International reserves, current account imbalance and external debt in East Asian economies

This study investigates the impact of current account imbalance and external debt on international reserve holdings in nine East Asian economies, namely China, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan, and Thailand (henceforth East Asia). These countries are further d...

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Main Author:	Nor, Eliza
Format:	Thesis
Language:	English English
Published:	2009
Subjects:	Balance of payments - East Asia - Case studies
Online Access:	http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/8523/1/FEP_2009_3_IR.pdf
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id	my-upm-ir.8523
record_format	uketd_dc
spelling	my-upm-ir.85232023-11-30T07:03:42Z International reserves, current account imbalance and external debt in East Asian economies 2009-03 Nor, Eliza This study investigates the impact of current account imbalance and external debt on international reserve holdings in nine East Asian economies, namely China, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan, and Thailand (henceforth East Asia). These countries are further divided into four groups: East Asia, ASEAN5, ASEAN4, and the non-ASEAN countries. After the 1997-98 East Asian financial crisis, these countries had increased their reserve holdings and the current accounts in majority of these countries had experienced consistent surpluses at least until 2005. Besides, most of these countries had also increased their external debt holdings in recent years. The autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach, panel cointegration, and panel fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) were utilized to examine the relationship between international reserve holdings and its determinants. The study covers the period from 1970 to 2005. There are three important conclusions can be derived from the empirical findings. First, current account balance has a positive and significant relationship with international reserve holdings in Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Singapore, Taiwan, East Asia, ASEAN5, ASEAN4, and non-ASEAN countries. The positive relationship indicates that the rise in the current account surplus leads to the rise in international reserve holdings in these countries. Second, total external debt is a substitute for international reserves in China, Japan, Korea, the Philippines, East Asia, ASEAN5, and ASEAN4. Third, short term external debt acts as a substitute for international reserves in Korea, the Philippines, Thailand, ASEAN5, and ASEAN4. The role of external debt as substitute for international reserves implies that external debt is used to finance international transactions. However, in China, Singapore, and the non-ASEAN countries, short term external debt acts as a complement for international reserves. In other words, these countries increased reserves as their precautionary measure against short term capital flow reversals during the crisis. High international reserve holdings and current account surplus are associated with the savings investment imbalance in East Asia. The imbalance is due to the limited ability of the private sector to transform its savings into investment. The development in the regional capital markets may assist the private sector to circulate its savings within the region and minimize its dependence on external financing. Balance of payments - East Asia - Case studies 2009-03 Thesis http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/8523/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/8523/1/FEP_2009_3_IR.pdf text en public doctoral Universiti Putra Malaysia Balance of payments - East Asia - Case studies Faculty of Economics and Management Mohamed, Azali English
institution	Universiti Putra Malaysia
collection	PSAS Institutional Repository
language	English English
advisor	Mohamed, Azali
topic	Balance of payments - East Asia - Case studies
spellingShingle	Balance of payments - East Asia - Case studies Nor, Eliza International reserves, current account imbalance and external debt in East Asian economies
description	This study investigates the impact of current account imbalance and external debt on international reserve holdings in nine East Asian economies, namely China, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan, and Thailand (henceforth East Asia). These countries are further divided into four groups: East Asia, ASEAN5, ASEAN4, and the non-ASEAN countries. After the 1997-98 East Asian financial crisis, these countries had increased their reserve holdings and the current accounts in majority of these countries had experienced consistent surpluses at least until 2005. Besides, most of these countries had also increased their external debt holdings in recent years. The autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach, panel cointegration, and panel fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) were utilized to examine the relationship between international reserve holdings and its determinants. The study covers the period from 1970 to 2005. There are three important conclusions can be derived from the empirical findings. First, current account balance has a positive and significant relationship with international reserve holdings in Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Singapore, Taiwan, East Asia, ASEAN5, ASEAN4, and non-ASEAN countries. The positive relationship indicates that the rise in the current account surplus leads to the rise in international reserve holdings in these countries. Second, total external debt is a substitute for international reserves in China, Japan, Korea, the Philippines, East Asia, ASEAN5, and ASEAN4. Third, short term external debt acts as a substitute for international reserves in Korea, the Philippines, Thailand, ASEAN5, and ASEAN4. The role of external debt as substitute for international reserves implies that external debt is used to finance international transactions. However, in China, Singapore, and the non-ASEAN countries, short term external debt acts as a complement for international reserves. In other words, these countries increased reserves as their precautionary measure against short term capital flow reversals during the crisis. High international reserve holdings and current account surplus are associated with the savings investment imbalance in East Asia. The imbalance is due to the limited ability of the private sector to transform its savings into investment. The development in the regional capital markets may assist the private sector to circulate its savings within the region and minimize its dependence on external financing.
format	Thesis
qualification_level	Doctorate
author	Nor, Eliza
author_facet	Nor, Eliza
author_sort	Nor, Eliza
title	International reserves, current account imbalance and external debt in East Asian economies
title_short	International reserves, current account imbalance and external debt in East Asian economies
title_full	International reserves, current account imbalance and external debt in East Asian economies
title_fullStr	International reserves, current account imbalance and external debt in East Asian economies
title_full_unstemmed	International reserves, current account imbalance and external debt in East Asian economies
title_sort	international reserves, current account imbalance and external debt in east asian economies
granting_institution	Universiti Putra Malaysia
granting_department	Faculty of Economics and Management
publishDate	2009
url	http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/8523/1/FEP_2009_3_IR.pdf
_version_	1794018761917857792

International reserves, current account imbalance and external debt in East Asian economies

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