Effect of hydroxyapatite addition into glass ionomer cement on physical, structural and mechanical properties
Glass ionomer cement (GIC) is a well-known restorative material applied in dentistry, especially as restorative and luting materials. The present work aims to enhance the physical, structural and mechanical properties of GIC with the addition of hydroxyapatite (HA) since GIC is lacking in the mec...
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| Format: | Thesis |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
2021
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/98200/1/FS%202021%2056%20-%20IR.pdf |
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| Summary: | Glass ionomer cement (GIC) is a well-known restorative material applied in
dentistry, especially as restorative and luting materials. The present work aims
to enhance the physical, structural and mechanical properties of GIC with the
addition of hydroxyapatite (HA) since GIC is lacking in the mechanical strength
which then limits the use of GIC as restorative material. In this research, waste
materials consisting of clam shell (CS) and soda lime silica (SLS) glass are used
in the manufacture of alumino-silicate-fluoride (ASF) glass ceramics through
melt-quench technique. Meanwhile, synthesized HA powder was obtained by
wet chemical precipitation method using CS as the starting material. The control
and modified GIC samples were formulated based on a 3:1:1 ratio referring to
ASF glass ceramics/HA: polyacrylic acid (PAA): deionized water. All GIC
samples were subjected to four different ageing time before being characterized
by density measurement, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared
(FTIR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy
dispersive X-ray (EDX) and compressive strength test. CS and SLS glass are
characterized by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) in which the main composition of
calcium (Ca) and silicon (Si) respectively encourage the use of waste materials
in sample preparation. The existence of fluorapatite (FA) crystal phase in ASF
glass ceramics sample was confirmed by XRD, FTIR and FESEM analysis. In
addition, the inclusion of HA into the GIC formulation causes an increase in
density results. XRD of modified GIC samples detect the presence of
fluorohydroxyapatite (FHA) crystal peaks and is confirmed by the OHF
chemical bond at FTIR wavenumber ~3550 cm-1. The morphology of FESEM
reveals the formation of spherical particles and agglomerated needle-like
belonging to apatite crystals. Moreover, ageing time of control and modified GIC
samples did not have a significant effect on the structural properties. The
calcium to phosphate (Ca/P) ratio of GIC samples in the range of 1.76 to 3.31 allows the suitability of these materials for implantation purposes. Modified GIC
samples show higher compressive strength compared to control GIC. The
compressive strength increases with increasing ageing time. GIC added with 5
wt.% of commercial HA at 21 days of ageing time produced the highest
compressive strength with 90.12 MPa. Overall, the addition of HA into GIC
provides excellent results and better properties to encourage its use as a
restorative material in dentistry. |
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