Oil palm leaves ash silica-magnetite-candida rugosa lipase nanoconjugates for synthesis of butyl butyrate

Although modern technologies have successfully converted a certain percentage of the oil palm biomass into useful bio-products, potentials of the largest oil palm biomass, that is oil palm fronds, have not been fully explored. In this study, a comprehensive physicochemical characterization of the Ma...

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Main Author:	Onoja, Emmanuel
Format:	Thesis
Language:	English
Published:	2018
Subjects:	TP Chemical technology
Online Access:	http://eprints.utm.my/id/eprint/84026/1/EmmanuelOnojaPFS2018.pdf
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spelling	my-utm-ep.840262019-11-05T04:35:45Z Oil palm leaves ash silica-magnetite-candida rugosa lipase nanoconjugates for synthesis of butyl butyrate 2018-06 Onoja, Emmanuel TP Chemical technology Although modern technologies have successfully converted a certain percentage of the oil palm biomass into useful bio-products, potentials of the largest oil palm biomass, that is oil palm fronds, have not been fully explored. In this study, a comprehensive physicochemical characterization of the Malaysian oil palm leaves (OPL) was carried out to establish suitability of its composition for industrial applications. Ultimate analysis revealed that the untreated OPL contained carbon (46.98 %), hydrogen (6.50 %), nitrogen (1.81 %) and sulfur (0.15 %) with a moderately high calorific value of 19.21 MJ/kg. Thermal gravimetric analysis indicated that OPL is a lignocellulosic material whereas X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy revealed Si (95.30 %) as the predominant element for acid treated OPL sample. Nanosilica extracted from OPL ash was coated on magnetite and was modified with APTES and glutaraldehyde. Suitability of protocol to immobilize Candida rugosa lipase (CRL) onto modified OPL-silica were assessed at different concentrations of glutaraldehyde and CRL solutions, as well as time and temperature. Data on surface topography and morphology obtained by Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetry analysis-differential thermogravimetry (TGA-DTG), atomic force microscopy (AFM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that CRL was present on the surface of the support (Gl-A-SiO2-MNPs) as CRL/Gl-A-SiO2-MNPs. Immobilization parameters showed that approximately 80 % of CRL initially available was covalently bound onto the Gl-A-SiO2-MNP. Maximum protein loading and specific activity of 67.50 mg/g and 320.80 ± 0.42 U/g were obtained, respectively. Optimal conditions that gave the highest yield of butyl butyrate (94 %) by OVAT and Box-Behnken design were 3.50 mg/mL protein loading, incubated for 3 h at 45 ? using 1-butanol:n-butyric acid ratio 2:1. CRL/Gl-A-SiO2-MNPs showed an extended operational stability, attaining 50 % of its initial activity after 17 of consecutive esterification cycles. CRL/Gl-A-SiO2-MNPs catalyzed the esterification synthesis to produce butyl butyrate according to the Ping Pong bi-bi mechanism with inhibition by both substrates. 2018-06 Thesis http://eprints.utm.my/id/eprint/84026/ http://eprints.utm.my/id/eprint/84026/1/EmmanuelOnojaPFS2018.pdf application/pdf en public http://dms.library.utm.my:8080/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:125205 phd doctoral Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Faculty of Science Faculty of Science
institution	Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
collection	UTM Institutional Repository
language	English
topic	TP Chemical technology
spellingShingle	TP Chemical technology Onoja, Emmanuel Oil palm leaves ash silica-magnetite-candida rugosa lipase nanoconjugates for synthesis of butyl butyrate
description	Although modern technologies have successfully converted a certain percentage of the oil palm biomass into useful bio-products, potentials of the largest oil palm biomass, that is oil palm fronds, have not been fully explored. In this study, a comprehensive physicochemical characterization of the Malaysian oil palm leaves (OPL) was carried out to establish suitability of its composition for industrial applications. Ultimate analysis revealed that the untreated OPL contained carbon (46.98 %), hydrogen (6.50 %), nitrogen (1.81 %) and sulfur (0.15 %) with a moderately high calorific value of 19.21 MJ/kg. Thermal gravimetric analysis indicated that OPL is a lignocellulosic material whereas X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy revealed Si (95.30 %) as the predominant element for acid treated OPL sample. Nanosilica extracted from OPL ash was coated on magnetite and was modified with APTES and glutaraldehyde. Suitability of protocol to immobilize Candida rugosa lipase (CRL) onto modified OPL-silica were assessed at different concentrations of glutaraldehyde and CRL solutions, as well as time and temperature. Data on surface topography and morphology obtained by Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetry analysis-differential thermogravimetry (TGA-DTG), atomic force microscopy (AFM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that CRL was present on the surface of the support (Gl-A-SiO2-MNPs) as CRL/Gl-A-SiO2-MNPs. Immobilization parameters showed that approximately 80 % of CRL initially available was covalently bound onto the Gl-A-SiO2-MNP. Maximum protein loading and specific activity of 67.50 mg/g and 320.80 ± 0.42 U/g were obtained, respectively. Optimal conditions that gave the highest yield of butyl butyrate (94 %) by OVAT and Box-Behnken design were 3.50 mg/mL protein loading, incubated for 3 h at 45 ? using 1-butanol:n-butyric acid ratio 2:1. CRL/Gl-A-SiO2-MNPs showed an extended operational stability, attaining 50 % of its initial activity after 17 of consecutive esterification cycles. CRL/Gl-A-SiO2-MNPs catalyzed the esterification synthesis to produce butyl butyrate according to the Ping Pong bi-bi mechanism with inhibition by both substrates.
format	Thesis
qualification_name	Doctor of Philosophy (PhD.)
qualification_level	Doctorate
author	Onoja, Emmanuel
author_facet	Onoja, Emmanuel
author_sort	Onoja, Emmanuel
title	Oil palm leaves ash silica-magnetite-candida rugosa lipase nanoconjugates for synthesis of butyl butyrate
title_short	Oil palm leaves ash silica-magnetite-candida rugosa lipase nanoconjugates for synthesis of butyl butyrate
title_full	Oil palm leaves ash silica-magnetite-candida rugosa lipase nanoconjugates for synthesis of butyl butyrate
title_fullStr	Oil palm leaves ash silica-magnetite-candida rugosa lipase nanoconjugates for synthesis of butyl butyrate
title_full_unstemmed	Oil palm leaves ash silica-magnetite-candida rugosa lipase nanoconjugates for synthesis of butyl butyrate
title_sort	oil palm leaves ash silica-magnetite-candida rugosa lipase nanoconjugates for synthesis of butyl butyrate
granting_institution	Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Faculty of Science
granting_department	Faculty of Science
publishDate	2018
url	http://eprints.utm.my/id/eprint/84026/1/EmmanuelOnojaPFS2018.pdf
_version_	1747818427291009024

Oil palm leaves ash silica-magnetite-candida rugosa lipase nanoconjugates for synthesis of butyl butyrate

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