Prediction of ammonia and iron concentrations in water based on complementary double split-ring resonator (DSRR)
Ammonia and iron are water contaminants that are of concern in water quality monitoring. According to World Health Organization (WHO), the maximum level of ammonia and iron that can be absorbed by human body from drinking water were about 1.5 mg/L. The excessive ammonia and iron may affect pub...
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| Format: | Thesis |
| Language: | English English English |
| Published: |
2022
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://eprints.uthm.edu.my/8267/1/24p%20JOSEPHINE%20ONG%20NING%20TING.pdf http://eprints.uthm.edu.my/8267/2/JOSEPHINE%20ONG%20NING%20TING%20COPYRIGHT%20DECLARATION.pdf http://eprints.uthm.edu.my/8267/3/JOSEPHINE%20ONG%20NING%20TING%20WATERMARK.pdf |
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| Summary: | Ammonia and iron are water contaminants that are of concern in water quality
monitoring. According to World Health Organization (WHO), the maximum level of
ammonia and iron that can be absorbed by human body from drinking water were
about 1.5 mg/L. The excessive ammonia and iron may affect public health, as
excessive ammonia and iron will cause health issues, such as skin burn, ingestion
problems, and liver damage. Compared with conventional water contaminant testing
techniques, microwave sensing is an attractive solution in detecting ammonia and iron,
since it is accurate and sensitive without demanding bulky, costly equipment and time�consuming sample preparation. This project aimed to design and develop a rectangular
microstrip patch antenna with a complementary double split-ring resonator (DSRR) at
2.38 GHz as preliminary work for the detection of ammonia and iron concentrations.
The dimension of the proposed design was calculated based on theoretical equations
and simulated using CST MICROWAVE STUDIO®. Based on the simulated results,
the resonance frequency and Q-factor of the proposed design were 2.379 GHz and
396.5, respectively. In order to present the functionality of the sensor, both the
simulation and measurement of ammonia and iron are presented in the concentration
range from 0 mg/L to 53 mg/L. The resonance frequency of the sensor shifted from
2.337 GHz to 1.952 GHz in iron measurement, meanwhile the resonance frequency of
the sensor shifted from 2.3904 GHz to 2.3924 GHz in ammonia measurement. The
average and minimum measured sensitivity for iron were 0.007 GHz/mg/L and 0.037
GHz/mg/L, respectively. Based on the results, predictive models were proposed to
estimate ammonia and iron concentrations in water. It was found that the first-order of
the polynomial model and the second-order of the Fourier model were the best models
for the prediction of ammonia and iron concentrations, respectively. The models
introduced 0.9965 and 0.9953 of R-squared values, and 0.9698 and 1.36 of Root�Mean-Square-Error (RMSE), for ammonia and iron, respectively. |
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