The occurrence of trihalomethanes in Sarawak's Jabatan Kerja Raya water supplies and the possible relationship with soil types

The development, operation and maintenance of water supply in Sarawak are undertaken by four agencies, namely, Public Works Department, Kuching Water Board, Sibu Water Board and LAKD. However, the Medical Department will assist on supplying gravity feed water supply to areas not yet supplied by any...

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Main Author:	Christopher, anak George
Format:	Thesis
Language:	English
Published:	2006
Subjects:	GE Environmental Sciences
Online Access:	http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/10390/1/Christopher%20Anak%20George%20ft.pdf
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id	my-unimas-ir.10390
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spelling	my-unimas-ir.103902023-05-10T04:21:24Z The occurrence of trihalomethanes in Sarawak's Jabatan Kerja Raya water supplies and the possible relationship with soil types 2006 Christopher, anak George GE Environmental Sciences The development, operation and maintenance of water supply in Sarawak are undertaken by four agencies, namely, Public Works Department, Kuching Water Board, Sibu Water Board and LAKD. However, the Medical Department will assist on supplying gravity feed water supply to areas not yet supplied by any of the four agencies. The objective of this study was to determine the level of trihalomethanes found in the respective water supply authorities between the last 10 years from 1996 until 2005. Trihalomethanes are one of the disinfection by-products and considered to be carcinogenic to the affected consumers in the long term. The data for this study was collected from the Water Supply Branch, JKR Headquarters in Kuching, Sarawak and the data is based on the previous ten (10) years of data collected by JKR Headquarters from 1996 until 2005. The data was later analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 11.0, whereby descriptive statistics were used to analyse the data. Pearson Product Moment Coefficient was used to determine the relationship between the average level of trihalomethanes present in treated water detected by each of the water supply authority and soil type of the area. It is a measure of association that allows researchers to determine the strength and direction of an association. An 'r' value of -0.199 from the statistical analysis indicated that a negative relationShip exists between the average range oflevel of trihalomethanes and soil type. In other words, the higher the level of trihalomethanes detected, the less ix peat the soil type is which means that trihalomethanes can occur anyway regardless ifthe soil is of peat soil type or non-peat soil. Two hypotheses have been developed for the purpose of studying the relationship between trihalomethanes and the soil! type, namely the Null Hypothesis (Ho) and the Alternative Hypothesis (Ha). The Null Hypothesis (Ho) indicates that there is no association between the soil type factor and the occurrence of trihalomethanes. As for the Alternative Hypothesis (Ha), this hypothesis indicates that there is an association between the soil type factor and the occurrence of trihalomethanes. Based on the analysis, it can be interpreted that the Null Hypothesis is significant whereby it indicated no association between the soil type and the occurrence of trihalomethanes. Even though this study proposed the use of powdered or granular activated carbon (pAC or GAC) at the affected treatment plants to remove dissolved organics, colour and taste and odour-causing compounds, the cost factor needs to be considered by JKR Sarawak before any implementation on the usage of PAC or GAC is to be carried out for the affected treatments plants. As at end of 2005, JKR Sarawak. has not use the PAC or GAC at their affected treatment plants. However, this study also suggested another option which is the privatization of all the treatment plants under JKR Sarawak. Nevertheless, this option will have to be carefully studied by the potential private sectors in terms of return investments and the socio-economic statu's of the rural people where most of these treatment plants are located. Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, (UNIMAS) 2006 Thesis http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/10390/ http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/10390/1/Christopher%20Anak%20George%20ft.pdf text en validuser masters Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, UNIMAS Faculty of Resource Science and Technology.
institution	Universiti Malaysia Sarawak
collection	UNIMAS Institutional Repository
language	English
topic	GE Environmental Sciences
spellingShingle	GE Environmental Sciences Christopher, anak George The occurrence of trihalomethanes in Sarawak's Jabatan Kerja Raya water supplies and the possible relationship with soil types
description	The development, operation and maintenance of water supply in Sarawak are undertaken by four agencies, namely, Public Works Department, Kuching Water Board, Sibu Water Board and LAKD. However, the Medical Department will assist on supplying gravity feed water supply to areas not yet supplied by any of the four agencies. The objective of this study was to determine the level of trihalomethanes found in the respective water supply authorities between the last 10 years from 1996 until 2005. Trihalomethanes are one of the disinfection by-products and considered to be carcinogenic to the affected consumers in the long term. The data for this study was collected from the Water Supply Branch, JKR Headquarters in Kuching, Sarawak and the data is based on the previous ten (10) years of data collected by JKR Headquarters from 1996 until 2005. The data was later analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 11.0, whereby descriptive statistics were used to analyse the data. Pearson Product Moment Coefficient was used to determine the relationship between the average level of trihalomethanes present in treated water detected by each of the water supply authority and soil type of the area. It is a measure of association that allows researchers to determine the strength and direction of an association. An 'r' value of -0.199 from the statistical analysis indicated that a negative relationShip exists between the average range oflevel of trihalomethanes and soil type. In other words, the higher the level of trihalomethanes detected, the less ix peat the soil type is which means that trihalomethanes can occur anyway regardless ifthe soil is of peat soil type or non-peat soil. Two hypotheses have been developed for the purpose of studying the relationship between trihalomethanes and the soil! type, namely the Null Hypothesis (Ho) and the Alternative Hypothesis (Ha). The Null Hypothesis (Ho) indicates that there is no association between the soil type factor and the occurrence of trihalomethanes. As for the Alternative Hypothesis (Ha), this hypothesis indicates that there is an association between the soil type factor and the occurrence of trihalomethanes. Based on the analysis, it can be interpreted that the Null Hypothesis is significant whereby it indicated no association between the soil type and the occurrence of trihalomethanes. Even though this study proposed the use of powdered or granular activated carbon (pAC or GAC) at the affected treatment plants to remove dissolved organics, colour and taste and odour-causing compounds, the cost factor needs to be considered by JKR Sarawak before any implementation on the usage of PAC or GAC is to be carried out for the affected treatments plants. As at end of 2005, JKR Sarawak. has not use the PAC or GAC at their affected treatment plants. However, this study also suggested another option which is the privatization of all the treatment plants under JKR Sarawak. Nevertheless, this option will have to be carefully studied by the potential private sectors in terms of return investments and the socio-economic statu's of the rural people where most of these treatment plants are located.
format	Thesis
qualification_level	Master's degree
author	Christopher, anak George
author_facet	Christopher, anak George
author_sort	Christopher, anak George
title	The occurrence of trihalomethanes in Sarawak's Jabatan Kerja Raya water supplies and the possible relationship with soil types
title_short	The occurrence of trihalomethanes in Sarawak's Jabatan Kerja Raya water supplies and the possible relationship with soil types
title_full	The occurrence of trihalomethanes in Sarawak's Jabatan Kerja Raya water supplies and the possible relationship with soil types
title_fullStr	The occurrence of trihalomethanes in Sarawak's Jabatan Kerja Raya water supplies and the possible relationship with soil types
title_full_unstemmed	The occurrence of trihalomethanes in Sarawak's Jabatan Kerja Raya water supplies and the possible relationship with soil types
title_sort	occurrence of trihalomethanes in sarawak's jabatan kerja raya water supplies and the possible relationship with soil types
granting_institution	Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, UNIMAS
granting_department	Faculty of Resource Science and Technology.
publishDate	2006
url	http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/10390/1/Christopher%20Anak%20George%20ft.pdf
_version_	1783728066860679168

The occurrence of trihalomethanes in Sarawak's Jabatan Kerja Raya water supplies and the possible relationship with soil types

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