Synthesis and characterisation of magnetic reduced graphene oxide functionalised by Ganoderma lucidum extract and Pluronic F-127 for delivery of quercetin
Cancer, which is one of the top three causes of worldwide mortality, arises as a result of abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth and the spread of malignant cells. Lung cancer is the most common cancer that has been diagnosed which is associated with high mortality. Herein, a superparamagnetic gr...
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| Main Author: | |
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| Format: | Thesis |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
2018
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/83577/1/FS%202018%20103%20-%20ir.pdf |
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| Summary: | Cancer, which is one of the top three causes of worldwide mortality, arises as a
result of abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth and the spread of malignant cells.
Lung cancer is the most common cancer that has been diagnosed which is
associated with high mortality. Herein, a superparamagnetic graphene-based
magnetite nanocomposite (rGO-Fe3O4) synthesized via a simple chemical
approach, was used as a potential drug delivery carrier for targeted drug delivery
that was able to be guided by an external magnetic field. Firstly, the optimization
of the nanocomposite synthesis was carried out based on the duration of GO
sonication and the weight ratio of GO and Fe3O4. Next, a Ganoderma lucidum (GL)
extract was prepared which successfully stabilized the rGO-Fe3O4 via hydrogen
bonding and resulted in enhancement of water dispersibility and stability of the
nanocomposite. Following this, an amphiphilic polymeric material, Pluronic F-127
(PF) was introduced onto the surface of the rGO-Fe3O4-GL in order to reduce the
overall cytotoxicity of the as-synthesized nanocomposite. The as-synthesized
nanocomposite was also characterised. Morphological and structural studies were
carried out to confirm the deposition of Fe3O4 nanoparticles with an average size
of 11.2 nm, on the rGO sheet. Electrochemical studies were performed to validate
the presence and successive stabilization and functionalization of both GL and PF
by evaluating their electrical conductivity. Lastly, the superparamagnetic property
of the nanocomposite was measured and the saturation magnetization of rGOFe3O4-
GL-PF obtained was 21.9 emu/g. Quercetin (Que), a naturally-occurring
polyphenolic flavonoid with anti-cancer properties, was utilized to study the
potential of rGO-Fe3O4-GL-PF for controlled drug delivery applications. The
loading capacity of rGO-Fe3O4-GL-PF was 11 wt. % and Que was found to be
loaded on the rGO plane via π-π stacking and hydrophobic interactions. The Queloaded
rGO-Fe3O4-GL-PF was hypothesized to obey a pH-responsive release
mechanism and hence the drug release was studied in both neutral and acidic
conditions. As a result, the cumulative percentage obtained for Que release in
acidic conditions was 3.68% after 6 hours. However, oxidative degradation of Que occurred upon release in neutral conditions, which revealed that Que was
unstable as a drug model in targeted drug delivery studies. The in vitro cytotoxicity
of the synthesized nanocomposites was studied using lung fibroblast (MRC-5) and
lung carcinoma (A549) cell lines. The rGO-Fe3O4-GL-PF showed an obvious
cytotoxicity against the A549 cells as compared to MRC-5 due to the anti-cancer
property of the GL extract, which showed its specificity towards cancerous cells
only. In addition, the cytotoxicity of the Que-loaded rGO-Fe3O4-GL-PF was
investigated, and results indicate a higher cytotoxicity against the A549 cells.
Therefore, the as-synthesized rGO-Fe3O4-GL-PF could potentially be developed
into a targeted drug carrier for lung cancer therapy by incorporation with different
types of chemotherapeutic agents or anti-cancer drugs. |
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