Kesan Pendidikan Keusahawanan dan Halangan Keusahawanan Terhadap Niat Keusahawanan di Kalangan Pelajar-Pelajar Pendidikan Tinggi
This study investigated the relationship of entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial intention. This study also aimed to determine the mediating effect of entrepreneurial barriers on the relationship between entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial intention. To answer the research objec...
Saved in:
Main Author: | |
---|---|
Format: | Thesis |
Language: | eng |
Published: |
2011
|
Subjects: | |
Online Access: | https://etd.uum.edu.my/3505/1/s90722.pdf |
Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
id |
my-uum-etd.3505 |
---|---|
record_format |
uketd_dc |
institution |
Universiti Utara Malaysia |
collection |
UUM ETD |
language |
eng |
advisor |
Mahmood, Rosli |
topic |
HB615-715 Entrepreneurship Risk and uncertainty Property HB615-715 Entrepreneurship Risk and uncertainty Property |
spellingShingle |
HB615-715 Entrepreneurship Risk and uncertainty Property HB615-715 Entrepreneurship Risk and uncertainty Property Iskandarini, Sutadi Kesan Pendidikan Keusahawanan dan Halangan Keusahawanan Terhadap Niat Keusahawanan di Kalangan Pelajar-Pelajar Pendidikan Tinggi |
description |
This study investigated the relationship of entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial intention. This study also aimed to determine the mediating effect of entrepreneurial barriers on the relationship between entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial intention. To answer the research objectives, a total of 22 hypotheses were formulated. The research design employed the questionnaire survey method in collecting the data. The
population was students from eight faculties from the Universitas Sumatera Utara who took and completed the entrepreneurship subject. A total of 300 usable questionnaires were obtained from the survey. The questionnaire items were earlier tested for validity and
reliability. The data collected were then analysed by using Structural Equation Model (SEM). This statistical method was employed since it correlates variable indicators and
latent indicators simultaneously. The finding shows the existence of inverse relationship between entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial intention. This indicates that the higher the entrepreneurship education among the students the lower their entrepreneurial intention is. The dominant factor in the entrepreneurship education indicator is the facilitator who delivers entrepreneurship education subject while the dominant factor for the entrepreneurial barriers is the strong confidence. The finding also shows that entrepreneurial barriers did not provide any mediation effect on the relationship between entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial intention. This study contributes to a theoretical framework which shows the effect of entrepreneurship education factors on the
entrepreneurial intention of students in the higher education institutions. This study concluded with a discussion on theoretical and policy implications, the study limitation and suggestions for future research. |
format |
Thesis |
qualification_name |
Ph.D. |
qualification_level |
Doctorate |
author |
Iskandarini, Sutadi |
author_facet |
Iskandarini, Sutadi |
author_sort |
Iskandarini, Sutadi |
title |
Kesan Pendidikan Keusahawanan dan Halangan Keusahawanan Terhadap Niat Keusahawanan di Kalangan Pelajar-Pelajar Pendidikan Tinggi |
title_short |
Kesan Pendidikan Keusahawanan dan Halangan Keusahawanan Terhadap Niat Keusahawanan di Kalangan Pelajar-Pelajar Pendidikan Tinggi |
title_full |
Kesan Pendidikan Keusahawanan dan Halangan Keusahawanan Terhadap Niat Keusahawanan di Kalangan Pelajar-Pelajar Pendidikan Tinggi |
title_fullStr |
Kesan Pendidikan Keusahawanan dan Halangan Keusahawanan Terhadap Niat Keusahawanan di Kalangan Pelajar-Pelajar Pendidikan Tinggi |
title_full_unstemmed |
Kesan Pendidikan Keusahawanan dan Halangan Keusahawanan Terhadap Niat Keusahawanan di Kalangan Pelajar-Pelajar Pendidikan Tinggi |
title_sort |
kesan pendidikan keusahawanan dan halangan keusahawanan terhadap niat keusahawanan di kalangan pelajar-pelajar pendidikan tinggi |
granting_institution |
Universiti Utara Malaysia |
granting_department |
Othman Yeop Abdullah Graduate School of Business |
publishDate |
2011 |
url |
https://etd.uum.edu.my/3505/1/s90722.pdf |
_version_ |
1776103619051913216 |
spelling |
my-uum-etd.35052023-01-08T00:38:08Z Kesan Pendidikan Keusahawanan dan Halangan Keusahawanan Terhadap Niat Keusahawanan di Kalangan Pelajar-Pelajar Pendidikan Tinggi 2011 Iskandarini, Sutadi Mahmood, Rosli Othman Yeop Abdullah Graduate School of Business Othman Yeop Abdullah Graduate School of Business HB615-715 Entrepreneurship. Risk and uncertainty. Property LB1603 Secondary Education. High schools This study investigated the relationship of entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial intention. This study also aimed to determine the mediating effect of entrepreneurial barriers on the relationship between entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial intention. To answer the research objectives, a total of 22 hypotheses were formulated. The research design employed the questionnaire survey method in collecting the data. The population was students from eight faculties from the Universitas Sumatera Utara who took and completed the entrepreneurship subject. A total of 300 usable questionnaires were obtained from the survey. The questionnaire items were earlier tested for validity and reliability. The data collected were then analysed by using Structural Equation Model (SEM). This statistical method was employed since it correlates variable indicators and latent indicators simultaneously. The finding shows the existence of inverse relationship between entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial intention. This indicates that the higher the entrepreneurship education among the students the lower their entrepreneurial intention is. The dominant factor in the entrepreneurship education indicator is the facilitator who delivers entrepreneurship education subject while the dominant factor for the entrepreneurial barriers is the strong confidence. The finding also shows that entrepreneurial barriers did not provide any mediation effect on the relationship between entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial intention. This study contributes to a theoretical framework which shows the effect of entrepreneurship education factors on the entrepreneurial intention of students in the higher education institutions. This study concluded with a discussion on theoretical and policy implications, the study limitation and suggestions for future research. 2011 Thesis https://etd.uum.edu.my/3505/ https://etd.uum.edu.my/3505/1/s90722.pdf text eng public Ph.D. doctoral Universiti Utara Malaysia Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50, 179-211. Ancok, D. J. (1992). Psikologi Industri. Yogyakarta: BPP UGM. Arbuckle, J. L. (1999). Amos 4 User Guide. Chicago : Smallwaters Corporation. Audet, J. (2002). A Longitudinal of the Entrepreneurial intention of University Students. Canada: University of Quebec. Autio, E., Keeley, R. H., Klofsten, M., & Ulfstedt, T. (1997). Entrepreneurial Intent among Student: testing an intent model in Asia, Scandinavia and USA. Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, Babson Conference Proceeding. Azwar, S. (2003). Reliabilitas dan Validitas. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Belajar. Bandura, A. (1997). Social Foundation of Thought and Action. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Bell-Rose, S., & Marriotti, S. (2004). Developing a Success @ Orientation. Education Week, 23(28). Benzing, C., Chu, H. M., & Callanan, G. (2005). A Regional Comparison of the Motivation and Problems of Vietnamnese Entrepreneurs. Journal of Development Entrepreneurship, 10 (1). Blenker, P., Dreisler, P., Faergeman, H. M., & Kjeldsen, J. (2006). Learning Teaching entrepreneurship: dilemmas, reflections, and strategies. In Fayolle, A. and Klandt, H. (Ed.), International Entrepreneurship Education. (pp. 21-33) . USA: Edward Elgar Publishing. Block, Z., & Stumpf, S. A. (1992). Entrepreneurship education research: experience and challenge. In Sexton, D.L. and Kasarda, J.D. (Ed.), The State-of-the-Art of Entrepreneurship. (pp. 17-42). Boston: PWS-Kent Publishing Company. Bouchikhi, H. (2003). Entrepreneurship Professors and their constituencies: manifest for a plural professional identity. Guest lecture at the 2003 IntEnt Conference. Grenoble, France. Brazeal, D., & Herbert, T. T. (1999). The genesis of entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 23(3), 29-45. Brenner, O. C., Pringle, C. D., & Greenhaus, J. H. (1991). Perceived Fulfilment of Organizacional Employment versus Entrepreneurship: work values and career intentions of business collage graduates. Journal of Small Business Management, 29 (3), 62-74. Brush, C., Griffin, J., & Smith, C. (1995). Perceived value of entrepreneurship course content and pedagogy. ICSB World Conference Proceedings (pp. 1-6) Bygrave, W. D. (1997).The Portable MBA in Entrepreneurship. New York : Wiley. Cantillion, R. (1931). Essay on the Nature of Commerce (H. Higgs, Trans.). London : Macmillan. Cascio, W. F. (1998). Applied Psychology in Human Resource Management. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc. Casson, M. (1982). The Entrepreneur : An Economic Theory. Oxford: Martin Robinson. Choo, S., & Wong, M. (2006). Entrepreneurial Intention : Triggers Barriers to New Venture Creation in Singapore. Singapore Management Review, 28(2). Choueke, R., & Amstrong, R. (1988). The Learning Organization in Small and Medium-size Enterprises-A Destination or a Journey. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour Research, 4(2), 129-140. Cooper, D. R., & Schlinder, P. S. (2003). Business Research Methods, 8th. New York: McGraw Hill Book co. Cronbach, L. J. (1971). Test Validation. In R. L. Thorndike (Ed.), Educational Measurement (2nd Ed.). Washington, D. C., USA. Cunningham, J. B., & Lischeron, J. (1991). Defining Entrepreneurship. Journal of Small Business Management, 29, 45-61. Danuhadimedja (1998). Pengantar Kewiraswastaan. Yogyakarta: BPFE UGM. Davidsson, P. (1995). Determinants of entrepreneurial intentions. Paper presented at the RENT IX Conference, Piacenza, Italy. Degeorge, J. M., & Fayolle, A. (2005). Is entrepreneurship intention stable through time? First insight from a sample of French students. Paper presented at IntEnt 2005 conference, Guilford, UK. Develay, M. (1992). De l’apprentisage a l’enseignement. Paris: ESF Editeur. Dickerson, P., & Nash, B. A. (1999). Nurse Entrepreneurs as Educators. American Journal of Nursing, 99 (6), 25-26. Direktorat Kelembagaan Dikti. (2009). Pedoman Program Mahasiswa Wirausaha Bagi Kopertis dan PTS. Drucher. (1996). Konsep Kewirausahaan Era Globalisasi. Transjakarta: Erlangga. DTI. (2000/2001). Strategic Framework. London: HMSO. Eckharat, J., & Shane, S. (2003). Opportunities and Entrepreneurship. Journal of Management, 29(3), 333-49. Fayolle, A. (1997). L’ensegnement de l’entrepreneuriat: reflexions autour d’une experience. Cahiers de recherce, EM Lyon, n.l., pp.43-60. Fayolle, A. (2000). L’ensegnement de l’entrepreneuriat dans le systeme educatif superieur: un regard sur la situation actuelle. Revue Gestion 2000, 3, 77-95. Fayolle, A. (2002). Les Determinants de I’acte entrepreneurial chez les etudiants et les jeunes diplomes de I’enseignement superieur francais. Revue Gestion 2000, 4, 61-77. Fayolle, A. (2003). Using the theory of planned behaviour in assessing entrepreneurship teaching programmes: exploratory research approach. Paper presented at IntEnt2003 conference, Grenoble, France. Fayolle, A., & Senicourt, P. (2005). Peut-on former des entrepreneurs?. L’Expension Management Review, 116, 34-41. Fayolle, A., & Klandt, H. (2006). International Entrepreneurship Education, Issues and Newness. Cheltenham (UK): Edward Elgar. Fayolle, A. (2007). Handbook of Research in Entrepreneurship education-A Contextual Perspective. volume 2. Cheltenham (UK): Edward Elgar. Ferdinand, A. (2002). Structural Equation Modelinga dalam Penelitian Manajemen. Surabaya: Fakultas Ekonomi Universitas Diponegoro. Fiet, J. O. (2000a). The theoretical side of teaching entrepreneurship theory. Journal of Business Venturing, 16 (1), 1-24. Fiet, J. O. (2000b). The theoretical side of teaching entrepreneurship theory. Journal of Business Venturing,16 (2), 101-117. Filion, L. J. (1991). Vision and Relations : Elements for an Entrepreneurial Metamodel. Journal of International Small Business, 9, 26-40. Finnerty, J., & Krzystofik, A. T. (1985). Barriers to Small Business Formation. Journal of Small Business Management, 23 (3), 50-58. Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, Attitude, Intention and Behavior: An Introduction to Theory and Research. California: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company inc. Fleming, P. (1994). The Role of Structured Interventions in Shaping Graduate Entrepreneurship. Irish Business and Administrative Research, 15, 146-157. Garavan, T. N. & O'Cinneide. B. (1994). Entrepreneurship education and training programmes: a review and evaluation-part 1. Journal of European Industrial Training, 18(8), 3-12. Gartner, W. B., Starr, J. A., & Bhat, S. (1999). Predicting new venture survival: an analysis of anatomy of a start-up cases from INC Magazine. Journal of Business Venturing, 14, 215-32. Ghazali, I. 2005. Aplikasi Analisis Multivariate dengan Program SPSS. Semarang: Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro. Gibb, A. A. (1987). Enterprise culture–its meaning and implications for education and training. Journal of European Industrial Training, 11(2), 1-38. Gibb, A. A. (2002). In pursuit of a new enterprise and entrepreneurship paradigm for learning: creative deconstruction, new values, new ways of doing things and new combinations of knowledge. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Bahavior and Research, 5(3), 110. Gibb, A. A. (2004a). Creating conductive environments for learning entrepreneurship. Paper presented at the 14th Annual IntEnt Conference, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy. Gibb, A. A. (2004b). Creative destruction, new values of doing things and new combinations of knowledge. Paper presented at the 14th Annual IntEnt Conference, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy. Gorman, G., Hanlon, D. & King, W. (1997). Some research perspectives on entrepreneurship education, enterprise education and education for small business management: a ten year literature review. International Small Business Journal, 15(3), 56-78. Gose, B. (1997). A Crafts Program Teaches Students the Fine Art of Making a Living. The Chronicle of Higher Education, 43, B8-B9. Hadipranata, A. (1999). Psikologi. Yogyakarta: Liberty. Hadisoegondo, S. (2006). Upaya Penumbuhan Wirausaha Baru. Jurnal Infokop Nomor 29 Tahun XXII. Hair, J., Anderson, R., & Tatham, R. (1992). Multivariate Data Analysis Wity Readings. 3rd Edition, New York: Macmillan Publishing Company. Hair, J., Anderson, R., Tatham, R., & Black, W. (1998). Multivariate Data Analysis. New York: Macmillan. Hair, J.F., Black, W.O., Babin, B.J., Anderson. R.E., & Tatham, R.C. (2006). Multivariate data analysis. 6th ed. UK: Phaze Hall IWC. Harris, A. S. (1994). Promoting a Promising Future. Black Enterprise, 25(5), 29. Harrison, R. T., & Leitch, C. M. (1994). A Process Model for Entrepreneurship Education and Development. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour Research, 5(3), 83-109. Hart, M., & Harrison, R. (1992). Encouraging Enterprise in Northern Ireland: constraints and opportunities. Irish Business and Administrative Research, 13 104-116. Hartini. (2002). Intensi Wirausaha pada Siswa SMK. Skripsi untuk Tidak dipublikasikan, Universitas Wangsa Manggala, Yogyakarta. Hidayat, R. (2000). Skema Kognitif Kewirausahaan pada Mahasiswa. Laporan Penelitian untuk tidak diterbitkan, Fakultas Psikologi Universitas Gajah Mada, Yogyakarta. Hindle, K. (2007). Teaching entrepreneurship at the university: from the wrong building to the right philosophy. Handbook of Research in Entrepreneurship education, volume I (Fayolle, A., ed.), Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing. Hirrich, P. (1998). Kewirausahaan (Terjemahan). Bandung: Alfabeta, Holmes, T. J., & Schmitz, J. A. (1990). A Theory of Entrepreneurship and Its Appication to the Study of Business Transfers. Journal of Political Economy, 98(2), 265-294. Honig, B. (2004). Entrepreneurship education: toward a model of contingency-based business planning. Academy of Management Learning and Education, 3(3), 258-73. Hoselitz, B. F. (1960). The Early History of Entrepreneurial Theory. In J. J. Spengler and W. R. Allen (Ed.). Essays in Economic Thought: Aristotle to Marshall. Chicago, USA. Hytti, U., & Kuopusjarvi, P. (2004). Evaluating and measuring entrepreneurship and entreprise education: methods, tools, and practices. Journal of Management Development, 25(1), 80–94. Ifham, A. (2002). Hubungan Kecerdasan Emosi dengan Kewirausahaan pada Mahasiswa. Jurnal Psikologi, No. 2. Istijanto. (2006). Riset Sumber Daya Manusia. Jakarta: PT. Gramedia. Jack, S. L., & Anderson, A. R. (1999). Entrepreneurship education within the entreprise culture, International. Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research, 5(3), 110. Jawa Pos (2009, Mei 12). Data Pemutusan Hubungan Kerja (PHK) Depnakertrans 2009. Johannisson, B. (1991). University Training for Entrepreneurship: a Swedish Approach. Entrepreneurship and Regional development, 3(1), 67-82. Jonsson, C., & Jonsson, T. (2002).Entrepreneurial Learning: and Informed way of learning. The Case of Enterprising and Business Venturing, 18 (2), 283-300. Kasali, R. (2005). Membangun Kewirausahaan di Indonesia. Jurnal Usahawan, 5. Katz, J. A. (2003). The Chronology and Intellectual Trajectory of American Entrepreneurship Education. Journal of Business Venturing, 18 (3), 283-300. Kennedy, J., Dreinan, J., Renfrow, P., & Watson, B. (2003). Situational Factors and Entrepreneurial Intentions. 16th Annual Conference of Small Enterprise. Association of Australia and New Zealand, University of Ballarat. Victoria, Australia. Kirzner, I. M. (1977). Competition and Entrepreneurship. Chicago : University of Chicago Press. Klandt, H. (2004). Entrepreneurship education and research in German-speaking Europe. Academy of Management Learning and Education, 3(3) , 293-301. Knight, F. H. (1921). Risk, Uncertainty, and Profit. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company. Kolvereid, L. (1996). Prediction of Employment Status Choice Intentionss. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 20(3), 45–47. Kolvereid, L., & Moen, O. (1997). Entrepreneurship among business graduates: does a major in entrepreneurship make a difference? Journal of European Industrial Training, 21(4), 154-60. Kompas (2007, Oktober 23). Kewirausahaan Bisa Dipelajari, Halaman 12. Kompas (2008, November 11). Kewirausahaan digalakkan di Perguruan Tinggi Negeri dan Perguruan Tinggi Swasta, Halaman 12 Kristiansen, S., & Indarti, N. (2003). Determinants of Entrepreneurial Intention: The Case of Norwegian Student. International Journal of Gadjah Mada Business, 5(1). Kristiansen, S. & Indarti, N. (2004). Entrepreneurial Intention Among Indonesian and Norwegian Students. Journal of Enterprising Culture. 12(1). Krueger, N. (2000). The cognitive infrastructure of opportunity emergence. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice , 24(3), 5-23. Krueger, N. F., Reilly, M. D., & Carsrud, A. L. (2000). Competing Models of Entrepreneurial Intentions. Journal of Business Venturing, 15. Kuratko, D. F. (2005). The emergence of entrepreneurship education: developments, trends and challenges. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 577-597. Laukkanen, M.(1998). Exploring alternative approaches in high level Entrepreneurship education. Paper presented at the loth Nordic conference on small business research, Waxjo. Liao, D., & Sohmen, P. (2001). The Development of Modern Enterprenreurship in China. Stanford Journal of East Asia Affair, 1. Lim, D. (1996). Explaining Economics Growth: A New Analytical Framework. Vermont: Edward Elgar Publish. Liñán, F. (2004). Intention-based models of entrepreneurship education. Piccolla Impresa/Small Business, 3, 11-35. Linan, F., Rodriguez-Cohard, J. C., & Rueda-Cantuche, J. M. (2005). Factors Effecting Entrepreneurial Intention Levels. Amsterdam: 45th Congress of the European Regional Science Association. Amsterdam, Holland. Long, W. (1983). The Meaning of Entrepreneurship. American Journal of Small Business, 8(2), 47-59. Lumpkin, G. T., & Dess, G. G. (1996). Clarifying the Entrepreneurial Orientation Construct and Linking it to Performance. Academic of Management Review, 21, 135-172. Maguire, S., & Guyer, C. (2004). Preparing Geography, Earth and Environmental Science Student for Employment in the Entreprise Culture. Journal of Geography in Higher Education, 28 (3), 369-379. Mangan, K. (2004). Entrepreneurship in every department. The Chronicle of Higher Education. 50 (38). Marshall, A. (1930/1961). Principles of Economics (9th Eds.). London : Macmillan and Co. Mayfield, W. M., & Weaver, R. Y. (1997). The Determinantion of the Teaching Methodology of Entrepreneurship as Established by the Underlying Philosophy of Pragmatis. ICSB World Conference Proceedings, San Francisco, CA. McClelland, D. C. (1961).The achieving society. Princenton, NJ; Van Norstand. McClelland, D. C. (1987). Pengantar Kewirausahaan. Jakarta: Intermedia. McMinn, R. D. (2000). Teaching Microeconomics : Tips and Techniques. Academy for Economics and Economic Education Journal, 3(1), 22. Mill, J. S., (1848/1965). Principles of Political Economy. In J. M. Robson (Ed.). Collected Works of John Stuart Mill. University of Toronto Press, Toronto. Mitchell, W. (1992). Whether and when? Probability and timing of incumbent’s entry into emerging industrial subfields. Administrative Science Quarterly. Nonis, S. A., & Hudson, G. I. (1998). Measuring Student Perceptions of Teaching Effectiveness. South-Western Marketing Association Proceedings (pp. 1-7). Dallas, TX. Pearce, J. A., & Robinson, R. B. (1986). Research thrusts in small firm strategic planning. Academy of Management Review, 9, 128-137. Pedoman Pengembangan Kewirausahaan (2005). Basic Penumbuhan Wirausaha Baru. Jakarta: Kementerian KUKM, Deputi Bidang Pengembangan SDM. Pekerti. (1999). Intensi dalam Perilaku Individu. Bandung: Alfabeta. Peterman, N. E., & Kennedy, J. (2003). Enterprise Education : Influencing Students Perceptions of Entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 28(2). Porter, M. E. (1990). The Competitive Advantage of Nations. Harvard Business Review, 68(2), 73-93. Porter, M. E. (2004). The Competitive Advantage of Nations. N.Y: The Free Press. Pretorius, M. (2000). A Proposed Training Method for the Transfer of Skills to Enhance Micro and Small Business Start-Ups in South Africa. Paper Presented at International Vocational Education Training Association Annual Conference, Mauritius, Madagascar. Pretorius, M. (2001). A Trining Model to Enhance Micro and Small Business Start-Ups in South Africa. D-Tech Thesis, Pretoria: Technikon Pretoria. Pretorius, M., & Nieman, G. H. (2002). The contribution of formal education to Entrepreneurship: a case of the M. Phill in Entrepreneurship Programme. Paper presented at 1st International Conference: Entrepreneurship in Africa, Pretoria International conference. Pretorius, M., Nieman, G., & Vuuren, J. (2005). Critical evaluation of two models for entrepreneurial education. International Journals of Educational Management, 19 (5), 413-427. Priyono, S. S. (2004). Kiat Sukses Wirausaha. Yogyakarta: Alinea Printika. Qomarun (2000). Kewirausahaan. Buku Pegangan Kuliah. Surakarta: Jurusan Teknik Arsitektur UMS. Rae-Dupree, J. (2002). Engineering: Innovative Programs can Help You Become a Technical Wizard and a Savvy Entrepreneur. U. S. News and World Report, 131 (11), 36-37. Rahmawati. (2000). Pendidikan Wirausaha dalam Globalisasi. Yogyakarta: Liberty. Reitan, B. (1997). Where Do We Learn That Entrepreneurship is Feasible, Desirable and / or Profitable ?. ICSB World Conference. San Francisco, California. Ridwan. (2005). Rumus dan Data dalam Aplikasi Statistika. Bandung: Alfabeta. Robertson, M., Collins, A., Medeira, N., & Slater, J. (2003). Barriers to Start-Up and Their Effect on Aspirants Entrepreneurs. Journal of Education + Training, 45(6). Robinson, R. (1986). Forecasting and small business: A study of strategic planning process. Journal of Small Business Management, 17 (3): 19-27. Roe. (1964). Psikologi Perkembangan. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar. Rushing, F. W. (1990). Entrepreneurship and Education. In C. A. Kent (Ed.), Entrepreneurship Education : Current Developments. New York: Quorum Books. Saboe, L., Kantor, J., & Walsh, J. (2002). Cultivating Entrepreneurship. Educational Leadership, 59, 80-82. Sakur. (2006). Pengembangan Spirit Kewirausahaan. Jurnal Spirit Publik, 2(1), 21-26. Santoso, S. (1995). Data Statistik. Jakarta: PT. Elex Media Kompetindo, Santoso, S. (2007). Structural Equation Modelling: Konsep dan Aplikasi dengan AMOS. Jakarta: PT. Elex Media Komputindo. Say, J. B. (1971). A Treatise on Political Economy or the Production, Distribution, and Consumption of Wealth (C.R. Prinsep, Trans.). New York : A.M. Kelley Publishers. Schultz, T. W. (1980). Investment in Entrepreneurial Ability. Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 82(4), 437-448. Schumpeter, J. A. (1934).The Theory of Economic Development : An Inguiry into Profits, Capital, Credit, Interest and Business Cycle. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Schumpeter, J. A. (1971). The Fundamental Phenomenon of Economic Development. In Kilby, P. (Ed.). Entrepreneurship and Economic Development. New York, USA. Segal, G., Borgia, D., & Schoenfeld, J. (2005). The Motivation to Become an Entrepreneur. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour Research. 11(1). Sexton, D. L., & Bowman–Upton, N. B. (1991). Entrepreneurship Creativity and Growth. New York, NY : MacMillan Publishing Company. Shane, S., & Venkataraman, S. (2000). The promise of entrepreneurship as field of research. Academy of Management Review, 25, 217-226. Shapero, A., & Sokol, L. (1982). The Social Dimensions of Entrepreneurship. In C. A. Kent, D. L. Sexton, K. H. Vesper (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Entrepreneurship (pp. 72-90). Englewood Cliff, NJ. Shepherd, D. A., & Douglas, E. (1997). Entrepreneurial Attitudes and Intentions of Career Decision Makers. Shinnar, R. (2009). Entrepreneurship Education: Attitudes Across Campus. Journal of Education for Business. Siagian, S. A. (1995). Pengembangan Kewirausahaan di Kalangan Pengusaha Kecil dan Koperasi di Indonesia Puslat kop dan PK. Jakarta: Departemen Koperasi dan PPK. Silalahi, G. J. (2005). Kesempatan Wirausaha bagi Lulusan Perguruan Tinggi. http://sinarharapan.co.id/ekonomi/usaha/ 2005/0108/ukm3.html. Singarimbun, M. (1989). Metode Penelitian Survey. Jakarta: LP3EF. Siswoyo, B. B. (2009). Pengembangan Jiwa Kewirausahaan di Kalangan Dosen dan Mahasiswa. Jurnal Ekonomi Bisnis. Tahun 14 Nomor 2, Juli 2009. Smith, M. K. (2003). Introduction to informal education. The encyclopedia of informal education. http://www.infed.org/i-intro.htm Soemanto, W. (2002). Pendidikan Kewirausahaan. Jakarta: PT. Bumi Aksara Solimun (2002). Structural Equqtion Modeling Lisrel dan Amos. Fakultas MIPA Universitas Brawijaya, Malang: Penerbit Universitas Negeri Malang Solomon, G. T. (1989). Entrepreneurs : What They’re Really Like. Vocational Education Journal, 64(8), 42-44. Solomon, G. T., Duffy, S., & Tarabishy, A. (2002). The state of entrepreneurship education in the United states: a nation-wide survey and analysis. International Journal of Entrepreneurship Education, 1 (1), 1-22. Stevenson, H. H., & Gumpert, D. E. (1985). The heart of entrepreneurship. Harvard Business Review, 85-92. Stoltz. (2000). Adversity Intellengence. Yogyakarta: Liberty. Sugiyono. (2005). Metode Penelitian Bisnis. Bandung: Tarsito. Sumarseno (2004). Hubungan antara Kebutuhan Aktualisasi diri dan Kreativitas dengan Minat Berwiraswasta. Skripsi untuk tidak diterbitkan. Fakultas Psikologi Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta, Surakarta. Suryabrata, S. (2000). Pengembangan Alat Ukur Psikologis. Yogyakarta: Andi Offset. Sutjipto. (2002). Minat Siswa Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan (SMEA) terhadap Kewirausahaan. http://www.depdiknas.go.id/ jurnal/45/sutjipto.htm Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (1999). Using Multivariate Statistics, 3rd edn. Northridge, CA: Harper Collins. Thomson, J. L. (2004). The facets of the entrepreneur: identifying entrepreneurial potential. Management Decisions, 42(2), 243-258. Timmons, J. A., & Stevenson, H. H. (1985). Entrepreneurship education in the 1980s–what entrepreneurs say. In Kao, J. and Stevenson, H.H. (Ed), Entrepreneurship–What it is and How to Teach it (pp. 115-34). Cambridge, MA. Tkachev, A., & Kolvereid, L. (1999). Self-employment Intentions among Russian students. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 11 (3), 269-280. Ulrich, T. A., & Holman, W. R. (2000). Student Ratings of Pedagogical Strategies. Academic of Educational Leadership Journal, 5(1), 1-5. Vesper (1982). Research on education for entrepreneurship, In Kent, C. A., Sexton, D. L. and Vesper, K. H. (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Entrepreneurship (pp. 321-43). NJ, Prentice-Hall. Volery, T., Doss, N., Mazzarol, T., & Thein, V. (1997). Triggers and Barriers Affecting Entrepreneurial Intentionality: The Case of Western Australian Nascent Entrepreneurs, 42nd. ICSB World Conference. San Francisco, USA. Waspada (2008, Agustus 26). Pengangguran Terdidik. Halaman 12. Weber, M. (1995). The Protestant Ethnic and The Spirit of Capitalism, 2001 edn. London: Rontledge Classics. Wibawani, S., & Harpowo. (2009). Budaya Wirausaha pada Mahasiswa Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang. Malang: Lembaga Penelitian UMM. Winarno, A. (2007). Internalisasi Nilai-nilai Kewirausahaan:pendektan Fenomenologi pada SMK Negeri 3 Malang, Disertasi untuk tidak diterbitkan. Program Pascasarjana, Universitas Negeri Malang, Malang. Winarno, A. (2009). Pengembangan Model Pembelajaran Internalisasi Nilai-Nilai Kewirausahaan pada Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan di Kota Malang. Jurnal Ekonomi Bisnis. 14(2), 124-131. Wijaya, T. (2007). Hubungan Adversity Inteligence dengan Intensi Berwirausaha. Jurnal Manajemen dan Kewirausahaan, 9(2), 117 -127. Wismi, W. (2007). Orang Muda : Mereka Tidak Mau Jadi Wiraswasta. Kompas, Senin, 29 Oktober 2007. Young, J. E. (1997). Entrepreneurship education and learning for university students and practicing entrepreneurs. In Sexton, D.L. and Simlor, R.W. (Ed.). Entrepreneurship 2000. Chicago, IL. Yuwono, S. & Partini. (2008). Pengaruh Pelatihan Kewirausahaan terhadap Tumbuhnya Minat Berwirausaha. Jurnal Penelitian Humaniora, 9(2), 119-127. Fakultas Psikologi, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta, Surakarta. Zikmund, W. C. R. (1997). Exploracy Marketing Research. Chicago: The Dryden Press. |