The effects of foreign direct investment,external debt and trade openness on economic growth: evidences from ottoman empire 1881-1913

The 19th century marked tremendous changes to the Ottoman economy in many ways. The substantial amount was transferred from Europe to the Ottoman Empire in the form of an external loan or foreign investment. More important, substantial amounts were given as a result of the ongoing process of reforms...

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主要作者: Lotfi Demikha
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