Bone resorption marker and associated factors among postmenopausal Chinese women in senior citizen clubs in Kuala Lumpur and Selangor, Malaysia
Bone resorption is an ongoing process in the body that affects bone health status. Increased bone resorption reduces the bone mineral density (BMD) of women and lead to osteoporosis. Assessment of bone resorption using biomarkers gained attention recently due to its ability to detect bone loss ea...
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| Format: | Thesis |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
2019
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/83642/1/FPSK%28m%29%202019%203%20ir.pdf |
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| Summary: | Bone resorption is an ongoing process in the body that affects bone health status.
Increased bone resorption reduces the bone mineral density (BMD) of women
and lead to osteoporosis. Assessment of bone resorption using biomarkers
gained attention recently due to its ability to detect bone loss earlier and more
representative compare to BMD measured at only specific skeletal sites. Many
of the previous studies have focused on factors that contribute to low BMD, but
there were limited studies on bone resorption among postmenopausal Chinese
women in Malaysia. Thus, the objective of current study was to determine the
factors that contribute to bone resorption among postmenopausal Chinese
women.
Anthropometric indices, namely body weight, height, waist circumference and
body fat percentage of the respondents were measured. Respondents were
interviewed by the researcher using a questionnaire, which comprised questions
on socio-demographic characteristics, smoking behaviour, physical activity, sun
exposure and dietary intake. Fasting blood samples of the respondents were
collected for serum 25(OH)D and serum collagen type 1 cross-linked Ctelopeptide
(CTx-1) analysis. Stepwise multiple linear regression was utilised for
the final analysis.
There were 214 respondents from seven consented senior citizen clubs in Kuala
Lumpur and Selangor participated in the current study. The mean age of the
respondents was 67.2 ± 6.6 years old, with an average 16.1 ± 7.8 year of
menopause. Most of the respondents were married (77.6%), attained secondary
education (40.7%), retired (49.5%) with low monthly household income (44.4%).
Approximately two out of five respondents (38.8%) were overweight and obese,
while nearly half of them (48.6%) had abdominal obesity (waist circumference ≥ 80.0 cm). Most of the respondents (82.2%) had an unhealthy body fat
percentage (≥ 32.0%). Almost all of the respondents (98.6%) were non-smokers,
but one-quarter of them (24.3%) had second-hand smoke exposure either at
home or work. More than half of the respondents were moderately active (58.9%)
with a median sun exposure duration of 180.0 (60.0, 300.0) minutes per week.
The respondents obtained a mean score of 66.9 ± 9.9 for their overall diet quality,
which needs improvement. There were 33.2% and 49.5% of the respondents
had deficient (<30.0 nmol/L) and inadequate (30.0 - <50.0 nmol/L) serum
25(OH)D level respectively, and their mean level of serum CTx-1 was 0.5 ± 0.2
ng/mL.
In stepwise multiple linear regression, 5.9% of the variances in serum CTx-1 was
explained by younger age (B = - 0.006) and being moderately active (B = 0.065)
(F = 6.632, p < 0.01). In conclusion, the present study reported younger age and
being moderately active contributed to higher bone resorption among
postmenopausal Chinese women. Further in-depth study is needed to explain
the role of physical activity in bone health among postmenopausal women in
consideration of the age factor. |
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