Removal efficiency and potential risks of steroid estrogens in selected wastewater treatment plants in the Klang Valley, Malaysia

Wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) is the major source for steroid estrogens loaded into aquatic environment because wastewater treatment systems are generally designed to remove basic wastewater parameters. Amongst steroid estrogens, natural 17β- estradiol (E2) and synthetic 17α-ethinylestradiol...

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Main Author:	Ting, Yien Fang
Format:	Thesis
Language:	English
Published:	2019
Subjects:	Waste Water Estrogens
Online Access:	http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/79066/1/FPSK%28p%29%202019%207%20T%20ir.pdf
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spelling	my-upm-ir.790662022-01-17T03:44:04Z Removal efficiency and potential risks of steroid estrogens in selected wastewater treatment plants in the Klang Valley, Malaysia 2019-03 Ting, Yien Fang Wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) is the major source for steroid estrogens loaded into aquatic environment because wastewater treatment systems are generally designed to remove basic wastewater parameters. Amongst steroid estrogens, natural 17β- estradiol (E2) and synthetic 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) are potent in estrogenic potency and have been classified as “Watch List” in Directive 2013/39/EU. The general objective of the study is to analyze the occurrence, removal, and potential risks of natural E2 and synthetic EE2 in six selected WWTPs located in Klang Valley. The specific objectives of the study are: (1) to determine natural E2 and synthetic EE2 concentrations and wastewater physicochemical parameters in influent and effluent, (2) to identify the influence of socio-demographic profile on natural E2 and synthetic EE2 concentration in influent, (3) to evaluate the removal efficiency of natural E2 and synthetic EE2 in WWTP, (4) to analyze relationship between wastewater physicochemical parameters associated with natural E2 and synthetic EE2 removal in WWTP, and (5) to assess the potential risks of natural E2 and synthetic EE2 to human and aquatic environment. Wastewater samples were collected bimonthly for a period of six months (from March to July 2016) from influent and effluent of six selected WWTPs located in Klang Valley. The wastewater samples were analyzed using 17β- estradiol and 17α-ethynylestradiol ELISA kit. Kruskal-Wallis test and principal component analysis (PCA) were used for statistical analysis. Risk quotient (RQ) was applied for human risk while mathematical models such as estradiol equivalent concentration (EEQ) and concentration addition (CA) models were applied for aquatic environment risk. Quantitative results showed natural E2 concentration was 88.17±7.03 ng/L to 93.93±6.91 ng/L in influent and 35.10±17.33 ng/L to 85.20±7.54 ng/L in effluent. Synthetic EE2 concentration was 0.22±0.21 ng/L to 4.94±6.32 ng/L in influent and 0.02±0.02 ng/L to 1.04±0.77 ng/L in effluent. For wastewater physicochemical parameters, total suspended solid was 95.17±3.96 mg/L to 129.80±4.95 mg/L in influent and 2.84±0.95 mg/L to 14.67±0.57 mg/L in effluent, pH was 6.73±0.01 to 7.04±0.03 in influent and 6.79±0.06 to 6.95±0.02 in effluent, oxidation reduction potential was -29.20±3.20 mV to -18.07±1.93 mV in influent and 5.37±3.25 mV to 16.77±3.93 mV in effluent, and temperature was 32.20±0.1°C to 35.60±2.31°C in influent and 32.47±0.12°C to 34.63±0.67°C in effluent. Kruskal-Wallis test indicated significant difference between natural E2, synthetic EE2 concentrations in influent and socio-demographic profile (gender, marital status, education, and household). The removal efficiency was 6.4% to 63.0% for natural E2 and 28.3% to 99.3% for synthetic EE2. The PCA indicated wastewater physicochemical parameters were associated significantly with natural E2 and synthetic EE2 removal efficiency in WWTP. For human risk, cumulative RQ value was below the allowable limit, except WWTP 1. For aquatic environment risk, EEQ model predicted estrogenic activity of 35.1 EEQ-ng/L to 85.3 EEQ-ng/L, while CA model predicted estrogenic activity of 105.4 ng/L. However, these estrogenic activity in aquatic environment could be lower due to dilution effect through rainfall. This study output is useful as baseline quantitative data of E2 and EE2 in Klang Valley WWTPs and its potential risks to human and aquatic environment. Waste Water Estrogens 2019-03 Thesis http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/79066/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/79066/1/FPSK%28p%29%202019%207%20T%20ir.pdf text en public doctoral Universiti Putra Malaysia Waste Water Estrogens Praveena, Sarva Mangala
institution	Universiti Putra Malaysia
collection	PSAS Institutional Repository
language	English
advisor	Praveena, Sarva Mangala
topic	Waste Water Estrogens
spellingShingle	Waste Water Estrogens Ting, Yien Fang Removal efficiency and potential risks of steroid estrogens in selected wastewater treatment plants in the Klang Valley, Malaysia
description	Wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) is the major source for steroid estrogens loaded into aquatic environment because wastewater treatment systems are generally designed to remove basic wastewater parameters. Amongst steroid estrogens, natural 17β- estradiol (E2) and synthetic 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) are potent in estrogenic potency and have been classified as “Watch List” in Directive 2013/39/EU. The general objective of the study is to analyze the occurrence, removal, and potential risks of natural E2 and synthetic EE2 in six selected WWTPs located in Klang Valley. The specific objectives of the study are: (1) to determine natural E2 and synthetic EE2 concentrations and wastewater physicochemical parameters in influent and effluent, (2) to identify the influence of socio-demographic profile on natural E2 and synthetic EE2 concentration in influent, (3) to evaluate the removal efficiency of natural E2 and synthetic EE2 in WWTP, (4) to analyze relationship between wastewater physicochemical parameters associated with natural E2 and synthetic EE2 removal in WWTP, and (5) to assess the potential risks of natural E2 and synthetic EE2 to human and aquatic environment. Wastewater samples were collected bimonthly for a period of six months (from March to July 2016) from influent and effluent of six selected WWTPs located in Klang Valley. The wastewater samples were analyzed using 17β- estradiol and 17α-ethynylestradiol ELISA kit. Kruskal-Wallis test and principal component analysis (PCA) were used for statistical analysis. Risk quotient (RQ) was applied for human risk while mathematical models such as estradiol equivalent concentration (EEQ) and concentration addition (CA) models were applied for aquatic environment risk. Quantitative results showed natural E2 concentration was 88.17±7.03 ng/L to 93.93±6.91 ng/L in influent and 35.10±17.33 ng/L to 85.20±7.54 ng/L in effluent. Synthetic EE2 concentration was 0.22±0.21 ng/L to 4.94±6.32 ng/L in influent and 0.02±0.02 ng/L to 1.04±0.77 ng/L in effluent. For wastewater physicochemical parameters, total suspended solid was 95.17±3.96 mg/L to 129.80±4.95 mg/L in influent and 2.84±0.95 mg/L to 14.67±0.57 mg/L in effluent, pH was 6.73±0.01 to 7.04±0.03 in influent and 6.79±0.06 to 6.95±0.02 in effluent, oxidation reduction potential was -29.20±3.20 mV to -18.07±1.93 mV in influent and 5.37±3.25 mV to 16.77±3.93 mV in effluent, and temperature was 32.20±0.1°C to 35.60±2.31°C in influent and 32.47±0.12°C to 34.63±0.67°C in effluent. Kruskal-Wallis test indicated significant difference between natural E2, synthetic EE2 concentrations in influent and socio-demographic profile (gender, marital status, education, and household). The removal efficiency was 6.4% to 63.0% for natural E2 and 28.3% to 99.3% for synthetic EE2. The PCA indicated wastewater physicochemical parameters were associated significantly with natural E2 and synthetic EE2 removal efficiency in WWTP. For human risk, cumulative RQ value was below the allowable limit, except WWTP 1. For aquatic environment risk, EEQ model predicted estrogenic activity of 35.1 EEQ-ng/L to 85.3 EEQ-ng/L, while CA model predicted estrogenic activity of 105.4 ng/L. However, these estrogenic activity in aquatic environment could be lower due to dilution effect through rainfall. This study output is useful as baseline quantitative data of E2 and EE2 in Klang Valley WWTPs and its potential risks to human and aquatic environment.
format	Thesis
qualification_level	Doctorate
author	Ting, Yien Fang
author_facet	Ting, Yien Fang
author_sort	Ting, Yien Fang
title	Removal efficiency and potential risks of steroid estrogens in selected wastewater treatment plants in the Klang Valley, Malaysia
title_short	Removal efficiency and potential risks of steroid estrogens in selected wastewater treatment plants in the Klang Valley, Malaysia
title_full	Removal efficiency and potential risks of steroid estrogens in selected wastewater treatment plants in the Klang Valley, Malaysia
title_fullStr	Removal efficiency and potential risks of steroid estrogens in selected wastewater treatment plants in the Klang Valley, Malaysia
title_full_unstemmed	Removal efficiency and potential risks of steroid estrogens in selected wastewater treatment plants in the Klang Valley, Malaysia
title_sort	removal efficiency and potential risks of steroid estrogens in selected wastewater treatment plants in the klang valley, malaysia
granting_institution	Universiti Putra Malaysia
publishDate	2019
url	http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/79066/1/FPSK%28p%29%202019%207%20T%20ir.pdf
_version_	1747813306410729472

Removal efficiency and potential risks of steroid estrogens in selected wastewater treatment plants in the Klang Valley, Malaysia

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