Effect of land and aquatic medicine ball training on shoulder imbalance among water polo players
This study aimed to investigate the effect of land and aquatic medicine ball training on bilateral shoulder strength imbalance and their impact on throwing velocity and accuracy in male water polo players. The relationship of shoulder strength imbalance and anthropometric variables with throwing...
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| Main Author: | |
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| Format: | Thesis |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
2020
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/99190/1/FPP%202021%2036%20IR.pdf |
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| Summary: | This study aimed to investigate the effect of land and aquatic medicine ball
training on bilateral shoulder strength imbalance and their impact on throwing
velocity and accuracy in male water polo players. The relationship of shoulder
strength imbalance and anthropometric variables with throwing velocity
and accuracy among water polo players was also examined. Participants in
this study were Malaysian male elite water polo players (N=42), aged 16.79
± 1.77 years old. They were randomly assigned equally to three groups
(Aquatic and land training (n=14 for each) and a control group (n= 14) using
the Fishbowl technique. A pretest and three posttests research design were
used in the present study. The experimental groups for land and aquatic undergo
same specific training on the non-dominant hand with gradually increasing
load in every three weeks for 9 weeks (starting with normal water
polo ball, 1kg and 2 kg medicine ball). This is an addition to their usual water
polo training, while the control group only attended usual water polo training
similar to the experimental groups. The training protocol used was the same
for both land and aquatic training to evaluate the effect of training and different
loads on shoulder imbalance rectification. After the completion of each
three weeks of the intervention, eight tests of shoulder movement strength
and two tests of throwing performance were administered to all participants
to measure their changes in shoulder strength imbalance, throwing velocity
and throwing accuracy. The paired sample t test of the pre test scores indicated
that there were significant differences between the players' dominant
hand and their non dominant hand in all eight shoulder movements strength
for all players, where Flexion (t= 136.09 and p< .001), Extension (t= 110.92
and p< .001), Abduction (t= 121.89 and p< .001), Adduction (t= 101.47 and
p< .001), Horizontal Adduction (t= 92.3 and p< .001), Horizontal Abduction
(t= 95.6 and p< .001), Internal Rotation (t= 109.6 and p< .001) and External Rotation (t= 102.18 and p< .001). The results of repeated measures
MANOVA showed a statistically significant difference in the mean test scores
of shoulder strength imbalance in the pretest and 3 follow-up test measurements
of both land and aquatic groups after 9 weeks non dominant hand
training. Both experimental groups showed statistically significant improvement
within and between groups on shoulder imbalance rectification. The
results of between group comparison showed 93% for aquatic group and
43% for the land group’s mean difference improvement from pretest to posttest.
Throwing velocity and accuracy of the players showed significant improvement
as well after 9 weeks of training. However, the improvement between
land and aquatic groups in throwing velocity and accuracy were not
significant. The findings of the study showed that water polo players have a
tendency of bilateral shoulder imbalance which influence their throwing performance.
The results also show that an intervention of specific training of 9
weeks of non-dominant hand by using medicine ball training on land and in
water was effective in changing shoulder strength imbalance in the players.
Hence, increasing water polo players’ non-dominant hands’ strength helps in
rectifying the shoulder imbalance and these will be beneficial in improving
their throwing performance. |
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