Granular formulation of endophytic fungus, Hendersonia toruloidea GanoEF1 for controlling Ganoderma disease and promoting oil palm growth
Oil palm is one of the important crops in Malaysia and plays an important role in the agricultural and economic development of the country. Basal stem rot (BSR) caused by Ganoderma boninense is the biggest threat for oil palm production and has been documented to cause a huge damage to the oil...
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| Main Author: | |
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| Format: | Thesis |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
2018
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/83982/1/FP%202019%2042%20-%20ir.pdf |
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| Summary: | Oil palm is one of the important crops in Malaysia and plays an important role in the agricultural
and economic development of the country. Basal stem rot (BSR) caused by Ganoderma boninense is the
biggest threat for oil palm production and has been documented to cause a huge damage to the oil
palm industry in Malaysia. There is yet an effective control measure for BSR disease. Endophytic
fungi have been previously studied and identified as potential biological control agents of many
crop diseases. Isolate Hendersonia toruloidea GanoEF1 is a novel and promising biological
control agents against G. boninense. The use of endophytes in form of formulated product is
preferred and sought as such preparations offer many advantages during application in the
field. Therefore this study was designed with the specific objectives to (i) determine the
compatible carriers for viability and quality of H. toruloidea GanoEF1 in the preparation of
granular formulation, (ii) investigate the effects of granular formulations of H.
toruloidea GanoEF1 for controlling BSR in oil palm, (iii) determine the
biochemical compounds released in oil palm treated with H. toruloidea GanoEF1, and (iv) study the
effects of the granular formulations developed of on oil palm growth. H. toruloidea GanoEF1
isolated from healthy oil palm roots was cultured on potato dextrose agar (PDA) media. A suspension
containing 10⁸ CFU ml⁻¹ of the conidia cells was prepared as granular formulation by using empty
fruit bunch (EFB), rice bran (RB), talc powder, paddy husk (PH) and sawdust (SD) as
nutrient supplement mixed with inert ingredient of either kaolin or palm kernel cake powder in the
solution containing alginate-pectin as a binder. The best ratio of alginate:pectin for optimum
growth of H. toruloidea GanoEF1 was 1:3 at temperature 35 ºC with the highest number of
conidia cell recorded was log 10⁸ CFU g⁻¹ at 30 days after storage. Three best nutrient carrier of
EFB, RB and SD that succeeded to sustain the viability of H. toruloidea GanoEF1 were further
formulated with kaolin (K) or palm kernel cake (PKC) and tested for their viability over 12 months
storage and efficacy against G. boninense. Amongst them, three granular formulation of empty fruit bunch-kaolin (EFB-K), empty fruit bunch-palm kernel cake
(EFB-PKC) and rice bran-palm kernel cake (RB-PKC) showed highest conidia viability of H.
toruloidea GanoEF1 more than 10⁵ CFU g⁻¹ and recorded more than 50% of percentage inhibition of
radial growth (PIRG) values. The effectiveness of H. toruloidea GanoEF1 in EFB-PKC, EFB-K and
RB-PKC was then evaluated in the glasshouse on their efficacy against G. boninense. Disease
suppression was highest in the treatment that had the application of H. toruloidea GanoEF1 in
EFB-PKC with a disease reduction of 65.92% (P<0.05). The percentage of dead seedlings also
was significantly lowest in seedlings treated with H. toruloidea GanoEF1 in EFB-PKC (26.7%) as
compared to the control seedlings (93.3%). The lower percentage of dead seedlings indicates that
the lower infection of BSR occurred. Furthermore, the production of POX and PPO were detected in
the seedlings pre-inoculated with H. toruloidea GanoEF1 and significantly higher than control
treatment at the post G. boninense challenge inoculation indicating induced resistance is one the
mechanism of H. toruloidea GanoEF1 to control Ganoderma infection. The effect of the formulations
on plant growth showed the seedlings treated with H. toruloidea GanoEF1 in EFB-PKC gave
significantly (P<0.05) highest results on plant height (98.61 cm), girth (38.7 mm), number of frond
(11.0), chlorophyll content (60.85 µg/L), root biomass (42.5 g) and leaves biomass (70.1 g)
respectively, followed by seedlings treated with granular formulation of EFB-K, RB-PKC and control
treatment. The oil palm roots colonized positively to H. toruloidea GanoEF1 inoculation with
the highest population (between 2.0 x 10⁴ cfu g⁻¹ to 5.3 x 10⁷ cfu g⁻¹) was observed in the
treatment of EFB-PKC and EFB-K granular formulations. This phenomenon was supported with the
colonization of H. toruloidea GanoEF1 within the cortex of the root observed by using
transmission electron microscopy (TEM). This study showed the H. toruloidea GanoEF1 in
granular formulations containing carrier EFB-PKC was the most effective as biological
control agent for controlling
anoderma disease and promoting the growth of oil palm seedlings. |
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