Anti-inflammatory activities in Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (L.) vahl ethyl acetate leaf extract
Objective: Inflammation is regarded as a complicated pathophysiology process that triggered by direct activation of receptors or by the secretion of inflammatory mediators. However, if prolonged, can lead to tissue damage as well as pathogenesis of fatal diseases. Inflammation is currently treate...
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| Main Author: | |
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| Format: | Thesis |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
2017
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/68579/1/FPSK%28M%29%202018%2014%20IR.pdf |
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| Summary: | Objective: Inflammation is regarded as a complicated pathophysiology process
that triggered by direct activation of receptors or by the secretion of
inflammatory mediators. However, if prolonged, can lead to tissue damage as
well as pathogenesis of fatal diseases. Inflammation is currently treated by nonsteroidal
anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Unfortunately, these drugs caused
severe side effects, such as gastrointestinal bleeding and cardiovascular diseases.
Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (L.) Vahl has been used traditionally as herbal remedy
in the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Nevertheless, little is known on the
anti-inflammatory benefits of this plant. Thus, this research work aimed to
scientifically evaluate and validate the anti-inflammatory activities of an ethyl
acetate extract of Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (L.) Vahl (EASJ) as agents for treating
inflammatory complications, using in vitro and in vivo models of inflammation.
This study was also designed to investigate the possible molecular mechanisms
involved in this activity. Methodology: EASJ was prepared by overnight
soaking of the oven-dried powdered leaves in ethyl acetate. The extract was then
filtered and evaporated to dryness. This study was determined using two
different inducers (lipopolysaccharides, LPS and hydrogen peroxide, H2O2) and
two different cell lines (RAW 264.7 murine macrophages and human umbilical
veins endothelial cells, HUVECs). The cytotoxicity of EASJ on both RAW 264.7
murine cells and HUVECs was evaluated by MTT assay. As in all the subsequent
experiments, the cells were pre-treated with EASJ (10, 50 and 75 μg/mL)
followed by stimulation with LPS or H2O2. The anti-inflammatory properties of
EASJ were evaluated by measuring NO production, expression of soluble cell
adhesion molecules (CAMs) and in vivo vascular permeability (Miles assay)
induced by LPS. Additionally, the effect of EASJ on in vitro vascular permeability,
actin cytoskeleton rearrangement, VE-cadherin expression, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and cAMP signalling activity were also determined in H2O2-
stimulated HUVECs. Results: EASJ was able to significantly reduce the
excessive NO production. Collectively, FITC-dextran permeation in HUVECs as
well as vessel leakage in the skin of mice, in response to the inflammatory factors
LPS and H2O2, were reduced by EASJ treatment. In addition, pre-treatment with
EASJ significantly inhibited actin stress fibers formation and VE-cadherin
disruption on H2O2-challenged HUVECs. EASJ showed a significant reduction
in inhibiting ROS level in a dose-dependent manner. However, EASJ did not
inhibit the increased expression of soluble ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 in HUVECs
triggered by LPS. Interestingly, EASJ was able to upregulate the concentrations
of cAMP level. Conclusion: Based on these observed activities, it was showed
that EASJ exhibited protective effects against LPS-induced inflammation and
H2O2-induced oxidative stress. This activity was related to the upregulation of
cAMP signaling activity. This mechanism contributed, at least in part, to the antiinflammatory
actions showed by this plant. |
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