Genetic Characterization of Three Deer Species in Malaysia
In recent years, there has been much interest in the domestication and farming of deer in Malaysia for velvet, skin and meat production. Various deer species and subspecies have been imported into the country and this has resulted in the introduction of new germplasm and the risk of mixture of th...
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| Format: | Thesis |
| Language: | English English |
| Published: |
2005
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/6178/1/FP_2005_12.pdf |
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| Summary: | In recent years, there has been much interest in the domestication and farming of deer
in Malaysia for velvet, skin and meat production. Various deer species and subspecies
have been imported into the country and this has resulted in the introduction of new
germplasm and the risk of mixture of these, making it necessary to evaluate the
genetic background of the various species before they are indiscriminately diluted or
altered. This study was carried out to characterize three deer species i n Malaysia,
namely rusa (Cervus timorensis), sambar (Cervus unicolor) and sika (Cervus nippon),
by using the karyotyping, biochemical polymorphisms and randomly amplified
polymorphic DNA (RAPD) techniques. The rusa herd at the Deer Breeding Unit of
University Research Park, Universiti Putra Malaysia, the sambar herd at Pusat
Permbiakan Ternakan Sabray, Kenungu, Sabah and the sika herd at Pusat Temakan
Haiwan, Batu Arang were used as the research populations.
Conventional, G-banded and C-banded karyotypes were generated for three male and
three female deer of each species. The chromosome number was derived from 100
good metaphase spreads per animal. The morphology of the chromosomes was based
on their relative lengths and position of the centromeres. Rusa, sambar and sika
displayed a total of 60, 62 and 66 chromosomes in the majority of the cell spreads,
respectively. The rusa deer had five pairs of metacentric/submetacentric and 24 pairs
of acrocentric autosomes, and a pair of sex chromosomes. The X chromosome was
characterised as the largest acrocentric chromosome, while the Y chromosome was a
small acrocentric chromosome. The sambar deer had four pairs of
metacentric/submetacentric and 26 pairs of acrocentric autosomes. The sex
chromosomes were similar to that of rusa deer. In the sika deer there were two pairs
of metacentric/submetacentric and 30 pairs of acrocentric autosomes. The pair of sex
chromosomes was similar to those of the rusa and the sambar. The homologous
chromosomes were paired with respect to their sizes, shapes and banding patterns
generated from C-banding and G-banding. The nucleolar organizer regions (NORs)
for the three deer species were 1 ocated on different chromosomes. The male r usa
displayed NORs on the telomeric regions both homologues of Chromosomes 1 and 6,
but the female displayed NORs on only one homologue of Chromosome 1, and both
homologues of Chromosome 6. Male and female sambar deer both had three
telomeric NORs located on the homologous pair of Chromosome 6 and a single
homologue of Chromosome 7. Female and male sika deer displayed four NORs
which were on the acrocentric Chromosomes 1 and 2.
Cellulose acetate and starch g el electrophoresis were u sed to s tudy e nzymelprotein
polymorphisms. Blood samples from 38 rusa, 9 sambar and 34 sika deer were
analysed for 15 b iochemical m arkers, h owever, only six m arkers generated results.
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), Albumin (ALB), Transferrin and X-protein were
monomorphic. Haemoglobin (HB) was polymorphic with three phenotypes for the
three species, which could b e attributed to two c odominant alleles, H B~ and HB*.
The frequency of H B w~as highest in the rusa population, 0.553, while HBB was
predominant in sambar, 0.61 1, and sika, 0.574. The rusa and sika populations showed
significant (P<0.05) deviations from HWE for this locus. Glucose-6-phosphate
dehydrogenase (GGPD), although polymorphic, was monomorphic within each
species. Rusa and sambar showed the same phenotype, but this was different from
that of the sika. The genetic distance between rusa and sambar based on the above
biochemical markers was 0.001, between rusa and sika it was 0.144, and between
sambar and sika it was 0.141.
The animals used in the biochemical study were a Iso analyzed for RAPD markers
using 10 arbitrary primers. The primers amplified a total of 164 makers, of which 59
were shared by a 11 three species. The overall percent polymorphism was 9 9.39%,
with rusa showing 128 polymorphic markers (97.71%), sambar showing 66 (68.04%)
and sika showing 118 (95.16%) polymorphic markers. The 62B-1 (800 bp) band was
a c ornrnon monomorphic m arker for the three species. Sambar had five e xclusive
monomorphic markers, while sika had one and rusa none. The genetic distance based
on Dice and Jaccard similarity indices showed sambar and sika to be the most closely
related, followed by rusa and sambar. |
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