Agro-Based Catalyst Systems For Converting Palm Based Oils With High Fatty Acids And Water Contents Into Methyl Esters
Present work focuses on producing a dual catalyst system to esterify fatty acids and . transesterify triglycerides into methyl esters in the presence of methanol. Firstly, boiler ash sourced from waste empty fruit bunches of the palm oil industry was characterized and used as a pseudo-homogeneou...
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| Main Author: | |
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| Format: | Thesis |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
2012
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://eprints.usm.my/59476/1/24%20Pages%20from%2000001779558.pdf |
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| Summary: | Present work focuses on producing a dual catalyst system to esterify fatty acids and
.
transesterify triglycerides into methyl esters in the presence of methanol. Firstly,
boiler ash sourced from waste empty fruit bunches of the palm oil industry was
characterized and used as a pseudo-homogeneous base catalyst for transesterification
of palm olein. Boiler ash successfully transesterified palm olein at mild reaction
conditions (3 wt.% dried boiler ash, 15: 1 methanol : oil molar ratio, methanol
refluxing temperature and reaction time of 0.5 b) to produce 90% methyl esters.
Calcium oxide (calcined at 900 oe for 2 h) was added to boiler ash in order to
increase the free fatty acids and water tolerance of boiler ash for transesterification of
low quality oils. A mixture of boiler ash-calcium oxide was found to be able to
tolerate 3 wt.% water and 4 wt.% free fatty acids. |
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