Positioning Control Of Pneumatic Artificial Muscle Systems Using Improved Nominal Characteristic Trajectory Following Control

Pneumatic Artificial Muscle (PAM) is a new type of pneumatic actuator that duplicates the behaviour of skeletal muscle, where it contracts to generate a pulling force via pressurised air and retracts passively when air is depressurised. The PAM has the characteristics that meet the need of robotic a...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Tang, Teng Fong
Format: Thesis
Language:English
English
Published: 2019
Subjects:
Online Access:http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/24568/1/Positioning%20Control%20of%20Pneumatic%20Artificial%20Muscle%20Systems%20using%20Improved%20Nominal%20Characteristic%20Trajectory%20Following%20Co~1.pdf
http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/24568/2/Positioning%20Control%20Of%20Pneumatic%20Artificial%20Muscle%20Systems%20Using%20Improved%20Nominal%20Characteristic%20Trajectory%20Following%20Control.pdf
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
id my-utem-ep.24568
record_format uketd_dc
institution Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
collection UTeM Repository
language English
English
topic T Technology (General)
TJ Mechanical engineering and machinery
spellingShingle T Technology (General)
TJ Mechanical engineering and machinery
Tang, Teng Fong
Positioning Control Of Pneumatic Artificial Muscle Systems Using Improved Nominal Characteristic Trajectory Following Control
description Pneumatic Artificial Muscle (PAM) is a new type of pneumatic actuator that duplicates the behaviour of skeletal muscle, where it contracts to generate a pulling force via pressurised air and retracts passively when air is depressurised. The PAM has the characteristics that meet the need of robotic applications, such as lightweight, high power-to-weight ratio performance, and safe in use characteristic. However, the PAM exhibits strong nonlinear characteristics which are difficult to be modelled precisely, and these characteristics have led to low controllability and difficult to achieve high precision control performance. This research aims to propose and clarify a practical controller design method for motion control of a pneumatic muscle actuated system. A nominal characteristic trajectory following (NCTF) control is proposed, and this controller emphasises simple design procedure, which it is designed without the exact model parameters, and yet is able to demonstrate high performance in both point-to-point and continuous motions. The NCTF control is composed of a nominal characteristic trajectory (NCT) and a PI compensator. The NCT is the reference motion trajectory of the control system, and the PI compensator makes the mechanism motion follows the constructed NCT. The NCT is constructed on a phase plane using the deceleration motion of the mechanism in open-loop positioning condition. However, the conventional NCTF control does not offer a promising positioning performance with the PAM mechanism, where it exhibits large vibration in the steady-state before the mechanism stopping and tends to reduce the motion accuracy. Therefore, the main goal of this study is to improve the conventional NCTF control for high positioning control of the PAM mechanism. The conventional NCTF control is enhanced by removing the actual velocity feedback to eliminate the vibration problem, added an acceleration feedback compensator to the plant model and a reference rate feedforward to solve the low damping characteristic of the PAM mechanism in order to improve the tracking following characteristic. The design procedure of the improved NCTF control remains easy and straightforward. The effectiveness of the proposed controller is verified experimentally and compared with the conventional NCTF and classical PI controls in positioning and tracking motion performances. The experimental results proved that the improved NCTF control reduced the positioning error up to 90% and 63% as benchmarked to the PI and conventional NCTF controls respectively, while it reduced up to 92% (PI) and 95% (NCTF) in the tracking error. In the robustness evaluation, the comparative experimental results demonstrated that the improved NCTF control has higher robust against the irregular signals than the PI and the conventional NCTF controls. This can be concluded that, the improved NCTF control has demonstrated high positioning accuracy and fast tracking performance at different working range and frequencies as well as high robustness against the irregular signals. Overall, the improved NCTF control has showed the capability in performing high precision motion and offered promising results for the PAM mechanism.
format Thesis
qualification_name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD.)
qualification_level Doctorate
author Tang, Teng Fong
author_facet Tang, Teng Fong
author_sort Tang, Teng Fong
title Positioning Control Of Pneumatic Artificial Muscle Systems Using Improved Nominal Characteristic Trajectory Following Control
title_short Positioning Control Of Pneumatic Artificial Muscle Systems Using Improved Nominal Characteristic Trajectory Following Control
title_full Positioning Control Of Pneumatic Artificial Muscle Systems Using Improved Nominal Characteristic Trajectory Following Control
title_fullStr Positioning Control Of Pneumatic Artificial Muscle Systems Using Improved Nominal Characteristic Trajectory Following Control
title_full_unstemmed Positioning Control Of Pneumatic Artificial Muscle Systems Using Improved Nominal Characteristic Trajectory Following Control
title_sort positioning control of pneumatic artificial muscle systems using improved nominal characteristic trajectory following control
granting_institution Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
granting_department Faculty of Electrical Engineering
publishDate 2019
url http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/24568/1/Positioning%20Control%20of%20Pneumatic%20Artificial%20Muscle%20Systems%20using%20Improved%20Nominal%20Characteristic%20Trajectory%20Following%20Co~1.pdf
http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/24568/2/Positioning%20Control%20Of%20Pneumatic%20Artificial%20Muscle%20Systems%20Using%20Improved%20Nominal%20Characteristic%20Trajectory%20Following%20Control.pdf
_version_ 1747834074368573440
spelling my-utem-ep.245682021-10-05T10:52:54Z Positioning Control Of Pneumatic Artificial Muscle Systems Using Improved Nominal Characteristic Trajectory Following Control 2019 Tang, Teng Fong T Technology (General) TJ Mechanical engineering and machinery Pneumatic Artificial Muscle (PAM) is a new type of pneumatic actuator that duplicates the behaviour of skeletal muscle, where it contracts to generate a pulling force via pressurised air and retracts passively when air is depressurised. The PAM has the characteristics that meet the need of robotic applications, such as lightweight, high power-to-weight ratio performance, and safe in use characteristic. However, the PAM exhibits strong nonlinear characteristics which are difficult to be modelled precisely, and these characteristics have led to low controllability and difficult to achieve high precision control performance. This research aims to propose and clarify a practical controller design method for motion control of a pneumatic muscle actuated system. A nominal characteristic trajectory following (NCTF) control is proposed, and this controller emphasises simple design procedure, which it is designed without the exact model parameters, and yet is able to demonstrate high performance in both point-to-point and continuous motions. The NCTF control is composed of a nominal characteristic trajectory (NCT) and a PI compensator. The NCT is the reference motion trajectory of the control system, and the PI compensator makes the mechanism motion follows the constructed NCT. The NCT is constructed on a phase plane using the deceleration motion of the mechanism in open-loop positioning condition. However, the conventional NCTF control does not offer a promising positioning performance with the PAM mechanism, where it exhibits large vibration in the steady-state before the mechanism stopping and tends to reduce the motion accuracy. Therefore, the main goal of this study is to improve the conventional NCTF control for high positioning control of the PAM mechanism. The conventional NCTF control is enhanced by removing the actual velocity feedback to eliminate the vibration problem, added an acceleration feedback compensator to the plant model and a reference rate feedforward to solve the low damping characteristic of the PAM mechanism in order to improve the tracking following characteristic. The design procedure of the improved NCTF control remains easy and straightforward. The effectiveness of the proposed controller is verified experimentally and compared with the conventional NCTF and classical PI controls in positioning and tracking motion performances. The experimental results proved that the improved NCTF control reduced the positioning error up to 90% and 63% as benchmarked to the PI and conventional NCTF controls respectively, while it reduced up to 92% (PI) and 95% (NCTF) in the tracking error. In the robustness evaluation, the comparative experimental results demonstrated that the improved NCTF control has higher robust against the irregular signals than the PI and the conventional NCTF controls. This can be concluded that, the improved NCTF control has demonstrated high positioning accuracy and fast tracking performance at different working range and frequencies as well as high robustness against the irregular signals. Overall, the improved NCTF control has showed the capability in performing high precision motion and offered promising results for the PAM mechanism. 2019 Thesis http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/24568/ http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/24568/1/Positioning%20Control%20of%20Pneumatic%20Artificial%20Muscle%20Systems%20using%20Improved%20Nominal%20Characteristic%20Trajectory%20Following%20Co~1.pdf text en public http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/24568/2/Positioning%20Control%20Of%20Pneumatic%20Artificial%20Muscle%20Systems%20Using%20Improved%20Nominal%20Characteristic%20Trajectory%20Following%20Control.pdf text en validuser https://plh.utem.edu.my/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=117186 phd doctoral Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka Faculty of Electrical Engineering 1. Ahn, K.K., and Nguyen, H.T.C., 2007. Intelligent Switching Control of a Pneumatic Muscle Robot Arm Using Learning Vector Quantization Neural Network. Mechatronics, 17(4–5), pp. 255–262. 2. Ahn, K.K., and Thanh, T.D.C., 2005. Nonlinear PID Control to Improve the Control Performance of the Pneumatic Artificial Muscle Manipulator Using Neural Network. Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology, 19(1), pp. 106–115. 3. Ahn, K.K., and Thanh, T.D.C., 2004. Improvement of the Control Performance of Pneumatic Artificial Muscle Manipulators Using an Intelligent Switching Control Method. KSME International Journal, 18(8), pp. 1388–1400. 4. Andrikopoulos, G., Nikolakopoulos, G., and Manesis, S., 2014. Advanced Nonlinear PID-Based Antagonistic Control for Pneumatic Muscle Actuators. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 61(12), pp. 6926–6937. 5. Andrikopoulos, G., Nikolakopoulos, G., and Manesis, S., 2011. A Survey on Applications of Pneumatic Artificial Muscles. In: 19th Mediterranean Conference on Control and Automation, pp. 1439–1446. 6. Antonelli, M.G., Beomonte Zobel, P., Durante, F., and Raparelli, T., 2017. Numerical Modelling and Experimental Validation of a McKibben Pneumatic Muscle Actuator. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 28(19), pp. 2737–2748. 7. Aschemann, H., and Schindele, D., 2008. Sliding-Mode Control of a High-Speed Linear Axis Driven by Pneumatic Muscle Actuators. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 55(11), pp. 3855–3864. 8. Ba, D.X., and Ahn, K.K., 2015. Indirect Sliding Mode Control Based on Gray-Box Identification Method for Pneumatic Artificial Muscle. Mechatronics, 32, pp. 1–11. 9. Balasubramanian, K., and Rattan, K.S., 2005. Trajectory Tracking Control of a Pneumatic Muscle System Using Fuzzy Logic. In: Annual Meeting of the North American Fuzzy Information Processing Society, pp. 472–477. 10. Balasubramanian, K., and Rattan, K.S., 2003. Feedforward Control of a Non-Linear Pneumatic Muscle System Using Fuzzy Logic. In: The 12th IEEE International Conference on Fuzzy Systems, pp. 272–277. 11. Balasubramanian, S., Ward, J., Sugar, T., and He, J., 2007. Characterization of the Dynamic Properties of Pneumatic Muscle Actuators. In: Proceedings of the IEEE 10th International Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics, pp. 764–770. 12. Belforte, G., Eula, G., Ivanov, A., and Sirolli, S., 2014. Soft Pneumatic Actuators for Rehabilitation. Actuators, 3(2), pp. 84–106. 13. Beyl, P., Van Damme, M., Van Ham, R., Vanderborght, B., and Lefeber, D., 2014. Pleated Pneumatic Artificial Muscle-Based Actuator System as a Torque Source for Compliant Lower Limb Exoskeletons. IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics, 19(3), pp. 1046–1056. 14. Bowler, C.J., Caldwell, D.G., and Medrano-Cerda, G.A., 1996. Pneumatic Muscle Actuators: Musculature for an Anthropomorphic Robot Arm. In: IEE Colloquium on Actuator Technology: Current Practice and New Developments, pp. 1–8. 15. Cai, D., and Yamaura, H., 1996. A Robust Controller for Manipulator Driven by Artificial Muscle Actuator. In: Proceeding of the IEEE International Conference on Control Applications, 32(8), pp. 540–545. 16. Caldwell, D.G., Medrano-Cerda, G.A., and Goodwin, M.J., 1995. Control of Pneumatic Muscle Actuators. IEEE Control Systems, 15(1), pp. 40–48. 17. Caldwell, D.G., Medrano-Cerda, G.A., and Goodwin, M.J., 1993a. Braided Pneumatic Actuator Control of a Multi-Jointed Manipulator. In: Proceedings of IEEE Systems Man and Cybernetics Conference, pp. 423–428. 18. Caldwell, D.G., Razak, A., and Goodwin, M.J., 1993b. Braided Pneumatic Muscle Actuators. In: IFAC Proceedings Volumes, 26(1), pp. 522–527. 19. Caldwell, D.G., and Tsagarakis, N., 2002. Biomimetic Actuators in Prosthetic and Rehabilitation Applications. Technology and Health Care, 10(2), pp. 107–120. 20. Caldwell, D.G., Tsagarakis, N., and Medrano-Cerda, G.A., 2000. Bio-Mimetic Actuators: Polymeric Pseudo Muscular Actuators and Pneumatic Muscle Actuators for Biological Emulation. Mechatronics, 10, pp. 499–530. 21. Cao, J., Xie, S.Q., and Das, R., 2018. MIMO Sliding Mode Controller for Gait Exoskeleton Driven by Pneumatic Muscles. IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology, 26(1), pp. 274–281. 22. Chan, S.W., Lilly, J.H., Repperger, D.W., and Berlin, J.E., 2003. Fuzzy PD+I Learning Control for a Pneumatic Muscle. In: The 12th IEEE International Conference on Fuzzy Systems, pp. 278–283. 23. Chang, M.-K., 2010. An Adaptive Self-Organizing Fuzzy Sliding Mode Controller for a 2-DOF Rehabilitation Robot Actuated by Pneumatic Muscle Actuators. Control Engineering Practice, 18(1), pp. 13–22. 24. Chang, M.-K., Yen, P.-L., and Yuan, T.-H., 2006. Angle Control of a One-Dimension Pneumatic Muscle Arm Using Self-Organizing Fuzzy Control. In: IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, 5, pp. 3834–3838. 25. Chang, M., 2015. Adaptive Self‐tuning Fuzzy Controller for a Soft Rehabilitation Machine Actuated by Pneumatic Artificial Muscles. Open Journal of Applied Sciences, 5(5), pp. 199–211. 26. Chang, M.K., Liou, J.J., and Chen, M.L., 2011. T-S Fuzzy Model-Based Tracking Control of a One-Dimensional Manipulator Actuated by Pneumatic Artificial Muscles. Control Engineering Practice, 19(12), pp. 1442–1449. 27. Choi, T.-Y., Choi, B.-S., and Seo, K.-H., 2011. Position and Compliance Control of a Pneumatic Muscle Actuated Manipulator for Enhanced Safety. IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology, 19(4), pp. 832–842. 28. Chong, S.-H., Hashimoto, H., and Sato, K., 2011. Practical Motion Control with Acceleration Reference for Precision Motion—New NCTF Control and Its Application to Non-Contact Mechanism. Precision Engineering, 35(1), pp. 12–23. 29. Chong, S.-H., and Sato, K., 2015. Nominal Characteristics Trajectory Following Control as Practical Controller: A Review. In: 41st Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, pp. 4790–4795. 30. Chong, S.-H., and Sato, K., 2011. Practical and Robust Control for Precision Positioning Systems. In: IEEE International Conference on Mechatronics, pp. 961–966. 31. Chong, S.-H., and Sato, K., 2010. Practical Controller Design for Precision Positioning, Independent of Friction Characteristic. Precision Engineering, 34(2), pp. 286–300. 32. Chou, C.-P., and Hannaford, B., 1996. Measurement and Modeling of McKibben Pneumatic Artificial Muscles. IEEE Transactions on Robotics and Automation, 12(1), pp. 90–102. 33. Chou, C.-P., and Hannaford, B., 1994. Static and Dynamic Characteristics of McKibben Pneumatic Artificial Muscles. In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, pp. 281–286. 34. Colbrunn, R.W., Nelson, G.M., and Quinn, R.D., 2001. Modeling of Braided Pneumatic Actuators for Robotic Control. In: Proceedings of IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, 4, pp. 1964–1970. 35. Cullinan, M.F., Bourke, E., Kelly, K., and McGinn, C., 2016. A McKibben Type Sleeve Pneumatic Muscle and Integrated Mechanism for Improved Stroke Length. Journal of Mechanisms and Robotics, 9(1), p. 11013. 36. Damme, M.V., Vanderborght, B., Ham, R.V., Verrelst, B., Daerden, F., and Lefeber, D., 2007. Proxy-Based Sliding Mode Control of a Manipulator Actuated by Pleated Pneumatic Artificial Muscles. In: Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, pp. 4355–4360. 37. Davis, S., and Caldwell, D.G., 2006. Braid Effects on Contractile Range and Friction Modeling in Pneumatic Muscle Actuators. The International Journal of Robotics Research, 25(4), pp. 359–369. 38. Deaconescu, T., and Deaconescu, A., 2017. Pneumatic Muscle-Actuated Adjustable Compliant Gripper System for Assembly Operations. Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 63(4), pp. 225–234. 39. Deaconescu, T., and Deaconescu, A., 2016. Study Concerning the Hysteresis of Pneumatic Muscles. Applied Mechanics and Materials, 841(10), pp. 209–214. 40. Doumit, M., Fahim, A., and Munro, M., 2009. Analytical Modeling and Experimental Validation of the Braided Pneumatic Muscle. IEEE Transactions on Robotics, 25(6), pp. 1282–1291. 41. Doumit, M., and Pardoel, S., 2017. Dynamic Contraction Behaviour of Pneumatic Artificial Muscle. Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, 91, pp. 93–110. 42. FESTO, 2010. Fluidic Muscle DMSP/MAS. Festo Brochure. [online] Available at: https://www.festo.com/cat/de_de/data/doc_de/PDF/DE/DMSP-MAS_DE.PDF [Accessed on 15 January 2019]. 43. Gordon, K.E., Sawicki, G.S., and Ferris, D.P., 2006. Mechanical Performance of Artificial Pneumatic Muscles to Power an Ankle–foot Orthosis. Journal of Biomechanics, 39(10), pp. 1832–1841. 44. Hamerlain, M., 1995. An Anthropomorphic Robot Arm Driven by Artificial Muscles Using a Variable Structure Control. In: Proceedings of IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems. Human Robot Interaction and Cooperative Robots, 1, pp. 550–555. 45. Hao, L., Yang, H., Sun, Z., Xiang, C., and Xue, B., 2017. Modeling and Compensation Control of Asymmetric Hysteresis in a Pneumatic Artificial Muscle. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 28(19), pp. 2769–2780. 46. Hee, W.-K., Chong, S.-H., and Amran, A.C., 2014. Selection of PI Compensator Parameters for NCTF Controller Based on Practical Stability Limit. In: IEEE International Conference on Control System, Computing and Engineering, pp. 674–679. 47. Hesselroth, T., Sarkar, K., van der Smagt, P.P., and Schulten, K., 1994. Neural Network Control of a Pneumatic Robot Arm. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, 24(1), pp. 28–38. 48. Hosoda, K., Sakaguchi, Y., Takayama, H., and Takuma, T., 2010. Pneumatic-Driven Jumping Robot with Anthropomorphic Muscular Skeleton Structure. Autonomous Robots, 28(3), pp. 307–316. 49. Hosoda, K., Takuma, T., Nakamoto, A., and Hayashi, S., 2008. Biped Robot Design Powered by Antagonistic Pneumatic Actuators for Multi-Modal Locomotion. Robotics and Autonomous Systems, 56(1), pp. 46–53. 50. Hosovsky, A., and Havran, M., 2012. Dynamic Modeling of One Degree of Freedom Pneumatic Muscle-Based Actuator for Industrial Applications. Technical Gazete, 19(3), pp. 673–681. 51. Huang, J., Tu, X., and He, J., 2016. Design and Evaluation of the RUPERT Wearable Upper Extremity Exoskeleton Robot for Clinical and In-Home Therapies. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems, 46(7), pp. 926–935. 52. Hussain, S., Xie, S.Q., and Jamwal, P.K., 2013. Robust Nonlinear Control of an Intrinsically Compliant Robotic Gait Training Orthosis. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems, 43(3), pp. 655–665. 53. Hussein, N., Nacy, S.M., Ghaeb, N.H., and Abdallh, M.M.M., 2016. A Review of Lower Limb Exoskeletons. Innovative Systems Design and Engineering, 7(11), pp. 1–12. 54. Inoue, K., 1988. Rubbertuators and Applications for Robots. In: Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Robotics Research, pp. 57–63. 55. Iskarous, M., and Kawamura, K., 1995. Intelligent Control Using a Neuro-Fuzzy Network. In: Proceedings of IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, 3, pp. 350–355. 56. Ito, A., Washizawa, N., Kiyoto, K., and Furuya, N., 2011. Control of Pneumatic Actuator in Consideration of Hysteresis Characteristics. In: Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Biomimetics, pp. 2541–2546. 57. Jamwal, P.K., Hussain, S., Ghayesh, M.H., and Rogozina, S. V., 2016. Impedance Control of an Intrinsically Compliant Parallel Ankle Rehabilitation Robot. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 63(6), pp. 3638–3647. 58. Jiang, X., Wang, Z., Zhang, C., and Yang, L., 2015. Fuzzy Neural Network Control of the Rehabilitation Robotic Arm Driven by Pneumatic Muscles. Industrial Robot: An International Journal, 42(1), pp. 36–43. 59. Kang, B.-S., 2014. Compliance Characteristic and Force Control of Antagonistic Actuation by Pneumatic Artificial Muscles. Meccanica, 49(3), pp. 565–574. 60. Katayama, M., and Kawato, M., 1991. A Parallel-Hierarchical Neural Network Model for Motor Control of a Musculo-Skeletal System. Systems and Computers in Japan, 22(6), pp. 95–105. 61. Klute, G.K., and Hannaford, B., 2000. Accounting for Elastic Energy Storage in McKibben Artificial Muscle Actuators. Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control, 122, pp. 386–388. 62. Koeneman, E.J., Schultz, R.S., Wolf, S.L., Herring, D.E., and Koeneman, J.B., 2004. A Pneumatic Muscle Hand Therapy Device. In: Proceedings of the 26th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 3, pp. 2711–2713. 63. Kosaki, T., and Sano, M., 2011. Control of a Parallel Manipulator Driven by Pneumatic Muscle Actuators Based on a Hysteresis Model. Journal of Environment and Engineering, 6(2), pp. 316–327. 64. Lee, C., Kim, M., Kim, Y.J., Hong, N., Ryu, S., Kim, H.J., and Kim, S., 2017. Soft Robot Review. International Journal of Control, Automation and Systems, 15(1), pp. 3–15. 65. Lee, D.-J., and Lee, S.-K., 2015. Ultraprecision XY Stage Using a Hybrid Bolt-Clamped Langevin-Type Ultrasonic Linear Motor for Continuous Motion. Review of Scientific Instruments, 86(15111), pp. 1–9. 66. Lei, J., and Zhu, J., 2017. Pneumatic Artificial Muscles Force Modelling and the Position and Stiffness Control on the Knee Joint of the Musculoskeletal Leg. International Journal Bioautomation, 21(1), pp. 31–42. 67. Li, B., Li, G., Sun, Y., Jiang, G., Kong, J., and Jiang, D., 2017. A Review of Rehabilitation Robot. In: 32nd Youth Academic Annual Conference of Chinese Association of Automation, pp. 907–911. 68. Li, H., Kawashima, K., Tadano, K., Ganguly, S., and Nakano, S., 2013. Achieving Haptic Perception in Forceps’ Manipulator Using Pneumatic Artificial Muscle. IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics, 18(1), pp. 74–85. 69. Li, M., Wang, X., Guo, W., Wang, P., and Sun, L., 2014. System Design of a Cheetah Robot Toward Ultra-High Speed. International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems, 11(73), pp. 1–11. 70. Lilly, J.H., 2003. Adaptive Tracking for Pneumatic Muscle Actuators in Bicep and Tricep Configurations. IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering, 11(3), pp. 333–339. 71. Lilly, J.H., and Liang Yang, 2005. Sliding Mode Tracking for Pneumatic Muscle Actuators in Opposing Pair Configuration. IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology, 13(4), pp. 550–558. 72. Lin, C.J., Lin, C.R., Yu, S.K., and Chen, C.T., 2015. Hysteresis Modeling and Tracking Control for a Dual Pneumatic Artificial Muscle System Using Prandtl-Ishlinskii Model. Mechatronics, 28, pp. 35–45. 73. Liu, Y., Zang, X., Lin, Z., Liu, X., and Zhao, J., 2017. Modelling Length/Pressure Hysteresis of a Pneumatic Artificial Muscle Using a Modified Prandtl-Ishlinskii Model. Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 63(1), pp. 56–64. 74. Liu, Y., Zang, X., Liu, X., and Wang, L., 2015. Design of a Biped Robot Actuated by Pneumatic Artificial Muscles. Bio-Medical Materials and Engineering, 26(1), pp. S757–S766. 75. Maeda, G.J., and Sato, K., 2008. Practical Control Method for Ultra-Precision Positioning Using a Ballscrew Mechanism. Precision Engineering, 32(4), pp. 309–318. 76. Medrano-Cerda, G.A., Bowler, C.J., and Caldwell, D.G., 1995. Adaptive Position Control of Antagonistic Pneumatic Muscle Actuators. In: Proceedings of IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems. Human Robot Interaction and Cooperative Robots, 1, pp. 378–383. 77. Miki, K., and Tsujita, K., 2012. A Study of the Effect of Structural Damping on Gait Stability in Quadrupedal Locomotion Using a Musculoskeletal Robot. In: IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 1976–1981. 78. Minh, T.V., Tjahjowidodo, T., Ramon, H., and Van Brussel, H., 2010. Cascade Position Control of a Single Pneumatic Artificial Muscle–mass System with Hysteresis Compensation. Mechatronics, 20(3), pp. 402–414. 79. Najmuddin, W.S.W.A., and Mustaffa, M.T., 2017. A Study on Contraction of Pneumatic Artificial Muscle (PAM) for Load-Lifting. In: Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 908(12036), pp. 1–7. 80. Nakamura, T., Tanaka, D., and Maeda, H., 2011. Joint Stiffness and Position Control of an Artificial Muscle Manipulator for Instantaneous Loads Using a Mechanical Equilibrium Model. Advanced Robotics, 25(3–4), pp. 387–406. 81. Narioka, K., and Hosoda, K., 2011. Motor Development of an Pneumatic Musculoskeletal Infant Robot. In: IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, pp. 963–968. 82. Niiyama, R., Nishikawa, S., and Kuniyoshi, Y., 2010. Athlete Robot with Applied Human Muscle Activation Patterns for Bipedal Running. In: 10th IEEE-RAS International Conference on Humanoid Robots, pp. 498–503. 83. Nor, R.M., and Chong, S.H., 2013. Positioning Control of a One Mass Rotary System Using NCTF Controller. In: IEEE International Conference on Control System, Computing and Engineering, pp. 381–386. 84. Noritsugu, T., and Tanaka, T., 1997. Application of Rubber Artificial Muscle Manipulator as a Rehabilitation Robot. IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics, 2(4), pp. 259–267. 85. Ogawa, K., Narioka, K., and Hosoda, K., 2011. Development of Whole-Body Humanoid ‘Pneumat-BS’ with Pneumatic Musculoskeletal System. In: IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 4838–4843. 86. Osuka, K., Kimura, T., and Ono, T., 1990. H-Infinity Control of a Certain Nonlinear Actuator. In: 29th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control, pp. 370–371. 87. Palko, A., and Smrček, J., 2011. The Use of Pneumatic Artificial Muscles in Robot Construction. Industrial Robot: An International Journal, 38(1), pp. 11–19. 88. Park, Y.-L., Chen, B., Pérez-Arancibia, N.O., Young, D., Stirling, L., Wood, R.J., Goldfield, E.C., and Nagpal, R., 2014. Design and Control of a Bio-Inspired Soft Wearable Robotic Device for Ankle–foot Rehabilitation. Bioinspiration and Biomimetics, 9(16007), pp. 1–17. 89. Prior, S.D., and Warner, P.R., 1993. Wheelchair-Mounted Robots for the Home Environment. In: Proceedings of IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, 2, pp. 1194–1200. 90. Repperger, D.W., Phillips, C.A., Neidhard-Doll, A., Reynolds, D.B., and Berlin, J., 2006. Actuator Design Using Biomimicry Methods and a Pneumatic Muscle System. Control Engineering Practice, 14(9), pp. 999–1009. 91. Repperger, D.W., Phillips, C.A., Neidhard-Doll, A., Reynolds, D.B., and Berlin, J., 2005. Power/Energy Metrics for Controller Evaluation of Actuators Similar to Biological Systems. Mechatronics, 15(4), pp. 459–469. 92. Reynolds, D.B., Repperger, D.W., Phillips, C.A., and Bandry, G., 2003. Modeling the Dynamic Characteristics of Pneumatic Muscle. Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 31(3), pp. 310–317. 93. Rezoug, A., Tondu, B., Hamerlain, M., and Tadjine, M., 2013. Adaptive Fuzzy Nonsingular Terminal Sliding Mode Controller for Robot Manipulator Actuated by Pneumatic Artificial Muscles. In: Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Biomimetics, 18, pp. 334–339. 94. Robinson, R.M., Kothera, C.S., Sanner, R.M., and Wereley, N.M., 2016. Nonlinear Control of Robotic Manipulators Driven by Pneumatic Artificial Muscles. IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics, 21(1), pp. 55–68. 95. Robinson, R.M., Kothera, C.S., and Wereley, N.M., 2014. Control of a Heavy-Lift Robotic Manipulator with Pneumatic Artificial Muscles. Actuators, 3(2), pp. 41–65. 96. Saga, N., Nagase, J., and Saikawa, T., 2015. Pneumatic Artificial Muscles Based on Biomechanical Characteristics of Human Muscles. Applied Bionics and Biomechanics, 3(3), pp. 191–197. 97. Sakthivelu, V., Chong, S.-H., Tan, M.H., and Ghazaly, M.M., 2016. Phenomenological Modeling and Classic Control of a Pneumatic Muscle Actuator System. International Journal of Control and Automation, 9(4), pp. 301–312. 98. Sarkar, K., and Schulten, K., 1996. Topology Representing Network in Robotics. In: J. van Hemmen, E. Domany and K. Schulten, eds., Models of neural networks III, Berlin Heidelberg New York: Springer, pp.281–302. 99. Sato, K., and Chong, S.H., 2015. Practical and Robust Control for Precision Motion: AR-CM NCTF Control of a Linear Motion Mechanism with Friction Characteristics. IET Control Theory and Applications, 9(5), pp. 745–754. 100. Sato, K., and Maeda, G.J., 2009. A Practical Control Method for Precision Motion—Improvement of NCTF Control Method for Continuous Motion Control. Precision Engineering, 33(2), pp. 175–186. 101. Sato, K., Nakamoto, K., and Shimokohbe, A., 2004. Practical Control of Precision Positioning Mechanism with Friction. Precision Engineering, 28(4), pp. 426–434. 102. Sato, K., and Sano, Y., 2014. Practical and Intuitive Controller Design Method for Precision Positioning of a Pneumatic Cylinder Actuator Stage. Precision Engineering, 38(4), pp. 703–710. 103. Sawicki, G.S., and Ferris, D.P., 2009. A Pneumatically Powered Knee-Ankle-Foot Orthosis (KAFO) with Myoelectric Activation and Inhibition. Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation, 6(23), pp. 1–16. 104. Schindele, D., and Aschemann, H., 2008. Backstepping Control of a High-Speed Linear Axis Driven by Pneumatic Muscles. In: Proceedings of the 17th World Congress The International Federation of Automation Control, 7, pp. 7684–7689. 105. Schreiber, F., Sklyarenko, Y., Runge, G., and Schumacher, W., 2012. Model-Based Controller Design for Antagonistic Pairs of Fluidic Muscles in Manipulator Motion Control. 17th International Conference on Methods and Models in Automation and Robotics, pp. 499–504. 106. Schreiber, F., Sklyarenko, Y., Schluter, K., Schmitt, J., Rost, S., Raatz, A., and Schumacher, W., 2011. Tracking Control with Hysteresis Compensation for Manipulator Segments Driven by Pneumatic Artificial Muscles. In: IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Biomimetics, pp. 2750–2755. 107. Schroder, J., Erol, D., Kawamura, K., and Dillman, R., 2003. Dynamic Pneumatic Actuator Model for a Model-Based Torque Controller. In: Proceedings of IEEE International Symposium on Computational Intelligence in Robotics and Automation, pp. 342–347. 108. Schulte, H.F., 1961. The Characteristics of the McKibben Artificial Muscle. In: The Application of External Power in Prosethetics and Orthotics, pp. 94–115. 109. Serres, J.L., Phillips, C.A., Reynolds, D.B., Mohler, S.R., Rogers, D.B., Repperger, D.W., and Gerschutz, M.J., 2010. Pneumatic Muscle Actuator for Resistive Exercise in Microgravity: Test with a Leg Model. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, 81(2), pp. 144–148. 110. Shen, X., 2010. Nonlinear Model-Based Control of Pneumatic Artificial Muscle Servo Systems. Control Engineering Practice, 18(3), pp. 311–317. 111. Smagt, P. van der, Groen, F., and Schulten, K., 1996. Analysis and Control of a Rubbertuator Arm. Biological Cybernetics, 75(5), pp. 433–440. 112. Sorge, F., 2015. Dynamical Behaviour of Pneumatic Artificial Muscles. Meccanica, 50(5), pp. 1371–1386. 113. Tian, S., Ding, G., Yan, D., Lin, L., and Shi, M., 2004. Nonlinear Controlling of Artificial Muscle System with Neural Networks. In: Proceddings of the IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Biomimetics, pp. 56–59. 114. Tondu, B., Boitier, V., and Lopez, P., 1994. Naturally Compliant Robot-Arms Actuated by McKibben Artificial Muscles. In: Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, 3, pp. 2635–2640. 115. Tondu, B., and Lopez, P., 2000. Modeling and Control of McKibben Artificial Muscle Robot Actuators. IEEE Control Systems, 20(2), pp. 15–38. 116. Tondu, B., and Lopez, P., 1997. The McKibben Muscle and Its Use in Actuating Robot‐arms Showing Similarities with Human Arm Behaviour. Industrial Robot: An International Journal, 24(6), pp. 432–439. 117. Trivedi, D., and Rahn, C.D., 2014. Model-Based Shape Estimation for Soft Robotic Manipulators: The Planar Case. Journal of Mechanisms and Robotics, 6(21005), pp. 1–11. 118. Wahyudi, A., and Albagul, A., 2004. Performance Improvement of Practical Control Method for Positioning Systems in the Presence of Actuator Saturation. In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Control Applications, pp. 296–302. 119. Wahyudi, A., Sato, K., and Shimokohbe, A., 2005. Robustness Evaluation of Three Friction Compensation Methods for Point-to-Point (PTP) Positioning Systems. Robotics and Autonomous Systems, 52(2–3), pp. 247–256. 120. Wahyudi, A., Sato, K., and Shimokohbe, A., 2003. Characteristics of Practical Control for Point-to-Point (PTP) Positioning Systems Effect of Design Parameters and Actuator Saturation on Positioning Performance. Precision Engineering, 27(2), pp. 157–169. 121. Wang, S., and Sato, K., 2016. High-Precision Motion Control of a Stage with Pneumatic Artificial Muscles. Precision Engineering, 43, pp. 448–461. 122. Wang, S., Sato, K., and Kagawa, T., 2014. Precise Positioning of Pneumatic Artificial Muscle Systems. Journal of Flow Control, Measurement and Visualization, 2(4), pp. 138–153. 123. Wickramatunge, K.C., and Leephakpreeda, T., 2013. Empirical Modeling of Dynamic Behaviors of Pneumatic Artificial Muscle Actuators. ISA Transactions, 52(6), pp. 825–834. 124. Winters, J.M., 1990. Braided Artificial Muscles: Mechanical Properties and Future Uses in Prosthetics/Orthotics. In: Proceedings of the 13th Annual RESNA Conference, pp. 173–174. 125. Wong, Z., Teng, C., and Chong, Y.Z., 2012. Power Assisted Pnumatic-Based Knee-Ankle-Foot-Orthosis for Rehabilitation. In: IEEE-EMBS Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, pp. 300–304. 126. Xiaocong Zhu, Guoliang Tao, Bin Yao, and Jian Cao, 2009. Integrated Direct/Indirect Adaptive Robust Posture Trajectory Tracking Control of a Parallel Manipulator Driven by Pneumatic Muscles. IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology, 17(3), pp. 576–588. 127. Xiaocong Zhu, Guoliang Tao, Bin Yao, and Jian Cao, 2008. Adaptive Robust Posture Control of Parallel Manipulator Driven by Pneumatic Muscles with Redundancy. IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics, 13(4), pp. 441–450. 128. Xie, S.-L., Liu, H.-T., Mei, J.-P., and Gu, G.-Y., 2018a. Modeling and Compensation of Asymmetric Hysteresis for Pneumatic Artificial Muscles with a Modified Generalized Prandtl–Ishlinskii Model. Mechatronics, 52, pp. 49–57. 129. Xie, S.-L., Mei, J.-P., Liu, H.-T, and Wang, Y., 2018b. Hysteresis Modeling and Trajectory Tracking Control of the Pneumatic Muscle Actuator Using Modified Prandtl–Ishlinskii Model. Mechanism and Machine Theory, 120, pp. 213–224. 130. Xing, K., Xu, Q., Huang, J., Wang, Y., He, J., and Wu, J., 2010. Tracking Control of Pneumatic Artificial Muscle Actuators Based on Sliding Mode and Non-Linear Disturbance Observer. IET Control Theory and Applications, 4(10), pp. 2058–2070. 131. Yamada, Y., Nishikawa, S., Shida, K., Niiyama, R., and Kuniyoshi, Y., 2011. Neural-Body Coupling for Emergent Locomotion: A Musculoskeletal Quadruped Robot with Spinobulbar Model. In: IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 1499–1506. 132. Yao, B., Zhou, Z., Liu, Q., and Ai, Q., 2016. Empirical Modeling and Position Control of Single Pneumatic Artificial Muscle. Control Engineering and Applied Informatics, 18(2), pp. 86–94. 133. Zang, X., Liu, Y., Heng, S., Lin, Z., and Zhao, J., 2017. Position Control of a Single Pneumatic Artificial Muscle with Hysteresis Compensation Based on Modified Prandtl–Ishlinskii Model. Bio-Medical Materials and Engineering, 28(2), pp. 131–140. 134. Zhao, J., Zhong, J., and Fan, J., 2015. Position Control of a Pneumatic Muscle Actuator Using RBF-Neural Network Tuned PID Controller. Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 2015, pp. 1–16. 135. Zhou, B., Accorsi, M.L., and Leonard, J.W., 2004. A New Finite Element for Modeling Pneumatic Muscle Actuators. Computers & Structures, 82(11–12), pp. 845–856.