Mediating effect of school climate and teachers’ empowerment on transformational leadership and school effectiveness at selected primary schools in Peninsular Malaysia
The purpose of this study is to explore the mediating effect of school climate, teachers’ empowerment on transformational leadership and school effectiveness at selected primary schools in Peninsular Malaysia based on teachers’ perception. This study also investigates the level of transformationa...
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| Format: | Thesis |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
2022
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/113818/1/113818.pdf |
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| Summary: | The purpose of this study is to explore the mediating effect of school climate,
teachers’ empowerment on transformational leadership and school effectiveness
at selected primary schools in Peninsular Malaysia based on teachers’
perception. This study also investigates the level of transformational leadership,
school climate, teacher’ empowerment and school effectiveness based on
school types. Additionally, this study also explores the relationship between
transformational leadership, school climate, teachers’ empowerment, and school
effectiveness. Based on literature review, transformational leadership, school
climate and teachers’ empowerment were proposed as an ideal factor
contributes to school effectiveness. Besides, number of studies on
transformational leadership, school climate, teachers’ empowerment, and school
effectiveness in Malaysian context is still limited and more investigation were
required on these variables in schools to identify their contribution to school
effectiveness. This study utilized stratified random sampling method by choosing
72 primary schools and 504 teachers with the response rate of 432 (n=432) in
four states of Peninsular Malaysia (Pahang, Perak, Johor, and Selangor) and
from three types of schools namely National, National type Chinese and National
type Tamil schools. Data analysis was conducted by using descriptive statistic,
Pearson Product-moment correlation analysis, Structural Equation Modelling
(SEM) and PROCESS Macro for SPSS. Additionally, confirmatory factor
analysis (CFA) was done to better fit the model. Moreover, reliability and validity
analysis (content, construct, convergent and discriminant) were also done to
confirm that the instrument is valid as well as reliable.
The findings of descriptive analysis revealed that the level of transformational
leadership, school climate, teachers’ empowerment and school effectiveness
were at high level in three types of primary schools in Peninsular Malaysia based
on teachers’ perception. The result of Pearson Product-moment correlation
analysis indicated that, there is a positive, significant, and strong correlation
between the transformational leadership and school effectiveness. The result
showed a positive, significant, and strong relationship between transformational
leadership and school climate. The findings revealed a positive, significant, and
strong correlation between transformational leadership and teachers’
empowerment. The study also revealed a strong, positive correlation between
school climate and school effectiveness. The findings also indicated a strong and
positive correlation between teachers’ empowerment and school effectiveness.
The result of SEM analysis showed that school climate does not mediate the
relationship between transformational leadership and school effectiveness. The
mediation analysis also showed that there is a positive and partial mediation
effect of teachers’ empowerment on the relationship between transformational
leadership and school effectiveness. Additionally, the mediation analysis was
carried out using PROCESS macro analysis and result of the analysis indicated
that transformational leadership could have significant direct effect through
school climate and teachers’ empowerment on school effectiveness. Overall, the
main findings illuminate the influence of transformational leadership practices on
school effectiveness, directly and through school climate and teachers’
empowerment. Finally, this study proposed several recommendations to Ministry
of Education, policy makers, headmaster and teachers, to improve the level of
school effectiveness by practising transformational leadership practices, school
climate and teachers’ empowerment as to fulfil the current changes and
reformation in education system in Malaysia. |
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