Peranan Pendekatan Pembelajaran Sebagai Pengantara Hubungan Antara Keberkesanan Pengajaran Guru Dengan Pemikiran Kritis dan Kemahiran Insaniah

The study examined a hypothesized structural model that postulated surface, deep and strategic learning approaches as mediators in the tri-partite relationship between teaching effectiveness (teaching quality and appropriate workload), critical thinking, and soft skills. Based on the prevalent theor...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Nabilah, Hashim
Format: Thesis
Language:eng
eng
Published: 2012
Subjects:
Online Access:https://etd.uum.edu.my/3272/1/NABILAH_HASHIM.pdf
https://etd.uum.edu.my/3272/3/NABILAH_HASHIM.pdf
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
id my-uum-etd.3272
record_format uketd_dc
institution Universiti Utara Malaysia
collection UUM ETD
language eng
eng
advisor Awang Hashim, Rosna
Murad Sani, Azlina
topic LB1025-1050.75 Teaching (Principles and practice)
spellingShingle LB1025-1050.75 Teaching (Principles and practice)
Nabilah, Hashim
Peranan Pendekatan Pembelajaran Sebagai Pengantara Hubungan Antara Keberkesanan Pengajaran Guru Dengan Pemikiran Kritis dan Kemahiran Insaniah
description The study examined a hypothesized structural model that postulated surface, deep and strategic learning approaches as mediators in the tri-partite relationship between teaching effectiveness (teaching quality and appropriate workload), critical thinking, and soft skills. Based on the prevalent theory of teaching and learning in higher education, Gestalt learning theory, and productive thinking, a model was constructed and tested using Structural Equation Modelling. The sample for the study comprised 366 students from six MARA Junior Science Colleges located in Kedah and Perlis. Time series data collection was used in this survey research project. Time one involved administering the teaching effectiveness and learning approaches questionnaire while time two involved administering the critical thinking and soft skills questionnaire. Results of the study showed that (1) a surface learning approach mediated the relationship between teaching quality, appropriate workload, and soft skills, (2) a deep learning approach mediated the relationship between teaching quality, appropriate workload, and critical thinking and soft skills, and (3) a strategic learning approach mediated the relationship between teaching quality, and critical thinking and soft skills. Based on the findings, it is recommended that teachers should upgrade their teaching quality and provide appropriate amounts of workload so as to enable students to use the deep approach. The regular use of the deep approach would, in turn, positively influence the development of both critical thinking and soft skills.
format Thesis
qualification_name Ph.D.
qualification_level Doctorate
author Nabilah, Hashim
author_facet Nabilah, Hashim
author_sort Nabilah, Hashim
title Peranan Pendekatan Pembelajaran Sebagai Pengantara Hubungan Antara Keberkesanan Pengajaran Guru Dengan Pemikiran Kritis dan Kemahiran Insaniah
title_short Peranan Pendekatan Pembelajaran Sebagai Pengantara Hubungan Antara Keberkesanan Pengajaran Guru Dengan Pemikiran Kritis dan Kemahiran Insaniah
title_full Peranan Pendekatan Pembelajaran Sebagai Pengantara Hubungan Antara Keberkesanan Pengajaran Guru Dengan Pemikiran Kritis dan Kemahiran Insaniah
title_fullStr Peranan Pendekatan Pembelajaran Sebagai Pengantara Hubungan Antara Keberkesanan Pengajaran Guru Dengan Pemikiran Kritis dan Kemahiran Insaniah
title_full_unstemmed Peranan Pendekatan Pembelajaran Sebagai Pengantara Hubungan Antara Keberkesanan Pengajaran Guru Dengan Pemikiran Kritis dan Kemahiran Insaniah
title_sort peranan pendekatan pembelajaran sebagai pengantara hubungan antara keberkesanan pengajaran guru dengan pemikiran kritis dan kemahiran insaniah
granting_institution Universiti Utara Malaysia
granting_department Awang Had Salleh Graduate School of Arts & Sciences
publishDate 2012
url https://etd.uum.edu.my/3272/1/NABILAH_HASHIM.pdf
https://etd.uum.edu.my/3272/3/NABILAH_HASHIM.pdf
_version_ 1747827535417180160
spelling my-uum-etd.32722019-11-13T01:13:03Z Peranan Pendekatan Pembelajaran Sebagai Pengantara Hubungan Antara Keberkesanan Pengajaran Guru Dengan Pemikiran Kritis dan Kemahiran Insaniah 2012 Nabilah, Hashim Awang Hashim, Rosna Murad Sani, Azlina Awang Had Salleh Graduate School of Arts & Sciences Awang Had Salleh Graduate School of Arts & Sciences LB1025-1050.75 Teaching (Principles and practice) The study examined a hypothesized structural model that postulated surface, deep and strategic learning approaches as mediators in the tri-partite relationship between teaching effectiveness (teaching quality and appropriate workload), critical thinking, and soft skills. Based on the prevalent theory of teaching and learning in higher education, Gestalt learning theory, and productive thinking, a model was constructed and tested using Structural Equation Modelling. The sample for the study comprised 366 students from six MARA Junior Science Colleges located in Kedah and Perlis. Time series data collection was used in this survey research project. Time one involved administering the teaching effectiveness and learning approaches questionnaire while time two involved administering the critical thinking and soft skills questionnaire. Results of the study showed that (1) a surface learning approach mediated the relationship between teaching quality, appropriate workload, and soft skills, (2) a deep learning approach mediated the relationship between teaching quality, appropriate workload, and critical thinking and soft skills, and (3) a strategic learning approach mediated the relationship between teaching quality, and critical thinking and soft skills. Based on the findings, it is recommended that teachers should upgrade their teaching quality and provide appropriate amounts of workload so as to enable students to use the deep approach. The regular use of the deep approach would, in turn, positively influence the development of both critical thinking and soft skills. 2012 Thesis https://etd.uum.edu.my/3272/ https://etd.uum.edu.my/3272/1/NABILAH_HASHIM.pdf text eng validuser https://etd.uum.edu.my/3272/3/NABILAH_HASHIM.pdf text eng public http://sierra.uum.edu.my/record=b1239741~S1 Ph.D. doctoral Universiti Utara Malaysia Abdul Rahim Hamdan, Mohamad Najib Abdul Ghaffar, Ahmad Johari Sihes & Jamaluddin Ramli. (2007). Taksonomi gaya pembelajaran dan tingkat motivasi pelajar dewasa (PKPGB) di institusi pengajian tinggi awam Malaysia. Jurnal Pendidikan Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 12, 1-14. Abraham, R.R., Kamath, A., Upadhya, S., & Ramnarayan, K. (2006). Learning approaches to physiology of undergraduates in an Indian medical school. Medical Education, 40, 916-923. Abrami, P.C., d’Apollonia, S., & Rosenfield, S. (1997). The dimensionality of student ratings of instruction: What we know and what we do not. In R.P.Perry and J.C.Smart (Eds.), Effective Teaching in Higher Education: Research and Practice. New York: Agathon Press. Addison, W.E., Best,J., & Warrington, J.D. (2006). Students’ perceptions of course difficulty and their ratings of the instructor. College Student Journal, 40(2), 409-416. Aharony, N. (2006). The use of deep and surface learning strategies among students learning English as a foreign language in an Internet environment. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 76, 851-866. Ahmad Mahdzan Ayob. (2005).Kaedah penyelidikan sosioekonomi edisi ketiga. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. Ahmad Sabri Mohd Yazid & Marzuki Ngah. (2002). Rasional pengajaran kemahiran berfikir secara kritis dan kreatif serta hubungannya dengan kemahiran proses sains. Jurnal Akademik Maktab Perguruan Kuala Terengganu, 13, 104-117. Angelo, T.A. (1995). Beginning the dialogue: Thoughts on promoting critical thinking: Classroom assessment for critical thinking. Teaching of Psychology, 22(1), 6-7. Ary, D., Jacobs, L.C., & Razaveih, A. (2002). Introduction to research in education (6th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning. Babbie,E. (2008). The basics of social research (4th ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth. Ballantine,J., & Larres,P.M. (2007). Cooperative learning: a pedagogy to improve students’ generic skills? Education & Training, 49(2), 126-137. Bancino,R., & Zevalkink,C. (2007). Soft skills. Techniques, 20-22. Bandalos, (2002). The effects of item parceling on goodness-of-fit and parameter estimate bias in structural equation modeling. Structual Equation Modeling, 9(1), 78-102. Barrie,S.C., Ginns,P., & Prosser,M. (2005). Early impact and outcomes of an institutionally alligned, student focused learning perspective on teaching quality assurance. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 30(6), 641-656. Bentler,P.M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 238-246. Bernama. (2008, November 1). MRSM tumpu program pendidikan berasaskan daya pemikiran kritis. Bhattacharya,B. (2004). What is good teaching in engineering education in India? A case study. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 41(3), 329-341. Biggs,J.B., & Moore,P.J. (1993). The process of learning (3rd ed.). New York: Prentice Hall. Biggs,J., Kember,D., & Leung,D.Y.P. (2001). The revised two-factor Study Process Questionnaire: R-SPQ-2F. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 71, 133-149. Billing,D. (2007). Teaching for transfer of core/key skills in higher education: Cognitive skills. Higher Education, 53, 483-516. Bitner-Corvin,B.L. (1988). Logical and critical thinking abilities of sixth through twelfth grade students and formal reasoning modes as predictors of critical thinking abilities and academic achievement. ERIC Document Reproduction Service No ED 293715. Boomsma,A., & Hoogland,J.J. (2001). The robustness of LISREL modeling revisited. In R. Cudeck, S.Du Toit & D.Sorbom (Eds.). Structural equation models: Present and future. A Festschrift in honor of Karl Joreskog (pp. 139-168). Loncolnwood, IL: Scientific Software International. Brislin,R.W. (1970). Back-translation for cross-cultural research. Journal of Cross Cultural Psychology, 1(3), 185-216. Broder,J.M., & Dorfman,J.H. (1994).Determinants of teaching quality: What’s important to students? Research in High Education, 35(2), 235-249. Brown,T.A. (2006). Confirmatory Factor Analysis for Applied Research. New York: The Guilford Press. Brown,M.W., & Cudeck,R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K.A. Bollen, & J.S. Long (Eds.). Testing structural equation models (ms. 136-162). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage. Brunt,B.A. (2005). Critical thinking in nursing: An integrated review. The Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing, 36(2), 60-67. Bryne,B.M. (2010). Structural Equation Modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, application, and programming (2nd ed.). New York: Routledge. Bryne,M., & Flood,B. (2003). Assessing the teaching quality of accounting programmes: an evaluation of the Course Experience Questionnaire. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 28(2), 135-145. Burbach,M.E., Matkin,G.S., & Fritz,S.M. (2004). Teaching critical thinking in an introductory leadership course utilizing active learning strategies: A confirmatory study. College Student Journal, 38(3), 482-493. Burns,P. (2007). Critical thinking skills vital for future. Knight Ridder Tribune Business News. Washington : Apr 28, 2007. Calmes,C.A., & Roberts,J.E. (2007). Repetitive thought and emotional distress: Rumination and worry as prospective predictors of depressive and anxious symptomatology, Cognitive Theraphy & Research, 30, 343-356. Campbell,J., Smith,D., Boulton-Lewis,G., Brownlee,J., Burnett,P.C., Carrington,S., & Purdie,N. (2001). Students’ perceptions of teaching and learning: The influence of students’ approaches to learning and teachers’ approaches to teaching. Teachers and Teaching: Theory and Practice, 7(2), 173-187. Cano,F. (2007). Approaches to learning and study orchestrations in high school students. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 22(2), 131-151. Chamorro-Premuzic,T., & Furnham,A. (2008). Personality, intelligence and approaches to learning as predictors of academic performance. Personality and Individual Differences, 44, 1596-1603. Chapman,B.S. (2001). Emphasizing concepts and reasoning skills in introductory college molecular cell biology. International Journal of Science Education, 23(11), 1157-1176. Clifford,R. (2008). What is “good” teaching? Foreign Language Annals, 41(1), 5. Coll,R.K., & Zegwaard,K.E. (2006). Perceptions of desirable graduate competencies for science and technology new graduates. Research in Science & Technological Education, 24(1), 29-58. Colucciello,M.L. (1999). Relationships between critical thinking dispositions and learning styles. Journal of Professional Nursing, 15(5), 294-301. Cooper,J.L. (1995). Cooperative learning and critical thinking. Teaching of Psychology, 22(1), 7-8. Cope,C., & Staehr,L. (2005). Improving students’ learning approaches through intervention in an information systems learning environment. Studies in Higher Education, 30(2), 181-197. Cox,S., & King,D. (2006). Skill sets: an approach to embed employability in course design. Education Training, 48(4), 262-274. Cuthbert,P.F. (2005). The student learning process: Learning styles or learning approaches? Teaching in Higher Education, 10(2), 235-249. Daly,W.M. (1998). Critical thinking as an outcome of nursing education. What is it? Why is it important to nursing practice? Journal of Advanced Nursing, 28(2), 323-331. Davidson,B.W. (1994). Obstacles and opportunities for critical thinking in Japan. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the International Conference on Critical Thinking and Educational Reform (14th, Sonoma, CA, July 31- August 3, 1994) Diseth,A., Pallesen,S., Hovland,A., & Larsen,S. (2006). Course experience, approaches to learning and academic achievement. Education & Training, 48(2/3), 156-169. Diseth,A. (2007a). Students’ evaluation of teaching, approaches to learning, and academic achievement. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, 51(2), 185-204. Diseth,A. (2007b). Approaches to learning, course experience and examination grade among undergraduate psychology students: testing of mediator effects and construct validity. Studies in Higher Education, 32(3), 373-388. Diseth,A., & Kobbeltvedt,T. (2010). A mediation analysis of achievement motives, goals, learning strategies, and academic achievement. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 80, 671-687. Diseth,A., Pallesen,S., Brunborg,G.S., & Larsen,S. (2010). Academic achievement among first semester undergraduate psychology students: the role of course experience, effort, motives and learning strategies. Higher Education, 59, 335-352. Drennan,J. (2010). Critical thinking as an outcome of a Master’s degree in nursing programme. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 66(2), 422-431. Duff,A. (1997). A note on the realibility and validity of a 30-item version of Entwistle & Tait’s Revised Approaches to Studying Inventory. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 67, 529-539. Duff,A. (2004). Understanding academic performance and progression of first-year accounting and business economics undergraduates: the role of approaches to learning and prior academic achievement. Accounting Education, 13(4), 409-430. Duff,A., Boyle,E., Dunleavy,K., & Ferguson,J. (2004). The relationship between personality, approach to learning and academic performance. Personality and Individual Differences, 36, 1907-1920. Dunkin,M.J., & Biddle,B.J. (1974). The study of teaching. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc. Elder,L., & Paul,R. (2002). Critical thinking: Teaching students how to study and learn (part 1). Journal of Developmental Education, 26(1), 36-37. English,L., Luckett,P., & Mladenovic,R. (2004). Encouraging a deep approach to learning through curriculum design. Accounting Education, 13(4), 461-488. Ennis,R.H. (1985). A logical basis for measuring critical thinking skills. Educational Leadership, 44-48. Ennis,R.H. (1996). Critical thinking. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River. Entwistle,N., & Tait,H. (1990). Approaches to learning, evaluation of teaching and preferences for contrasting academic environments. Higher Education, 19(2), 169-194. Facione,P.A. (1990). Critical thinking: A statement of expert consensus for purposes of educational assessment and instruction. Millbrea, CA: The California Academic Press. Facione,P.A. (2007). Critical thinking: What it is and what it counts. Millbrea, CA: The California Academic Press. Facione,P.A., Facione,N.C., & Giancarlo,C.A. (2000). The disposition toward critical thinking: Its character, measurement, and relationship to critical thinking skill. Informal Logic, 20(1), 61-84. Fenollar,P., Roman,S., & Cuestas,P.J. (2007). University students’ academic performance: An integrative conceptual framework and empirical analysis. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 77, 873-891. Freeth,D., & Reeves,S. (2004). Learning to work together: using the presage, process, product (3P) model to highlight decisions and possibilities. Journal Of Interprofessional Care, 18(1), 43-56. Gadzella,B.M., Baloglu,M., & Stephens,R. (2002). Prediction of GPA with educational psychology grades and critical thinking scores. Education, 122(3), 618-623. Gadzella, B.M., Stacks,J., Stephens,R.C., & Masten, W.G. (2005). Watson-Glaser Critical Thinking Appraisal, Form-S for education majors. Journal of Instructional Psychology, 32(1), 9-12. Garcia, T., & Pintrich, P.R. (1992). Critical thinking and its relationship to motivation, learning strategies, and classroom experience. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, Washington, 1992. Gijbels,D., Van de Watering,G., Dochy,F., & Van den Bossche,P. (2005). The relationship between students’ approaches to learning and the assessment of learning outcomes. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 20(4), 327-341. Ginns,P., Prosser,M., & Barrie,S. (2007). Students’ perceptions of teaching quality in higher education: the perspective of currently enrolled students. Studies in Higher Education, 32(5), 603-615. Green,W. (2007). Write on or write off? An exploration of Asian international students’ approaches to essay writing at an Australian university. Higher Education Research & Development, 26(3), 329-344. Hair,J.F., Black,W.L., Babin,B., Anderson,R.E., & Tatham, R.L. (2006). Multivariate data analysis (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall International. Inc. Hassan,K., & Madhum,G. (2007). Validating the Watson Glaser Critical Thinking Appraisal. Higher Education, 54, 361-383. Harris,K.S., & Rogers,G.E. (2008). Soft skills in the technology education classroom: What do students need? The Technology Teacher, 19-24. Haskins,R., & Loeb,S. (2007). A plan to improve the quality of teaching. The Education Digest, 51-56. Helterbran,V.R. (2008). The ideal professor: Student perceptions of effective instructor practices, attitudes, and skills. Education, 129(1), 125-138. Hergenhahn,B.R., & Olson,M.H. (2001). An introduction to theories of learning (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Herzog,W., Boomsma,A., & Reinecke,S. (2007). The model-size effect on traditional and modified tests of covariance structures. Structural Equation Modeling, 14, 361-390. Hinkle,D., Wiersma,W., & Jurs,S.G. (2003). Applied statistics for the behavioral sciences (5th ed.). Wilmington: Houghton Mifflin College. Hmelo-Silver,C.E., Duncan,R.G., & Chinn,C.A. (2007). Scaffolding and Achievement in Problem-Based and Inquiry Learning:A Response to Kirschner, Sweller, and Clark (2006). Educational Psychologist, 42(2), 99-107. Hu,L., & Bentler,P.M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1-55. Hussain Othman, Berhannudin Mohd Salleh, Syed Muhammad Dawilah al-Edrus & Abdullah Sulaiman. (2008). Pelaksanaan pendekatan pembelajaran berasaskan pengalaman (PBM dan PBMPP) bagi meningkatkan kemahiran insaniah pelajar. Journal of Human Capital Development, 1(1), 61-73. Jackson,I. (2008). Gestalt-A learning theory for graphic design education. Jade, 27(1), 63-69. Joshi,M., & Babacan,A. (2009). Enhancing deep learning through assessments: A framework for accounting and law students. Review of Business Research, 9(1), 124-131. Kamisah Osman, Lilia Halim & Zanaton Ikhsan. (2003). The critical thinking attitudinal profile of some Malaysian secondary students: A reflection of scientific attitudes. Journal of Science and Mathematics Education in Southeast Asia, 26(2), 143-166. Kamsah,M.Z., 2004. “Developing Generic Skills in Classroom Environment: Engineering Students’ Perspective”, Conference On Engineering Education (CEE 2004), 14-15 December 2004, Kuala Lumpur. Kealey,B.T., Holland,J., & Watson,M. (2005). Preliminary evidence on the association between critical thinking and performance in principles of accounting. Issues in accounting education, 20(1), 33-49. Kember,D. (1996). The intention to both memorise and understand: Another approach to learning? Higher Education, 31, 341-354. Kember,D., & Gow,L. (1990). Cultural specificity of approaches to study. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 60, 356-363. Kember,D., Biggs,J., & Leung,D.Y.P. (2004). Examining the multidimensionality of approaches to learning through the development of a revised version of the Learning Process Questionnaire. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 74, 261-280. Kementerian Pengajian Tinggi Malaysia. (2006). Modul pembangunan kemahiran insaniah (soft skills) untuk institusi pengajian tinggi Malaysia. Putrajaya. Kline.R.B. (2005). Principles and practice in structural equation modeling (2nd ed.). New York: The Guilford Press. Kreber,C. (2001). Learning experientially through Case Studies? A Conceptual Analysis. Teaching in Higher Education, 6(2), 217-228. Kreber,C. (2003). The relationship between students’ course perception and their approaches to studying in undergraduate science courses: A Canadian experience. Higher Education Research & Development, 22(1), 57-75. Krejcie,R.V., & Morgan,D.W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30, 607-610. Kurfiss,J.G. (1988). Critical thinking: Theory, research, practice, and possibilities (ASHE-ERIC Higher Education Report No.2). Washington, DC: Association for the Study of Higher Education. Lee,J., & Cheong,N. (2003). The effect of critical thinking skills on examination performance. INTI Journal, 1(3), 167-174. Leech, N.L., Barrett, K.C., & Morgan, G.A. (2008). SPSS for intermediate statistics: Use and interpretation (3rd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers. Lietz, P., & Matthews, B. (2010). The effects of college students’ personal values on changes in learning approaches. Research in Higher Education, 51, 65-87. Little, T.D., Cunningham, W.A., Shahar, G., & Widaman, K.F. (2002). To parcel or not to parcel: Exploring the question, weighing the merits. Structural Equation Modeling, 9, 151-173. Lizzio, A., Wilson, K., & Simons, R. (2002). University students’ perceptions of the learning environment and academic outcomes: Implications for theory and practice. Studies in Higher Education, 27(1), 27-52. Loo, R., & Thorpe, K. (1999). A psychometric investigation of scores on the Watson-Glaser Critical Thinking Appraisal New Form S. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 59(6), 995-1003. Loughnan. S., Leidner, B., Doron, G., Haslam, N., Kashima, Y., Tong, J., & Yeung, V. (2010). Universal biases in self-perception: Better and more human than average. British Journal of Social Psychology, 49, 627-636. Majlis Amahah Rakyat MARA. (2003). Bahagian Pendidikan Menengah. Diperolehi 2 November, 2003, dari http://www.mara.gov.my/bpm/Obj.htm Majlis Tindakan Ekonomi Negara. (2005). Marlina Ali & Shaharom Noordin. (2006). Tahap penguasaan kemahiran berfikir kritis di kalangan pelajar pendidikan fizik merentas jantina. Buletin Persatuan Pendidikan Sains dan Matematik Johor, 15(1), 1-12. Marsh,H.W., & Dunkin,M.J. (1997). Students’ evaluation of university teaching: A multidimensional perspective. Dalam: R.P.Perry & J.C.Smart (eds.). Effective teaching in higher education: Research and practice. New York: Agathon Press, 241-320. McBride,R.E., & Reed,J. (1998). Thinking and college athletes: Are they predisposed to critical thinking? College Student Journal, 32(3), 443-451. McBride,H., Hannon,S., & Burns,B. (2005). Developing critical thinking abilities in business and accounting graduates. The Irish Accounting Review, 12(2), 23-45. McDade,S.A. (1995). Case study pedagogy to advance critical thinking. Teaching of Psychology, 22(1), 9-10. Megat Aman Zahiri Megat Zakaria, Baharudin Aris, Jamaluddin Harun, Mohd Zolkifli Abd Hamid. (2007). Hubungan antara kemahiran generik dengan jantina, pengkhususan dan pencapaian guru-guru pelatih UTM: satu tinjauan. Seminar Penyelidikan Pendidikan Institut Perguruan Batu Lintang Tahun 2007. Miri,B., David,B.–C., & Uri,Z. (2007). Purposely teaching for the promotion of higher-order thinking skills: A case of critical thinking. Research in Science Education, 37(4), 353-369. Mohd Izham Mohd Hamzah, Juriah Long, Khalid Abdullah, Zaini Mahbar, Hamidah Yamat, Zarin Ismail, Jamalul Lail Abdul Wahab, Nor Foniza Maidin, & Rosima Alias. (2010). Analisis keperluan majikan terhadap kemahiran generik bagi pembangunan modal insan di institusi pendidikan tinggi awam. Prosiding Seminar Kebangsaan Pendidikan Negara kali keempat, Fakulti Pendidikan, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 755-764. Moutafi,J., Furnham,A., & Crump,J. (2003). Demographic and personality predictors of intelligence: A study using the Neo Personality Inventory and the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. European Journal of Personality, 17, 79-94. NCVER (National Centre for Vocational Education Research). (2003). Fostering generic skills in VET programs and workplaces: At a glance. NCVER, Adelaide. Newble,D., & Hejka,E.J. (1991). Approaches to learning of medical students and practising physicians: some empirical evidence and its implications for medical education. Educational Psychology, 11(3-4), 333-342. Noddings,N. (2004). War, critical thinking, and self understanding. Phi Delta Kappan. 489-495. Noor Azean Atan & Khoo Vee Lynn. (2010). Penerapan Kemahiran Insaniah Di Kalangan Guru Pelatih Yang Mengambil Kursus Sains Komputer Di Fakulti Pendidikan Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. Diambil pada Jun 2011 dari http://eprints.utm.my/11357/1/ Nunnally,J.C. (1978). Psychometric theory. New York: Mc Graw Hill. Nuraihan Mat Daud & Zamnah Husin. (2004). Developing critical thinking skills in computer-aided extended reading classes. British Journal of Educational Technology, 35(4), 477-487. Paul,R.W., & Elder,L. (2002). Critical thinking: Tools for taking charge of your professional and personal life. Upper Saddle River : Financial Times Prentice Hall. Phan,H.P. (2008). Unifying different theories of learning: theoretical framework and empirical evidence. Educational Psychology, 28(3), 325-340. Phan,H.P. (2009). Exploring students’ reflective thinking practice, deep processing strategies, effort, and achievement goal orientations. Educational Psychology, 29(3), 297-313. Phan,H.P., & Deo,B. (2007). The revised learning process questionnaire: A validation of a Western model of students’ study approaches to the South Pacific context using confirmatory factor analysis. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 77, 719-739. Peters,D., Jones,G., & Peters,J. (2007). Approaches to studying, academic achievement and autonomy, in higher education sports students. Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport & Tourism Education, 6(2), 16-28. Profetto-McGrath,J. (2003). The relationship of critical thinking skills and critical thinking dispositions of baccalaureate nursing students. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 43(6), 569–577. Program Transformasi Kerajaan. (2010). Pusat Perkembangan Kurikulum. (1990). Falsafah Pendidikan Negara. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia. Pusat Perkembangan Kurikulum. (2001). Kemahiran berfikir dalam pengajaran dan pembelajaran.Kuala Lumpur: Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia. Ramsden,P. (1991). A performance indicator of teaching quality in higher education: the course experience questionnaire. Studies in Higher Education, 16(2), 129-150. Ramsden,P. (1992). Learning to teach in higher education. London: Routledge. Rancangan Malaysia Ke-9 (2006-2010). Rancangan Malaysia Ke-10 (2011-2015). Rice,R.E. (2006). Enhancing the quality of teaching and learning: The U.S. experience. New Directions for Higher Education, 133, 13-22. Richardson,J.T.E. (2003). Approaches to studying and perceptions of academic quality in a short web-based course. British Journal of Educational Technology, 34(4), 433-442. Richardson,J.T.E., & Price,L. (2003). Approaches to studying and perceptions of academic quality in electronically delivered courses. British Journal of Educational Technology, 34(1), 45-56. Richardson,J.T.E., Gamborg,G., & Hammerberg,G. (2005). Perceived academic quality and approaches to studying at Danish schools of occupational therapy. Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 12, 110-117. Richardson,J.T.E. (2006a). Perceptions of academic quality and approaches to studying among technology students in distance education. European Journal of Engineering Education, 31(4), 421-433. Richardson,J.T.E. (2006b). Investigating the relationship between variations in students’ perceptions of their academic environment and variations in study behaviour in distance education. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 76, 867-893. Richardson,J.T.E., Dawson,L., Sadlo,G., Jenkins,V., & Mcinnes,J. (2007). Perceived academic quality and approaches to studying in the health professions. Medical Teacher, 29, e108-e116. Richardson,J.T.E. (2010). Conceptions of learning and approaches to studying among white and ethnic minority students in distance education. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 80, 535-556. Riding,R., & Rayner,S. (1998).Cognitive styles and learning strategies. London: David Fulton Publisher. Rodiah Idris, Siti Rahayah Ariffin, Noriah Mohd Ishak. (2009). Pengaruh kemahiran generik dalam kemahiran pemikiran kritikal, penyelesaian masalah dan komunikasi pelajar Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. Malaysian Journal of Learning and Instruction, 6, 103-140. Rudd,R., Baker,M., & Hoover,T. (2000). Undergraduate agriculture student learning styles and critical thinking abilities: Is there a relationship? Journal of Agricultural Education, 41(3), 2-12. Rudd,R.D. (2007). Defining critical thinking. Techniques. 46-49. Sabaria Juremi. (2003).Kesan penggunaan kaedah pembelajaran berasaskan masalah terhadap kemahiran berfikir kritis, kreatif, proses sains dan pencapaian biologi. Universiti Sains Malaysia : Tesis Phd. Sadler-Smith,E. (1996). Approaches to studying: Age, gender and academic performance.Educational Studies, 22(3),367-379 Sadler-Smith,E., & Tsang,F. (1998). A comparative study of approaches to studying in Hong Kong and the United Kingdom. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 68, 81-93. Sadlo,G., & Richardson,J.T.E. (2003).Approaches to studying and perceptions of the academic environment in students following problem-based and subject-based curricula. Higher Education Research & Development, 22(3), 253-274. Samkin,G., & Francis,G. (2008). Introducing a learning portfolio in an undergraduate financial accounting course. Accounting Education: An International Journal, 17(3), 233-271. Scriven,M., & Paul,R. (2003). Defining critical thinking. National Council for Excellence in Critical Thinking Instruction. Foundation for Critical Thinking. Dillon Beach, CA. Diambil pada October, 2008, dari http://www.criticalthinking.org/page.cfm?PageID= 410&CategoryID=51 Semerci,N. (2006). The effect of problem-based learning on the critical thinking of students in the intellectual and ethical development unit. Social Behavior and Personality, 34(9), 1127-1136. Serife,A.K. (2008). A conceptual analysis on the approaches to learning. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 8(3), 707-720. Sharifah Hapsah Syed Hasan Shahabudin. (2006). Kerangka kelayakan Malaysia. Lembaga Akreditasi Negara. Sharma,D.S. (1997). Accounting students’ learning conceptions, approaches to learning, and the influence of the learning-teaching context on approaches to learning. Accounting Education: An International Journal, 6(2), 125– 146. Sheard,M. (2009). Hardiness commitment, gender, and age differentiate university academic performance. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 79, 189-204. Shumacker,R.E., & Lomax,R.G. (1996). A beginner’s guide to structural equation modelling. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Smith,F. (2004).“It’s not all about grades”: Accounting for gendered degree results in geography at Brunel University. Journal of Geography in Higher Education, 28(2), 167-178. Smith,C., & Bath,D. (2006). The role of the learning community in the development of discipline knowledge and generic graduate outcomes. Higher Education, 51, 259-286. Smith,T.W., & Colby,S.A. (2007). Teaching for deep learning. The Clearing House, 80(5), 205-210. Snelgrove,S., & Slater,J. (2003). Approaches to learning: psychometric testing of a study process questionnaire. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 43(5), 496-505. Steele,G.A., West,S.A., & Simeon,D.T. (2003). Using a modified Course Experience Questionnaire (CEQ) to evaluate the innovative teaching of medical communication skills. Education for Health, 16(2), 133-144. Steward,R., & Al-abdulla.Y. (1989). An examination of the relationship between critical thinking and academic success on a university campus. ERIC Document Reproduction Service No ED 318936. Suliman,W.A. (2006). Critical thinking and learning styles of students in conventional and accelerated programmes. International Nursing Review, 53, 73-79. Tabachnick,B.G., & Fidell,L.S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (5th ed.). Boston: Pearson Education, Inc. Tapper,J. (2004). Student perceptions of how critical thinking is embedded in a degree program. Higher Education Research & Development, 23(2), 199- 222. Tavani,C.M., & Losh,S.C. (2003).Motivation, self-confidence, and expectations as predictors of the academic performances among our high school students. Child Study Journal, 33(3), 141-151. Tiwari,A., Lai,P., So,M., & Yuen,K. (2006). A comparison of the effects of problem-based learning and lecturing on the development of the students’ critical thinking. Medical Education, 40, 547-554. Trigwell,K., & Prosser,M. (1991). Relating approaches to study and the quality of learning outcomes at the course level. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 61(3), 265-275. Trice,A.D., & Harris,C.M. (2001). Perceptions of teachers’ qualities by American Bulgarian preservice teachers. Education, 122(2), 381-385. Velde,B.P., Wittman,P.P., & Vos,P. (2006). Development of critical thinking in occupational therapy students. Occupational Therapy International, 13(1), 49-60. Wan Su Haron. (2007). Hubungan personaliti, kemahiran sosial, kebimbangan dan rakan sebaya dengan tingkah laku devian di kalangan pelajar universiti. Diambil pada June 2011 dari http://dspace.unimap.edu.my/ Watson,G., & Glaser,E.M. (1980). Watson-Glaser Critical Thinking Appraisal Manual. San Antonio: Psychological Corporation. Webster,B.J., Chan,W.S.C., Prosser,M.T., & Watkins,D.A. (2009). Undergraduates’ learning experience and learning process: quantitative evidence from the east. Higher Education, 58, 375-386. Wessel,J., & Williams,R. (2004). Critical thinking and learning styles of students in a problem-based, master’s entry-level physical therapy program. Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 20, 79-89. Williams,R.L. (2003). Critical thinking as a predictor and outcome measure in a large undergraduate educational psychology course. ERIC Document Reproduction Service No ED 478075. Williams,R.L., Oliver,R., Allin,J.L., Winn,B., & Booher,C.S. (2003). Psychological critical thinking as a course predictor and outcome variable. Teaching of Psychology, 30(3), 220- 223. Wilson,K.L., & Lizzio,A. (1997).The development, validation and application of the course experience questionnaire. Studies in Higher Education, 22(1), 33-52. Winn,I.J. (2004). The high cost of uncritical teaching. Phi Delta Kappan, 496-497. Woods,D.R., Hrymak,A.N., Marshall,R.R., Wood,P.E., Crowe, Hoffman,T.W., Wright,J.D., Taylor,P.A., Woodhouse,K.A., & Bouchard,C.G.K. (1997). Developing problem-solving skills: The McMaster problem-solving program. Journal of Engineering Education, 86(2), 75-92. Yang,Y.C., Newby,T.J., & Bill,R.L. (2005). Using Socratic questioning to promote critical thinking skills through asynchronous discussion forums in distance learning environments. The American Journal of Distance Education, 19(3), 163-181. Zeegers,P. (2001). Approaches to learning in science: A longitudinal study. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 71(1), 115-132. Zhang,L., & Stenberg,R.J. (2000). Are learning approaches and thinking styles related? A study in two Chinese populations. The Journal of Psychology, 134(5), 469-489.