untreated PKC) to 12.67 ppb, which is below 20 ppb, an acceptable level in animal feed. Simultaneously, EFB and POME have been used extensively as mulch and organic fertilizer in the oil palm plantations. Thus, composting has been singled out as a useful method in converting EFB, which is essentially organic in nature, into humus that is suitable for crop production. One hundred and thirteen potential isolates from the four main groups of microbes namely bacteria, actinomycetes, yeasts and fungi were selected to form a concoction of inoculum, which was applied during composting of EFB in a model backyard-scale system. Mechanically-shredded EFB and raw POME, subjected to an open system composting employing the 4 days turn-over method help to accelerate the rate of EFB composting. The rate of EFB composting was sped up to within 28 days. With the aide of inocula, EFB composting was further improved in terms of maturity and nitrogen and phosphorus content in the compost. EFB added with compost, nitrogen-fixing and phosphate-solubilizing inoculum (Pile A) yielded the carbon/nitrogen value of 18.7 on day 28 from the initial value of 71 compared to 21.2 (Pile B) and 26.4 (control). Pile A also showed an increase of 2.19% in nitrogen content and 0.18% in phosphorus content.
format	Thesis
qualification_level	Master's degree
author	Lau, Sharon Yu Ling
author_facet	Lau, Sharon Yu Ling
author_sort	Lau, Sharon Yu Ling
title	Solid-state fermentation of palm kernel cake and composting of oil palm empty-fruit bunches using microbes
title_short	Solid-state fermentation of palm kernel cake and composting of oil palm empty-fruit bunches using microbes
title_full	Solid-state fermentation of palm kernel cake and composting of oil palm empty-fruit bunches using microbes
title_fullStr	Solid-state fermentation of palm kernel cake and composting of oil palm empty-fruit bunches using microbes
title_full_unstemmed	Solid-state fermentation of palm kernel cake and composting of oil palm empty-fruit bunches using microbes
title_sort	solid-state fermentation of palm kernel cake and composting of oil palm empty-fruit bunches using microbes
granting_institution	Universiti Malaysia Sabah
granting_department	Institut Penyelidikan Bioteknologi
publishDate	2009
url	https://eprints.ums.edu.my/id/eprint/41590/1/24%20PAGES.pdf https://eprints.ums.edu.my/id/eprint/41590/2/FULLTEXT.pdf
_version_	1818611417990823936

Solid-state fermentation of palm kernel cake and composting of oil palm empty-fruit bunches using microbes

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