Preparation And Characterization Of Natural Rubberchitson Biodegradable Urea For Slow Release Fertilizer

Chitosan and natural rubber are highly potential materials to be blended together in urea fertilizer for slow release properties due to its gel forming ability and hydrophobicity, respectively. This study investigates the potential of chitosan and natural rubber incorporation to replace formaldehyde...

Full description

Saved in:

Bibliographic Details
Main Author:	Abdul Hamid, Nor Nadiah
Format:	Thesis
Language:	English English
Published:	2016
Subjects:	T Technology (General) TP Chemical technology
Online Access:	http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/18555/1/Preparation%20And%20Characterization%20Of%20Natural%20Rubberchitson%20Biodegradable%20Urea%20For%20Slow%20Release%20Fertilizer%2024%20Pages.pdf http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/18555/2/Preparation%20And%20Characterization%20Of%20Natural%20Rubberchitson%20Biodegradable%20Urea%20For%20Slow%20Release%20Fertilizer.pdf
Tags:	Add Tag No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!

id	my-utem-ep.18555
record_format	uketd_dc
institution	Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
collection	UTeM Repository
language	English English
advisor	Mohamad, Noraiham
topic	T Technology (General) TP Chemical technology
spellingShingle	T Technology (General) TP Chemical technology Abdul Hamid, Nor Nadiah Preparation And Characterization Of Natural Rubberchitson Biodegradable Urea For Slow Release Fertilizer
description	Chitosan and natural rubber are highly potential materials to be blended together in urea fertilizer for slow release properties due to its gel forming ability and hydrophobicity, respectively. This study investigates the potential of chitosan and natural rubber incorporation to replace formaldehyde in urea fertilizers. On the first stage, the effect of chitosan content and gelatinization temperature on physical properties of chitosan based urea fertilizer were studied. The chitosan content was varied from 0, 3, 5, 7 and 10 pph at two different mixing temperatures (gelatinization temperature) which are 60oC and room temperature of 25 ± 3oC. Chitosan based urea fertilizer was prepared through a direct wet mixing using laboratory set up consist of beaker, magnetic stirrer and hotplate. Subsequently, the mixture was then dried in an oven at 60oC for 8 hours and compacted into pellets form for further testing and analyses. For the first stage, gelatinization process at room temperature was observed to produce samples which exhibited better water absorption and water retention capability than the one gelatinized at 60oC. The results were supported by XRD analyses. In this study, the formulations which showed good balance between water absorption and water retention was chitosan based urea fertilizer filled with 3 to 7 pph chitosan content. Both gelatinization temperatures produced fertilizer with significant crystallinity in its structure. In overall, gelatinization process at room temperature indicates better performance as well as cost effective. The next stage was performed to investigate the potential of natural rubber (NR) as hydrophobicity contributor to the chitosan based urea fertilizer. In this stage, constant chitosan content at 5 pph was used to be incorporated with NR for preparation of binder. The NR content was varied from 0, 3, 5, 7 and 10 pph. In this stage, chitosan and NR were diluted in toluene with the presence of bentonite as filler. Testing for water absorption, water retention, soil burial degradation, hardness and compression test were carried out. The findings were supported by Fourier Transform Infrared analysis, Diffrential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) analysis, X-ray Diffraction (XRD) as well as Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Based on ranking method, it was proven that, chitosan based urea fertilizers with the highest content of natural rubber (10phr) shows the highest rank desired for the characteristics needed. Fertilizer with 5 pph chitosan and 10 pph NR exhibited the highest water absorption capability, the highest water retention ability, appreciable compression strength and hardness as well as the slowest rate in soil burial degradation. Uniform distribution of NRchitosan rich domains in the fertilizers depicted improvement in encapsulation of urea particles for fertilizers with 10 pph NR loading if compared to the fertilizer without NR. This study had proven the potential of chitosan and natural rubber in replacing formaldehyde for agriculture urea fertilizers.
format	Thesis
qualification_name	Master of Philosophy (M.Phil.)
qualification_level	Master's degree
author	Abdul Hamid, Nor Nadiah
author_facet	Abdul Hamid, Nor Nadiah
author_sort	Abdul Hamid, Nor Nadiah
title	Preparation And Characterization Of Natural Rubberchitson Biodegradable Urea For Slow Release Fertilizer
title_short	Preparation And Characterization Of Natural Rubberchitson Biodegradable Urea For Slow Release Fertilizer
title_full	Preparation And Characterization Of Natural Rubberchitson Biodegradable Urea For Slow Release Fertilizer
title_fullStr	Preparation And Characterization Of Natural Rubberchitson Biodegradable Urea For Slow Release Fertilizer
title_full_unstemmed	Preparation And Characterization Of Natural Rubberchitson Biodegradable Urea For Slow Release Fertilizer
title_sort	preparation and characterization of natural rubberchitson biodegradable urea for slow release fertilizer
granting_institution	Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
granting_department	Faculty of Manufacturing Engineering
publishDate	2016
url	http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/18555/1/Preparation%20And%20Characterization%20Of%20Natural%20Rubberchitson%20Biodegradable%20Urea%20For%20Slow%20Release%20Fertilizer%2024%20Pages.pdf http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/18555/2/Preparation%20And%20Characterization%20Of%20Natural%20Rubberchitson%20Biodegradable%20Urea%20For%20Slow%20Release%20Fertilizer.pdf
_version_	1747833935062106112
spelling	my-utem-ep.185552021-10-08T15:19:49Z Preparation And Characterization Of Natural Rubberchitson Biodegradable Urea For Slow Release Fertilizer 2016 Abdul Hamid, Nor Nadiah T Technology (General) TP Chemical technology Chitosan and natural rubber are highly potential materials to be blended together in urea fertilizer for slow release properties due to its gel forming ability and hydrophobicity, respectively. This study investigates the potential of chitosan and natural rubber incorporation to replace formaldehyde in urea fertilizers. On the first stage, the effect of chitosan content and gelatinization temperature on physical properties of chitosan based urea fertilizer were studied. The chitosan content was varied from 0, 3, 5, 7 and 10 pph at two different mixing temperatures (gelatinization temperature) which are 60oC and room temperature of 25 ± 3oC. Chitosan based urea fertilizer was prepared through a direct wet mixing using laboratory set up consist of beaker, magnetic stirrer and hotplate. Subsequently, the mixture was then dried in an oven at 60oC for 8 hours and compacted into pellets form for further testing and analyses. For the first stage, gelatinization process at room temperature was observed to produce samples which exhibited better water absorption and water retention capability than the one gelatinized at 60oC. The results were supported by XRD analyses. In this study, the formulations which showed good balance between water absorption and water retention was chitosan based urea fertilizer filled with 3 to 7 pph chitosan content. Both gelatinization temperatures produced fertilizer with significant crystallinity in its structure. In overall, gelatinization process at room temperature indicates better performance as well as cost effective. The next stage was performed to investigate the potential of natural rubber (NR) as hydrophobicity contributor to the chitosan based urea fertilizer. In this stage, constant chitosan content at 5 pph was used to be incorporated with NR for preparation of binder. The NR content was varied from 0, 3, 5, 7 and 10 pph. In this stage, chitosan and NR were diluted in toluene with the presence of bentonite as filler. Testing for water absorption, water retention, soil burial degradation, hardness and compression test were carried out. The findings were supported by Fourier Transform Infrared analysis, Diffrential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) analysis, X-ray Diffraction (XRD) as well as Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Based on ranking method, it was proven that, chitosan based urea fertilizers with the highest content of natural rubber (10phr) shows the highest rank desired for the characteristics needed. Fertilizer with 5 pph chitosan and 10 pph NR exhibited the highest water absorption capability, the highest water retention ability, appreciable compression strength and hardness as well as the slowest rate in soil burial degradation. Uniform distribution of NRchitosan rich domains in the fertilizers depicted improvement in encapsulation of urea particles for fertilizers with 10 pph NR loading if compared to the fertilizer without NR. This study had proven the potential of chitosan and natural rubber in replacing formaldehyde for agriculture urea fertilizers. UTeM 2016 Thesis http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/18555/ http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/18555/1/Preparation%20And%20Characterization%20Of%20Natural%20Rubberchitson%20Biodegradable%20Urea%20For%20Slow%20Release%20Fertilizer%2024%20Pages.pdf text en public http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/18555/2/Preparation%20And%20Characterization%20Of%20Natural%20Rubberchitson%20Biodegradable%20Urea%20For%20Slow%20Release%20Fertilizer.pdf text en validuser https://plh.utem.edu.my/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=101058 mphil masters Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka Faculty of Manufacturing Engineering Mohamad, Noraiham 1. Abbaspour, M.R., Sadeghi, F. and Garekani, H.A., 2008. Design and Study of Ibuprofen Disintegrating Sustained-Release Tablets Comprising Coated Pellets. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, 68(3), pp. 747-759. 2. Akcay, G. and Yurdakoc, K.M., 1999. Nonyl and Dodecylamines Intercalated Bentonite and Illite form Turkey. Turkish Journal Chemistry, 23, pp. 105-113. 3. Andrew, O. and Erin, O., 2006. Chemistry and Commercial Fertilizers. Alaska Agriculture in the Classroom. [online] Available at : http://www.fairbankssoilwater.org/userfiles/ pdfs/ChemistryFertilizer.pdf [Accessed on 15 April 2013]. 4. Arkles, B., 2011. Hydrophobicity, Hydrophilicity and Silane Surface Modification, Morrisville: Gelest Inc. 5. Ashby, J., Sadera, W.A. and McNary, S.W., 2011. Comparing Student Success Between Developmental Math Courses Offered Online, Blended and Face-to-Face. Journal of Interactive Online Learning, 10(3), pp. 128-140. 6. Baker, M.D. and Neiditch, M.B., 2011. Structural Basis of Response Regulator Inhibition by a Bacterial Anti-Activator Protein. PLOS Biology, 9(12), pp. 1-16. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001226. 7. Basu, S.K., Kumar, N. and Srivastava, J.P., 2010. Modelling NPK Release from Spherically Coated Fertilizer Granules. Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory, 18, pp. 820-835. 8. Bhat A.H. and Khalil H.P.S.A., 2008. Oil Palm Ash based PP Composites. Bioresources, 6(2), pp. 1288-1297. 9. Boonlertnirun, S., Boonraung, C. and Suvanasara, R., 2008. Application of Chitosan in Rice Production. Journal of Metals, Materials and Minerals, 18, pp. 47–52, 2008. 10. Booze-Daniels, J.N. and Schmidt, R.E., 1997. The Use of Slow Release Nitrogen Fertilizers on the Roadside – A literature Review. pp. 10-13. 11. Callister, W.D., 2007. Materials Science and Engineering; An Introduction, (7th ed.), The University of Utah: John Wiley & Sons Inc. Carboxymethylated Chitosan in Aqueous Solution. Carbohydrate Polymers, 67(3), pp. 275-464. 12. Card, A., Whiting, D., Wilson, C. and Reeder, J., 2009. Organic Fertilizers. USA: Colorado State University Extension. 13. Cardarelli, M., Rouphael, Y., Rea, E. and Colla, G., 2010. Mitigation of Alkaline Stress by Arbuscular Mycorrhiza in Zucchini Plants Grown Under Mineral and Organic Fertilization. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 173 (5), pp. 778-787. 14. Chandra, R. and Rustgi R., 1998. Biodegradable Polymers. Progress in Polymer Science, 23, pp. 1273 –1335. 15. Chandrasekaran V.C., 2010. Rubber as Construction Material for Corrosion Protection : A 16. Comprehensive Guide for Process Equipment Designers, India: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN : 978-1-118-02930-5. 17. Chuayjuljit, A. and Boonmahitthisud, A., 2010. Natural Rubber Nanocomposites using Plystyrene-encapsulated Nanosilica Prepared by Differential Microemulsion Polymerization. Applied Surface Science, 256(23), pp. 7211-7216. 18. Committee on Toxicology, 1980. Formaldehyde – An Assessment of Its Health Effects, Board on Toxilogy and Environmental Health Hazards, Assembly of Life Sciences, pp. 4- 29. 19. Connolly J.R., 2007. Elementary Crystallography for X-Ray Diffraction. Introduction to XRay Powder Diffraction. [online] Available at : [Accessed on 15 June 2015]. 20. Corradini, E., de Moura, M.R. and Mattoso L.H.C., 2010. A Preliminary Study of the Incorparation of NPK Fertilizer into Chitosan Nanoparticles. eXPRESS Polymer Letter, 4(8), pp. 509–515. 21. Curtis, J.O., George, W.R. and Harvey L.M., 1991. Fertilizer Urea. USA : University of Minnesota Extension. 22. David A. and Laine E., 1994. Regeneration of Plants from Leaf Explants of Micropropagated Clonal Eucalyptus Grandis. Plant Cell Report Springer, 13. pp. 473-476. 23. Dayan, N. and Kromidas, L., 2011. Formulating, Packaging, and Marketing of Natural Cosmetic Products, New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons Inc. Hoboken. 24. El-Diwani, G., Nevine, M., Hassan, H.S. and Marwa, S.S., 2013. Nitrogen Slow Release Biodegradable Polymer Based on Oxidized Starch Prepared via Electro generated Mixed Oxidants. Journal of Applied Sciences, 9(3), pp. 1931-1939. 25. El-Sawy, N.M., Abd El-Rehim, H.A., Elbarbary, A.M., and Hegazy, E.A., 2010. Radiation-Induced Degradation of Chitosan for Possible use as a Growth Promoter in Agricultural Purposes. Journal of Carbohydrate Polymers, 79, pp. 555-562. 26. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2006. Eradicating world hunger- Taking Stock Ten Years after the World Food Summit. The State of Food Insecurity in the World. ISBN 92-5-1-5580-7 27. Furstenberg, L. and Armand (WO2010130276). Method and Devise for Producing Solid- Like Biodegradable Fertilizer or Soil Loosening Agents from Municipal and/Or Industrila Sludge. World Intellectual Property Organization. 28. Gaisford, S. and Buckton G., 2001. Potential Application of Microcalorimetry for the Study of Physical Processes in Pharmaceuticals. Thermochimia Acta. 380(2), pp. 185-198. 29. Goldstein, H., Safko, J.L., Poole C.P., 2002. Classical Mechanics (3rd Edition), England: Pearson Education Limited. 30. Gowariker, V., Krishnamurthy, W.N., Gowaricker S., Dhanorkar M., and Paranjape, K., 2009. The Fertilizer Encyclopedia. New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons. 31. Gryczka, U., Dondi, D., Chmielewski, A.G., Migdal, W., Buttafava A., Faucitano, A., 2009. The Mechanism of Chitosan Degradation by Gamma and e-Beam Irradiation. Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 78, 543 – 548. 32. Guo, M., Liu, M., Zhan, F., and Wu, L., 2005. Preparation and Properties of a Slow- Release Membrane-Encapsulated Urea Fertilizer with Superabsorbent and Moiture Presevation. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 44, pp. 4206-4211. 33. Guohua, Z., Ya, L., Cuilan, F., Min, Z., Caiqiong, Z. and Zongdao, C. 2006. Water Resistance, Mechanical Properties and Biodegradability of Methylated- 34. Cornstarch/poly(vinyl alcohol) Blend Film. Polymer Degradation Stability, 91, 703-711. Hamdi, C.H., Mustafa, F.S., Hamit, C.M., Sabri, U.S. and Haluk, C.T., 2001. A Review of the Health Effects of Formaldehyde Toxicity. pp. 3. 35. Hamzah, R., Bakar, M.A., Khairuddean, M., Mohammed, I.A. and Adnan, R., 2012. A Structural Study of Epoxidized Natural Rubber (ENR-50) and Its Cyclic Dithiocarbonate Derivative Using NMR Spectroscopy Techniques, Molecules, 17, pp. 10947-10993. 36. Han, X., Chen, S., and Hu, X., 2009. Controlled-Release Fertilizer Encapsulated by Starch/Polyvinyl Alcohol Coating. Journal of Desalination, 240, pp. 21-26. 37. Hanafi, M.M., Eltaib, S.M., and Ahmad, M.B., 2000. Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Controlled Release Compound Fertilizer. European Polymer Journal, 36, pp. 2081-2088. 38. Hart, J., 1998. Fertilizer and Lime Materials. Fertilizer Guide, FG52, University of Oregon State. 39. Hatakeyama H., and Hatakeyama T., 1998. Interaction between Water and Hydrophilic Polymers. Thermochimia Acta, 308(1-2), pp. 3-22. 40. Health Environment & Regulatory Affairs (HERA), 1997. Degradation of Polymer in Nature Environmental Information – Update. Dow Corning Corporation, pp 1-4. 41. Hermary, H., 1980. Effects of Some Synthetic Fertilizers on the Soil Ecosystem, pp. 3. 42. Huang, L., Zhai, M., Peng, J., Li, J., & Wei, G. (2007). Radiation-induced Degradation of Carboxymethylated Chitosan in Aqueous Solution. Carbohydrate Polymers, 67, pp. 305– 312. 43. Ibrahim, M., Mahmoud, A.A., Osman, O. Refaat, A. and El-Sayed, E.M., 2010. Molecular Spectroscopic Analysis of Nano-Chitosan Blend as Biosensor. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopic, 77(4), pp. 802-806. 44. IFA (International Fertilizer Industry Association), 2000. Fertilizers and Their Use : A Pocket Guide Extension Officers. Rome : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations International Fertilizer Industry Association. 45. Ionita, M., and Iovu, H., 2012. Mechanical Properties, Urea Diffusion, and Cell Cultural Response of Poly(vinyl Alcohol)-Chitosan Bioartificial Membranes via Molecular Modelling and Experimental Investigation. Composites Part B: Engineering, 43(5), pp. 2464-2470. 46. Islam, M.M., Masum, S.M., Rahman, M.M., Moll, M.A I., Shaikh, A.A., and Roy, S.K.,2011. Preparation of Chitosan from Shrimp Shell and Investigation of its Properties. International Journal of Basic and Applied Science, 11(1), pp. 116-130. 47. Ismail H., Shaari S.M. and Othman N., 2011. The Effect of Chitosan Loading on the Curing Characteristics Mechanical and Morphological Properties of Chitosan-filled Natural Rubber (NR), Epoxidised Natural Rubber (ENR) and Styrene-Butadien Rubber (SBR) Compounds. Polymer Testing, 30, pp. 784-790. 48. James, H.B., 2004. Formaldehyde Exposure Hazards and Health Effects: A Comprehensive Review for Embalmers. pp. 2. 49. Japan Fertilizer & Ammonia Producers Association, 2013. Classification of Fertilizer, The Japan Urea & Ammonium Sulphate Industry Association and The Japan Phosphatic & Compound Fertilizers Manufacturers' Association. 50. Jinjie, G., Rui, W., Xingai, S., Min, W. and Wenjun, L., 2002. Biodegradable Polyurethane Materials from Bark and Starch.II.Coating Material for Controlled-Release Fertilizer. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 86, pp. 2948 - 2952. 51. Kadir, M.F. Aspanut, Z., Majid, S.R. and Arof A.K., 2010. FTIR Stuides of Plasticized Poly(Vinyl Alcohol)-Chitosan Blend doped with NH4NO3 Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 78(3), pp. 1068- 1074. 52. Kakade, S.M., Mannur, V.S., Kardi, R.V., Ramani, K.B., and Dhada, A.A., 2010. Evaluation of Orally Disintegrating Tablets of Sertraline. International Journal of Pharma. Research & Development, International Standard Serial No. 0974-9446, pp. 1-7. 53. Klancnik, G., Medved, J., and Mrvar, P., 2009. Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) as a Method of Material Investigation. Materials and Geoenvironment. 57(1), pp. 127-142. 54. Lal, R. and Steward, B. A., 1994. Soil Process and Water Quality. Lewis Publisher. pp.186. 55. Leja, K. and Lewandowicz, G. 2010. Polymer Biodegradation and Biodegradable Polymers. Thermochimia Acta, 396, pp 153-166. 56. Liang, R. Liu M. and Wu. L. 2007. Controlled Release NPK Compound Fertilizer with the function of Water Retention. Reactive and Functional Polymers, 67, pp. 769-779. 57. Liu, M., Liang, R., Zhan, F., Liu, Z., and Niu, A. 2007. Preparation of Superabsorbent Slow Release Nitrogen Fertilizer by Inverse Suspension Polymerization. Polymer International, 56 (6), pp. 729-737. 58. Lubkowski, K. (2014). Coating Fertilizer Granules with Biodegradable Materials for Controlled Fertilizer Release. Environmental Engineering and Management Journal, 13(10), pp. 2573-2581. 59. Lubkowski, K., and Grzmil, B. 2007. Controlled Release Fertilizers. Polish Journal of Chemical Technology, 4, pp. 81-84. 60. Lu-E-Shi and Tang, Z.X., 2009. Absorption of Nuclease P1 on Chitosan Nano-Particles. Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering, 26 (02), pp. 435-443. 61. Ma, X.F., Yu, J.G., Wan, J.J., 2006. Urea and Ethanolamine as a Mixed Plasticizer for Thermoplastic Starch. Carbohydrate Polymers, 64, pp. 267-273. Malvern Instrument Guide, 2012. 62. Mark, H.F.,2005. Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Technology (12 Volume Set) 3rd Edition, Pennsylvania State: Wiley.Material Handbook: A Concise Desktop Reference, 2000. 63. Michael, M., 2007. Infrared Imaging and Spectroscopy Using Synchrotron Light Sources, Berkeley : Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. 64. Mikkelsen, R.L., 1994. Using Hydrophilic Polymers to Control Nutrient. Fertilizer Research. 38 (1), pp. 53-59. 65. Mithra, S., 2003. Different Type of Fertilizer. Conjecture Corporation. 66. Mtambanengwe, F., Kosina, P., and Jones, J., 2007. Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers, Philippines: Cereal Knowledge Bank. 67. Mukherjee, B., 2009. Different Types of Fertilizer. Buzzle.com®. [online] Available at : http://www.buzzle.com/articles/fertilizer-types-different-types-of-fertilizers.html [Accessed on 15 April 2013]. 68. Obichukwu E.M., 2006. Ethylated Urea-Ether-Modified Urea-Formaldehyde Resins, Part I: Structural and Pysicochemical Properties. Leonardo Electronic Journal of Practices and Technologies, 9, pp. 121-136. 69. Osman, Z., and Arof, A.K., 2002. FTIR Studies of Chitosan Acetate Based Polymer Electrolyte. Thermochemical Acta, 48, pp. 993-999. 70. Overdahl, C., Rehm, G., Meredith, H., 1991. Fertilizer Urea. USA: University of Minnesota Extension. 71. Papangkorn,J., Isaraphan,C., Phinhongthong,S., Opaprakasit, M., and Opaprakasit,P., 2008. Controlled-Release Material for Urea Fertilizer from Polyactic Acid. Advanced Material Research, 55-57, pp. 897-900. 72. Park, S.Y., Jun, S.T. and Marsh, K.S., 2001. Physical Properties of PVOH/Chitosan- Blended Films Cast from Different Solvents. Food Hydrocolloids, 15(4-6), pp.499-502. 73. Pawlak, M., and Mucha, M., (2002). Thermogravimetric and FTIR Studies of Chitosan Blends. Thermochimica Acta, 396, pp. 153-166. 74. Pipko, G., 1988. Method for Manufacture of Slow Release Fertilizers, EP. 0276179. pp. 305–312. 75. Rinaudo, M. 2006. Chitin and Chitosan : Properties and Applications. Progress in Polymer Science, 31(7), pp. 603-632. 76. Ritchey, T., 2009. Futures Studies using Morphological Analysis. Swedish Morphological Society [online]. Available at: http://www.swemorph.com [Accessed on 10 October 2014]. 77. Riyajan, S.A., Sasithornsonti, Y., Phinyocheep, P., 2012. Green Natural Rubber-GModified 78. Starch for Controlling Urea Release. Carbohydrate Polymer, 89(1), pp.251-258. 79. Sengupta, P., Saikia, P.C., Borthakur, P.C, 2008. SEM-EDX Characterization of an Iron- Rich Kaolinite Clay. Journal of scientific and Industrial Research, 67, pp. 812-818. 80. Shaviv, A. 2001. Advances in Controlled-Release Fertilizers. Advanced in Agronomy, 71, pp. 1-49. 81. Smoot, T.W., 2010. Clay Minerals in the Ceramic Industries. Tenth National Conference on Clays and Clay Minerals, pp. 309-317. 82. Sperling, R.A., Gil P.R., Zhang F., Zanella M., and Parak W.J., 2008. Biological Applications on Nanoparticles. Chemical Society Reviews, 37, pp. 1896-1908. 83. Suharty, N.S., Wirjosentono, B., Firdaus, M., Handayani, D.S., Sholikhah, J., and Maharani Y.A., 2008. Synthesis of Degradable Bio-Composites Based on Recycle polypropylene Filled with Bamboo Powder Using a Reactive Process. Journal of PhysicalScience. 19(2), pp. 105-115. 84. Suherman and Anggoro, 2011. Producing slow release urea by coating with Starch/Acrylic Acid in FluidBed Spraying. The International Journal of Engineering and Technology - International Journals of Engineering and Sciences, 11(6), pp. 77-80. 85. Szumigaj, J., Zakowska, Z., Klimek, L., Rosicka-Kaczmarek,J., and Bartkowiak, A., 2008. Assessment of Polyactide Foil Degradation as a Result of Filamentous Fungi Activity. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 17(3), pp. 335-341. 86. The Gale Group, 2003. Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Tools World of Microbiology and Immunology. The Gale Group Inc. [online] Available at: http://www.encyclopedia.com [Accessed on 25 May 2014]. 87. Thembakazi, K.G., Michael, T.M., Paul, K.W., and Tajudeen O.O., 2015. Effects of 88. Different Concentrations of NPK Fertilizers on Growth and Development of Wild Okra (Corchorus Olitorius). Agricultureand Biology Journal of NorthAmerica, 6(3), pp. 74-80. 89. Theng, B.K.G. and Walker G.F., 1970. Interaction of Clay Minerals with Organics Monomers. Israel Journal of Chemistry, 8(3), pp. 417-424. 90. Trenkel, M.E., 2010. Slow- and Controlled Release and Stabilized Fertilizers An Option for Enhancing Nutrient Use Effieciency in Agriculture, France: International Fertilizer Industry Association (IFA). 91. Usama, 2009. Information for Proper fertilization Chemicals and fertilizers. [online] Available at : http://samchemicalx.blogspot.my [Accessed on 23 June 2013]. 92. Walker, G.M., Magee, T.R.A., Holland C.R., Ahmad, M.N., 1998. Caking Processed in Granular NPK Fertilizer. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 37, pp. 435-438. 93. Walker, G.M., Magee, T.R.A., Holland, C.R., Ahmad, M.N., Fox, N. and Moffatt, N.A., 1997. Compression Testing of Granular NPK Fertilizers. Nutrient Cyclingin Agroecosystems, 48, pp. 231-234. 94. Wiebking, H., 1998. Fillers in PVC A Review of the Basics. Specialty Mineral Inc. [online] Available at : http://www.mineralstech.com/Documents/SMI/PM%20- %20Decking/Fillers%20in%20PVC%20%20A%20Review%20of%20the%20Basics.pdf [Accessed on 23 June 2013]. 95. Williams D.R., Potts B.M., and Smetthurst P.J., 2003. Promotion of Flowering in Eucalyptus nitens by Paclobutrazol was Enhanced by Nitrogen Fertilizer. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 33(1), pp. 74-81. 96. Wu, L., and Liu, M., 2008a. Preparation and Properties of a Double-Coated Slow-Release NPK Compound Fertilizer with Superabsorbent and Water-Retention. Bioresource Technology, 99, pp. 547-554. 97. Wu, L., and Liu, M., 2008b. Preparation and Properties of Chitosan-Coated NPK Compound Fertilizer with Controlled-Release and Water-Retention. Journal of Carbohydrate Polymers, 72, pp. 240-247. 98. Yamuna, A., Bhavan, P.S., Geraldine, P., 2012. Glutathione S-transferase and metallothionein levels in the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium Malcolmsonhi Exposed to Mercury. Journal of Environmental Biology, 33, pp. 133–137. 99. Petterson J.M. 2010. Green Matters : Making Good Choices About Biodegradability, New York : The Rosen Publishing Group. 100. Zangi, R., Zhou, R., and Berne, B.J., 2009. Urea’s Action on Hydrophobic Interactions. Journal of The American Chemical Society, 131(4), pp. 1535-1541. 101. Zhou, R., and Labuza, T.P., 2011. Analytical Method Differential Scanning Calorimetry. Reference Module in Food Science Encyclopedia of Dairy Science (Second Edition), pp.256-263. 102. Zloczower, I.M., and Kaufman, M., 2009. Mixing Measures in Mixing and Compounding of Polymers-2nd Edition, Munich : Hanser Publishers, pp. 251-267.

Preparation And Characterization Of Natural Rubberchitson Biodegradable Urea For Slow Release Fertilizer

Similar Items