Renewable levulinic acid production catalyzed by iron modified by zeolite and functionalized ionic liquid

Levulinic acid is a versatile platform chemical that can be derived from biomass as an alternative to fossil fuel resources. In this study, a series of heterogeneous iron modified HY zeolites (Fe/HY zeolite): 5% Fe/HY, 10% Fe/HY, 15% Fe/HY, and homogeneous functionalized ionic liquids (FIL): 1-butyl...

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Main Author:	Ramli, Nur Aainaa Syahirah
Format:	Thesis
Published:	2015
Subjects:	TP Chemical technology
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spelling	my-utm-ep.547662020-11-06T14:52:55Z Renewable levulinic acid production catalyzed by iron modified by zeolite and functionalized ionic liquid 2015-07 Ramli, Nur Aainaa Syahirah TP Chemical technology Levulinic acid is a versatile platform chemical that can be derived from biomass as an alternative to fossil fuel resources. In this study, a series of heterogeneous iron modified HY zeolites (Fe/HY zeolite): 5% Fe/HY, 10% Fe/HY, 15% Fe/HY, and homogeneous functionalized ionic liquids (FIL): 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrachloroferrate ([BMIM][FeCl4]), 1-sulfonic acid-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([SMIM][Cl]), 1-sulfonic acid-3-methylimidazolium tetrachloroferrate ([SMIM][FeCl4]), were synthesized, characterized, and tested as a catalyst for glucose conversion to levulinic acid. The properties of Fe/HY zeolite were characterized using x-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy - energy dispersive x-ray (FESEM-EDX), x-ray fluorescence (XRF), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nitrogen (N2) physisorption, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), temperature programmed desorption of ammonia (NH3-TPD), and pyridine-FTIR. The synthesized FIL were characterized using carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulfur (CHNS) elemental analysis and carbon-13 and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (13C and 1H NMR). The acidic properties of FIL were examined using pyridine-FTIR, Hammett function, and acid-base titration. Experimental results indicated that the selective Fe/HY zeolite and FIL for levulinic acid production from glucose were 10% Fe/HY and [SMIM][FeCl4], with 62% yield at 180 °C for 3 h, and 68% yield at 150 °C for 4 h, respectively. For Fe/HY zeolite, catalyst with large surface area, high concentration of acid sites and appropriate ratio of Brønsted to Lewis acids seemed suitable for levulinic acid production. It was also discovered FIL which contained both Brønsted and Lewis acid sites, offered a good catalytic performance. Optimization of levulinic acid yield from glucose and oil palm fronds (OPF) were conducted using the response surface methodology (RSM). At optimum conditions, 61.8% and 19.6% of levulinic acid yields were attained from glucose and OPF, respectively, over 10% Fe/HY zeolite. Meanwhile, by using [SMIM][FeCl4] 69.2% and 24.8% of levulinic acid yields were produced from glucose and OPF, respectively. Both catalysts can be reused without significant loss of catalytic activity. Kinetic studies of glucose conversion to levulinic acid were performed using both 10% Fe/HY zeolite and [SMIM][FeCl4]. The kinetic parameters obtained were lower and comparable with previous catalysts employed in glucose conversion to levulinic acid. This study demonstrated the potential of proposed catalysts to be used in a biorefinery for processing renewable feedstocks at mild process conditions. 2015-07 Thesis http://eprints.utm.my/id/eprint/54766/ http://dms.library.utm.my:8080/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:94624 phd doctoral Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Faculty of Chemical Engineering Faculty of Chemical Engineering
institution	Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
collection	UTM Institutional Repository
topic	TP Chemical technology
spellingShingle	TP Chemical technology Ramli, Nur Aainaa Syahirah Renewable levulinic acid production catalyzed by iron modified by zeolite and functionalized ionic liquid
description	Levulinic acid is a versatile platform chemical that can be derived from biomass as an alternative to fossil fuel resources. In this study, a series of heterogeneous iron modified HY zeolites (Fe/HY zeolite): 5% Fe/HY, 10% Fe/HY, 15% Fe/HY, and homogeneous functionalized ionic liquids (FIL): 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrachloroferrate ([BMIM][FeCl4]), 1-sulfonic acid-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([SMIM][Cl]), 1-sulfonic acid-3-methylimidazolium tetrachloroferrate ([SMIM][FeCl4]), were synthesized, characterized, and tested as a catalyst for glucose conversion to levulinic acid. The properties of Fe/HY zeolite were characterized using x-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy - energy dispersive x-ray (FESEM-EDX), x-ray fluorescence (XRF), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nitrogen (N2) physisorption, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), temperature programmed desorption of ammonia (NH3-TPD), and pyridine-FTIR. The synthesized FIL were characterized using carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulfur (CHNS) elemental analysis and carbon-13 and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (13C and 1H NMR). The acidic properties of FIL were examined using pyridine-FTIR, Hammett function, and acid-base titration. Experimental results indicated that the selective Fe/HY zeolite and FIL for levulinic acid production from glucose were 10% Fe/HY and [SMIM][FeCl4], with 62% yield at 180 °C for 3 h, and 68% yield at 150 °C for 4 h, respectively. For Fe/HY zeolite, catalyst with large surface area, high concentration of acid sites and appropriate ratio of Brønsted to Lewis acids seemed suitable for levulinic acid production. It was also discovered FIL which contained both Brønsted and Lewis acid sites, offered a good catalytic performance. Optimization of levulinic acid yield from glucose and oil palm fronds (OPF) were conducted using the response surface methodology (RSM). At optimum conditions, 61.8% and 19.6% of levulinic acid yields were attained from glucose and OPF, respectively, over 10% Fe/HY zeolite. Meanwhile, by using [SMIM][FeCl4] 69.2% and 24.8% of levulinic acid yields were produced from glucose and OPF, respectively. Both catalysts can be reused without significant loss of catalytic activity. Kinetic studies of glucose conversion to levulinic acid were performed using both 10% Fe/HY zeolite and [SMIM][FeCl4]. The kinetic parameters obtained were lower and comparable with previous catalysts employed in glucose conversion to levulinic acid. This study demonstrated the potential of proposed catalysts to be used in a biorefinery for processing renewable feedstocks at mild process conditions.
format	Thesis
qualification_name	Doctor of Philosophy (PhD.)
qualification_level	Doctorate
author	Ramli, Nur Aainaa Syahirah
author_facet	Ramli, Nur Aainaa Syahirah
author_sort	Ramli, Nur Aainaa Syahirah
title	Renewable levulinic acid production catalyzed by iron modified by zeolite and functionalized ionic liquid
title_short	Renewable levulinic acid production catalyzed by iron modified by zeolite and functionalized ionic liquid
title_full	Renewable levulinic acid production catalyzed by iron modified by zeolite and functionalized ionic liquid
title_fullStr	Renewable levulinic acid production catalyzed by iron modified by zeolite and functionalized ionic liquid
title_full_unstemmed	Renewable levulinic acid production catalyzed by iron modified by zeolite and functionalized ionic liquid
title_sort	renewable levulinic acid production catalyzed by iron modified by zeolite and functionalized ionic liquid
granting_institution	Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Faculty of Chemical Engineering
granting_department	Faculty of Chemical Engineering
publishDate	2015
_version_	1747817721555320832

Renewable levulinic acid production catalyzed by iron modified by zeolite and functionalized ionic liquid

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