Biodiesel production from macro algae as a renewable energy source

(Biodiesel is monoalkyl esters of long-chain fatty acids produced from renewable resources like plant oils or animal fats through transesteri fication. The biodiesel should meet the ASTM D6751 standard specifications for the application as an alternative fuel. The transesterification is the proc...

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Main Author:	Sarfaraj, Khan
Format:	Thesis
Language:	English
Published:	2012
Subjects:	TD Environmental technology Sanitary engineering
Online Access:	http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/10885/1/Sarfaraj.pdf
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id	my-unimas-ir.10885
record_format	uketd_dc
spelling	my-unimas-ir.108852023-08-04T03:16:49Z Biodiesel production from macro algae as a renewable energy source 2012 Sarfaraj, Khan TD Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering (Biodiesel is monoalkyl esters of long-chain fatty acids produced from renewable resources like plant oils or animal fats through transesteri fication. The biodiesel should meet the ASTM D6751 standard specifications for the application as an alternative fuel. The transesterification is the process of removing the glycerines and combining fatty acid of vegetable oil (triglycerides) with monoalcohol to lower the viscosity of the fuel. Macroalgae are one of the inexpensive sources of oil feedstock for biodiesel production. Unlike other feedstock for biodiesel production, macroalgae can grow in places away from the farmland and forests and thus minimizing the damages caused to the food chain system). This research was conducted to study the oil extraction from macroalgae, conversion of algae oil to biodiesel, characterization of biodiesel and the performance of the diesel engine using the algae oil biodiesel blends. The algae oil was extracted by hexane solvent extraction method from six species (L. Epiphytic, Cladophora, Agardhiella, Gracilaria, Spirogyra and Bryopsis Pennata) of macroalgae. Agardhiella had highest 0.89 % (v/w) oil content in fresh and 6.60% in dry basis. The measured Free Fatty Acid (FFA) in extracted oil was below 4%. Biodiesel was produced through base-catalysed transesterification of different process. The highest yield was found 92 % (v/v) at methanol to oil ratio 4: 1, catalyst (KOH) 1.0 % (w/v) in heating with continuous stirring. The fuel properties and FTIR spectrum of algae biodiesel were similar to petroleum diesel. Biodiesel blends with petroleum diesel ranging from BO (100 % petroleum diesel) to B30 (30% biodiesel + 70% petroleum diesel) were prepared to carry out the engine performance test. The results showed that the specific fuel consumption increased as biodiesel percentages increase in fuel blends. The engine brake power was slight higher than ordinary diesel and decreased as engine speed increases. The exhaust emission tests showed that the macroalgae oil biodiesel provides significantly reducing harmful emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and hydrocarbon (HC) particles. Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, (UNIMAS) 2012 Thesis http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/10885/ http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/10885/1/Sarfaraj.pdf text en validuser masters Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, (UNIMAS) Faculty of Engineering
institution	Universiti Malaysia Sarawak
collection	UNIMAS Institutional Repository
language	English
topic	TD Environmental technology Sanitary engineering
spellingShingle	TD Environmental technology Sanitary engineering Sarfaraj, Khan Biodiesel production from macro algae as a renewable energy source
description	(Biodiesel is monoalkyl esters of long-chain fatty acids produced from renewable resources like plant oils or animal fats through transesteri fication. The biodiesel should meet the ASTM D6751 standard specifications for the application as an alternative fuel. The transesterification is the process of removing the glycerines and combining fatty acid of vegetable oil (triglycerides) with monoalcohol to lower the viscosity of the fuel. Macroalgae are one of the inexpensive sources of oil feedstock for biodiesel production. Unlike other feedstock for biodiesel production, macroalgae can grow in places away from the farmland and forests and thus minimizing the damages caused to the food chain system). This research was conducted to study the oil extraction from macroalgae, conversion of algae oil to biodiesel, characterization of biodiesel and the performance of the diesel engine using the algae oil biodiesel blends. The algae oil was extracted by hexane solvent extraction method from six species (L. Epiphytic, Cladophora, Agardhiella, Gracilaria, Spirogyra and Bryopsis Pennata) of macroalgae. Agardhiella had highest 0.89 % (v/w) oil content in fresh and 6.60% in dry basis. The measured Free Fatty Acid (FFA) in extracted oil was below 4%. Biodiesel was produced through base-catalysed transesterification of different process. The highest yield was found 92 % (v/v) at methanol to oil ratio 4: 1, catalyst (KOH) 1.0 % (w/v) in heating with continuous stirring. The fuel properties and FTIR spectrum of algae biodiesel were similar to petroleum diesel. Biodiesel blends with petroleum diesel ranging from BO (100 % petroleum diesel) to B30 (30% biodiesel + 70% petroleum diesel) were prepared to carry out the engine performance test. The results showed that the specific fuel consumption increased as biodiesel percentages increase in fuel blends. The engine brake power was slight higher than ordinary diesel and decreased as engine speed increases. The exhaust emission tests showed that the macroalgae oil biodiesel provides significantly reducing harmful emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and hydrocarbon (HC) particles.
format	Thesis
qualification_level	Master's degree
author	Sarfaraj, Khan
author_facet	Sarfaraj, Khan
author_sort	Sarfaraj, Khan
title	Biodiesel production from macro algae as a renewable energy source
title_short	Biodiesel production from macro algae as a renewable energy source
title_full	Biodiesel production from macro algae as a renewable energy source
title_fullStr	Biodiesel production from macro algae as a renewable energy source
title_full_unstemmed	Biodiesel production from macro algae as a renewable energy source
title_sort	biodiesel production from macro algae as a renewable energy source
granting_institution	Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, (UNIMAS)
granting_department	Faculty of Engineering
publishDate	2012
url	http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/10885/1/Sarfaraj.pdf
_version_	1783728081785061376

Biodiesel production from macro algae as a renewable energy source

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