3D-CT craniofacial morphometry among Malay down syndrome and normal subjects in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia
This is the first three-dimensional computed tomography (3D-CT) study, as far as the author is aware, of the craniofacial morphology of Malay Down Syndrome (DS) subjects. This information is intended to increase understanding of the DS quantitative phenotypic features in order to improve the stra...
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| Format: | Thesis |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
2018
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://eprints.usm.my/56792/1/Haider%20Ali%20Hasan%20Al-%20Shammari-24%20pages.pdf |
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| Summary: | This is the first three-dimensional computed tomography (3D-CT) study, as
far as the author is aware, of the craniofacial morphology of Malay Down Syndrome
(DS) subjects. This information is intended to increase understanding of the DS
quantitative phenotypic features in order to improve the strategies required with the
management of these patients. To study the size of the craniofacial structure which
include linear and angular measurements in Malay DS subjects and to compare them
with normal subjects. Additionally, sexual dimorphism and age differences of both
the DS and normal subjects were also investigated. This is a cross sectional 3D-CT
study on 240 Malays (Normal = 180, DS = 60) aged between 0 to 35 years old. The
initial 2D formats were then reconstructed into 3D utilising Mimics V17.0 software.
Linear and angular dimensions of craniofacial structures were measured for each
subject using consistent landmark definitions. Comparisons were made between DS
and normal subjects, between the males and females and among selected age groups.
The selected ages are children (0 to 6 years), pre-adolescents (7 to 12 years),
adolescents (13 to 20 years) and adults (21 to 35 years). High reliability of the
examiner in carrying out the measurements was detected with ICC values in the
range of 0.8 to 1. Generally, each craniofacial region showed unique growth pattern
as observed from infancy to adulthood. Most of craniofacial measurements in DS
subjects showed smaller values than normal from infancy to adulthood. Sexual This is the first three-dimensional computed tomography (3D-CT) study, as
far as the author is aware, of the craniofacial morphology of Malay Down Syndrome
(DS) subjects. This information is intended to increase understanding of the DS
quantitative phenotypic features in order to improve the strategies required with the
management of these patients. To study the size of the craniofacial structure which
include linear and angular measurements in Malay DS subjects and to compare them
with normal subjects. Additionally, sexual dimorphism and age differences of both
the DS and normal subjects were also investigated. This is a cross sectional 3D-CT
study on 240 Malays (Normal = 180, DS = 60) aged between 0 to 35 years old. The
initial 2D formats were then reconstructed into 3D utilising Mimics V17.0 software.
Linear and angular dimensions of craniofacial structures were measured for each
subject using consistent landmark definitions. Comparisons were made between DS
and normal subjects, between the males and females and among selected age groups.
The selected ages are children (0 to 6 years), pre-adolescents (7 to 12 years),
adolescents (13 to 20 years) and adults (21 to 35 years). High reliability of the
examiner in carrying out the measurements was detected with ICC values in the
range of 0.8 to 1. Generally, each craniofacial region showed unique growth pattern
as observed from infancy to adulthood. Most of craniofacial measurements in DS
subjects showed smaller values than normal from infancy to adulthood. Sexual dimorphism was observed for linear and angular variables in both DS and normal
subjects. The number of variables that showed sexual dimorphism increased from
infancy to adulthood. Differences in size between males and females were not
obvious during infancy as only a few variables showed significant differences.
During preadolescent and adolescent stages, only some of the variables showed
significant size differences between the sexes. Sexual dimorphism in the craniofacial
region was most evident during adulthood with more variables displaying significant
differences between the sexes. The majority of the craniofacial variables increased in
size significantly from birth to 35 years of age in both DS and normal subjects. This
study provides comprehensive description of the craniofacial dimensions of Malay
DS subjects. This study has generated craniofacial reference data for DS and some
additional normal data. These reference data is hoped to facilitate management of
Malay DS subjects. Moreover, these information could also help maxillofacial,
orthognathic, plastic and reconstructive surgeons, orthodontists, medico-legal experts
and forensic scientists to perform objective and quantitative management, decide
treatment strategies and assessment of treatment outcome. In addition, the size of
craniofacial structures showed sexual dimorphism at most age categories. Gender
consideration should be taken into account in clinical assessment and procedures
which may affect the craniofacial complex. Furthermore, quantification based on 3D
data provides new insights into craniofacial growth changes and morphology
compared with conventional 2D approaches. |
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