Hubungan Faktor-Faktor Budaya Terhadap Kejayaan Kerjaya Keusahawanan: Kajian Kesan Pencelah Kompetensi Keusahawanan di Sumatera Barat

Hubungan Faktor-Faktor Budaya Terhadap Kejayaan Kerjaya Keusahawanan: Kajian Kesan Pencelah Kompetensi Keusahawanan di Sumatera Barat

This study focuses on the cultural factors that develop entrepreneurship in the Minangkabau society, one of Indonesia sub-ethnics that are efficient and actively involved in business. The objectives of this study are firstly, to determine the role of cultural factors including solidarity, progressiv...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Latief, Donny Abdul
Format: Thesis
Language:eng
eng
Published: 2012
Subjects:
HB615-715 Entrepreneurship
Risk and uncertainty
Property
Online Access:https://etd.uum.edu.my/3510/1/s90385.pdf
https://etd.uum.edu.my/3510/8/s90385.pdf
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
id my-uum-etd.3510
record_format uketd_dc
institution Universiti Utara Malaysia
collection UUM ETD
language eng
eng
advisor Mohd Shariff, Mohd Noor
topic HB615-715 Entrepreneurship
Risk and uncertainty
Property
spellingShingle HB615-715 Entrepreneurship
Risk and uncertainty
Property
Latief, Donny Abdul
Hubungan Faktor-Faktor Budaya Terhadap Kejayaan Kerjaya Keusahawanan: Kajian Kesan Pencelah Kompetensi Keusahawanan di Sumatera Barat
description This study focuses on the cultural factors that develop entrepreneurship in the Minangkabau society, one of Indonesia sub-ethnics that are efficient and actively involved in business. The objectives of this study are firstly, to determine the role of cultural factors including solidarity, progressive and expressive in explaining the creation of entrepreneurial career success. Secondly, to identify the role of cultural factors in explaining entrepreneurial competencies. Thirdly, to measure the relationship between entrepreneurship competencies and entrepreneurial career success, and finally, to examine the extent to which entrepreneurship competencies becomes a mediating factor in the relationship between the cultural factors and entrepreneurial career success. The research framework of this study is built upon Scott's Istitutional Theory. Three pillars of culture taken from Sorokin's Theory of Cultural Change. Mail questionnaire was used and the analysis began with a descriptive exploration, followed by regression analysis with ten hypotheses that have been tested. Data were collected from 359 Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs), that involved in clothing and food business located in Kabupaten Agam, West Sumatera, Indonesia. The results showed that cultural factors including solidarity, progressive, and expresive significantly affect entrepreneurship success. In addition, competencies significantly affect the entrepreneurial career success and become a mediating factor in the relationship between cultural factors and entrepreneurial career success. It is expected that traditional rituals in a solidarity culture, apprenticeship and migratory behavior are implicit within the the progressive cultural elements with customs and religion form the basis of expressive culture that have an impact on the development of entrepreneurial competencies and the achievement of their entrepreneurial career success. This study contributes significantly to the knowledge of entrepreneurship at large, wherein it explains that culture plays an important role in building and promoting competencies of society toward development of entrepreneurship in the Minangkabau society.
format Thesis
qualification_name Ph.D.
qualification_level Doctorate
author Latief, Donny Abdul
author_facet Latief, Donny Abdul
author_sort Latief, Donny Abdul
title Hubungan Faktor-Faktor Budaya Terhadap Kejayaan Kerjaya Keusahawanan: Kajian Kesan Pencelah Kompetensi Keusahawanan di Sumatera Barat
title_short Hubungan Faktor-Faktor Budaya Terhadap Kejayaan Kerjaya Keusahawanan: Kajian Kesan Pencelah Kompetensi Keusahawanan di Sumatera Barat
title_full Hubungan Faktor-Faktor Budaya Terhadap Kejayaan Kerjaya Keusahawanan: Kajian Kesan Pencelah Kompetensi Keusahawanan di Sumatera Barat
title_fullStr Hubungan Faktor-Faktor Budaya Terhadap Kejayaan Kerjaya Keusahawanan: Kajian Kesan Pencelah Kompetensi Keusahawanan di Sumatera Barat
title_full_unstemmed Hubungan Faktor-Faktor Budaya Terhadap Kejayaan Kerjaya Keusahawanan: Kajian Kesan Pencelah Kompetensi Keusahawanan di Sumatera Barat
title_sort hubungan faktor-faktor budaya terhadap kejayaan kerjaya keusahawanan: kajian kesan pencelah kompetensi keusahawanan di sumatera barat
granting_institution Universiti Utara Malaysia
granting_department Othman Yeop Abdullah Graduate School of Business
publishDate 2012
url https://etd.uum.edu.my/3510/1/s90385.pdf
https://etd.uum.edu.my/3510/8/s90385.pdf
_version_ 1804888205345947648
spelling my-uum-etd.35102024-05-13T04:17:09Z Hubungan Faktor-Faktor Budaya Terhadap Kejayaan Kerjaya Keusahawanan: Kajian Kesan Pencelah Kompetensi Keusahawanan di Sumatera Barat 2012-08 Latief, Donny Abdul Mohd Shariff, Mohd Noor Othman Yeop Abdullah Graduate School of Business Othman Yeop Abdullah Graduate School of Business HB615-715 Entrepreneurship. Risk and uncertainty. Property This study focuses on the cultural factors that develop entrepreneurship in the Minangkabau society, one of Indonesia sub-ethnics that are efficient and actively involved in business. The objectives of this study are firstly, to determine the role of cultural factors including solidarity, progressive and expressive in explaining the creation of entrepreneurial career success. Secondly, to identify the role of cultural factors in explaining entrepreneurial competencies. Thirdly, to measure the relationship between entrepreneurship competencies and entrepreneurial career success, and finally, to examine the extent to which entrepreneurship competencies becomes a mediating factor in the relationship between the cultural factors and entrepreneurial career success. The research framework of this study is built upon Scott's Istitutional Theory. Three pillars of culture taken from Sorokin's Theory of Cultural Change. Mail questionnaire was used and the analysis began with a descriptive exploration, followed by regression analysis with ten hypotheses that have been tested. Data were collected from 359 Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs), that involved in clothing and food business located in Kabupaten Agam, West Sumatera, Indonesia. The results showed that cultural factors including solidarity, progressive, and expresive significantly affect entrepreneurship success. In addition, competencies significantly affect the entrepreneurial career success and become a mediating factor in the relationship between cultural factors and entrepreneurial career success. It is expected that traditional rituals in a solidarity culture, apprenticeship and migratory behavior are implicit within the the progressive cultural elements with customs and religion form the basis of expressive culture that have an impact on the development of entrepreneurial competencies and the achievement of their entrepreneurial career success. This study contributes significantly to the knowledge of entrepreneurship at large, wherein it explains that culture plays an important role in building and promoting competencies of society toward development of entrepreneurship in the Minangkabau society. 2012-08 Thesis https://etd.uum.edu.my/3510/ https://etd.uum.edu.my/3510/1/s90385.pdf text eng public https://etd.uum.edu.my/3510/8/s90385.pdf text eng public Ph.D. doctoral Universiti Utara Malaysia Abdullah, A. (1996). Going glocal : Cultural dimensions in Malaysian management. Kuala Lumpur: Malaysia Istitute of Management. Abdullah, A. (2001). Influence of ethnic value at the Malaysian workplace. In A. Abdullah & A. Low (Eds.), Understanding the Malaysian Workplace: Guidelines for Managers (pp. 1-24). Kuala Lumpur: Malaysian Institute of Management. Abdullah, A., & Lim, L. (2001). Cultural dimensions of Anglos, Australians and Malaysians. Malaysian Management Review, 36(2), 1-17. Abdullah, M. A. (1997). Industri Kecil di Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. Abdullah, M. A. (1999). Pembangunan industri kecil dan sederhana. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Utusan Publication & Distributors Sdn Bhd. Abele, A. E., & Spurk, D. (2009). The longitudinal impact of self-efficacy and career goals on objective and subjective career success. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 74, 53–62. Abidin, M. (2004). Implementasi adat basandi syarak, syarak basandi kitabullah. Padang: Pusat Pengkajian Islam dan Minangkabau. Adler, N. J. (1997). International dimensions of organizational behavior. Cincinnati, OH: Shout-Western Colledge Publishing. Adler, P. S., & Kwon, S.-W. (2002). Social capital: Prospects for a new concept. Academy of Management Review, 27, 17-40. Afiah, N. N. (2009a). Peran kewirausahaan dalam memperkuat UKM Indonesia menghadapi krisis finansial global. Working Paper In Accounting and Finance, October 2009(01). Retrieved from http://ppa.fe.unpad.ac.id/uploads/files/wp-acc01.pdf Afiah, N. N. (2009b). Peran kewirausahaan dalam memperkuat UKM Indonesia menghadapi krisis finansial global Working Paper In Accounting and Finance. Bandung: Center For Accounting Development, Department of Accounting, Padjadjaran University. Ahlstrom, D., & Bruton, G. D. (2002). An institutional perspective on the role of culure in shaping strategic actions by technology-focused entrepreneurial firms in China. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 26(4), 53-69. Ahmad, K. (2001). Corporate leadership and workforce motivation in Malaysia. International Journal of Commerce and Management, 11(1), 82-101. Ahmad, N. H. (2007). A Cross Cultural Study of Entreprenerial Competencies and Entrepreneurial Success in SMEs in Australia and Malaysia. Phd Thesis, University of Adelaide, Adelaide. Ahmad, N. H., & Halim, H. A. (2010). Is entrepreneurial competency the "silver bullet" for SME success in a developing nation? Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research In Business, 2(1), 217-236. Ahmad, N. H., & Seet, P. S. (2009). Understanding business success through the lens of SME founder-owners in Australia and Malaysia. International Journal of Entrepreneurship Venturing, 1(1), 72-87. Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behaviour. Organizational Behaviour and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179-211. Aliman. (2000). Modul Ekonometrika Terapan. Yogyakarta: PAU Studi Ekonomi UGM. Alisjahbana, S. T. (1974). Values as Integrating Forces in Personality, Society and Culture. Kuala Lumpur: University of Malaya Press. Alisjahbana, S. T. (1986). Antropologi Baru. Jakarta: Dian Rakyat. Allison, C. W., Chell, E., & Hayes, J. (2000). Intuition and entrepreneurial behavior. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 9(1), 31-43. Alma, D. H. B. (2000). Panduan Perkuliahan Kewirausahaan. Bandung: CV. Alfabeta. Amir, M. S. (2003). Adat Minangkabau: Pola dan Tujuan Hidup Orang Minang. Jakarta: PT. Mutiara Sumber Widya. Anderson, A. R., & Jack, S. L. (2002). The articulation of social capital in entrepreneurial networks: A glue or lubricant? Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 14, 193-210. Anwar, C. (1997). Hukum Adat Indonesia: Meninjau Hukum Adat Minangkabau. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta. Arikunto, S. (2000). Manajemen Penelitian. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta. Arnold, J., & Cohen, L. (2008). The psychology of careers in industrial and organizational settings: a critical but appreciative analysis. In G. P. Hodgkinson & J. K. Ford (Eds.), International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology (pp. 1-44). New York: Wiley. Arthur, M. B. (1994). The Boundaryless career: a new perspective for organisational inquiry. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 15(4), 295-306. Arthur, M. B., Khapova, S. N., & Wilderom, C.P.M. (2005). Career success in a boundaryless career world. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26(2), 177-202. Arthur, M. B., & Rousseau, D. M. (1996). Introduction: The boundaryless career as a new employment principle. In M. B. Arthur & D. M. Rousseau (Eds.), The boundaryless career (pp. 3-20). New York: Oxford University Press. Aryee, S., Chay, Y. W., & Tan, H. H. (1994). An examination of the antecedents of subjective career success among a managerial sample in Singapore. Human Relations, 47, 487-509. Aryee, S., Wyatt, T., & Stone, R. (1996). Early career outcomes of graduate employees: the effect of mentoring and ingratiation. Journal of Management Studies, 33(1), 95-118. Bagozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y. (1988). On th evaluation of structural equation models. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 16, 74-94. Ballout, H. I. (2007). Career success: The effects of human capital, person-environment fit and organizational support. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22(8), 741-765. Ballout, H. I. (2008). Work- family conflict and career success: the effects of domain-specific determinants. Journal of Management Development, 27(5), 437-466. doi: 10.1108/02621710810871781 Bandura, A. (1986). Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social-cognitive View. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Bank-Indonesia. (2009). Statistik Perbankan Indonesia. Jakarta: Bank Indonesia. Barney, J., Ketchen, D. J., & Wright, M. (2011). The Future of Resource-Based Theory: Revitalization or Decline? Journal of Management, 37, 1299-1315. Barney, J. B. (1991). Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management, 17(1), 99-120. Baron, R. (1998). Cognitive mechanism in entrepreneurship: Why and when entrepreneurs think differently than other people. Journal of Business Venturing, 13(4), 275-294. Baron, R. (2004). Cognitive perspective:A Valuable tool for answering entepreneurship's basic "why" questions. Journal of Business Venturing, 19(2) , 221-239. Baron, R. A. (1998). Cognitive mechanisms in entrepreneurship: Why and when entrepreneurs think defferently then other peaple. Journal of Business Venturing, 13(4), 275-294. Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182. Barreto, H. (1989). The Entrepreneur in Economic Theory - Disappearance and Explanation. London and New York: Routledge. Barringer, B. R., & Harrison, J. S. (2000). Walking a tightrope: Creating value through interorganizational relationships. Journal of Management, 26(3), 367-407. Bartlett, C. A., & Ghoshal, S. (1997). The myth of the generic manager: New personal competencies for new management roles. California Management Review, 40(1), 92-116. Baruch, Y. (2004). Managing Careers: Theory and Practice. London: Prentice Hall. Bates, T. (1997). Financing small business creation: The case Chinese and Korean immigrant entrepreneur. Journal of Business Venturing, 12, 109-124. Baughn, C. C., & Neupert, K. E. (2003). Culture and national conditions facilitating entrepreneurial start-ups. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 1(3), 313-330. Baum, J. R. (1995). The relation of traits, competencies, motivation, strategy, and structure to venture growth. Paper presented at the Babson-Kauffman Entrepreneurship Research Conference. Baum, J. R., & Locke, E. A. (2004). The relationship of entrepreneurial traits, skill, and motivation to subsequent venture growth. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(4), 587-598. Baum, J. R., Locke, E. A., & Smith, K. G. (2001). A multidimensional model of venture growth. Academy of Management Journal, 44(2), 292-303. Baumol, W. J., Litan, R. E., & Schramm, C. J. (2009). Good capitalism, bad capitalism, and the economics of prowth and properity. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Beaver, G., & Jennings, P. (2005). Competitive advantage and entrepreneurial power: The dark side of entrepreneurship . Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 12(1), 9-23. Becker, G. S. (1962). Investment in human capital: A theoretical analysis. Journal of Political Economy, 70(5, Part 2), 9-49. Becker, G. S. (1964). Human capital: A theoretical and empirical analysis, with special reference to education. New York: Columbia University Press. Becker, G. S. (1985). Human capital, effort and the sexual division of labor. Journal of Labour Economics, 3, 35-58. Becker, G. S. (1993). Human capital: A theoretical and empirical analysis. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Beech, H. (2006). Renewed Faith, TIME. Retrieved from http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1186613,00. html. Begley, T. M., & Boyd, D. P. (1986). Psychological characteristics associated with entrepreneurial performance . In R. Ronstadt, Hornaday, R., Peterson, R., & Vesper,V.H. (Ed.), Frontiers of entrepreneurship research (pp. 145-156) . Wellesley, MA: Babson Collage, Center for Entrepreneurial Studies. Bell, N. E., & Staw, B. M. (1989). People as sculptors versus sculpture: the roles of personality and personal control in organizations. In M. B. Arthur, T. H. Douglas & B. S. Lawrence (Eds.), Handbook of Career Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Bellah, R. N. (1985) . Tokugawa Religion. New York: The Free Press. Bellah, R. N. (1985). Tokugawa Religion : the cultural roots of modern Japan (1st Free Press pbk. ed.). New York London: Free Press ; Collier Macmillan Publishers. Benda-Beckmann, F. v. (2001). Recreating the Nagari: Decentralisation in West Sumatera. Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Working Paper No 31. Bengtson, V.L., & Roberts, R.E.L. (1991). Intergenerational Solidarity in Aging Families: An Example of Formal Theory Construction. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 53(4), 856-870. Berger, B. (1991). The Culture of entrepreneurship. San Francisco, Calif.: ICS Press. Berger, B. M. (1995). An Essay on Culture: Symbolic Structure and Social Structure. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Bergevoet, R. H. M., Giesen, G. W. J., Saatkamp, H. W., Woerkum, C. M. J., & Van-and-Huirne, R. B. M. (2005). Improving entrepreneurship in farming: The impact of a training program in Dutch dairy farming. Paper presented at the 15th Congress Developing Entrepreneurship abilities to feed the world in a sustainable way, Cork Ireland. Berry, A., & Mazumdar, D. (1991). Small-scale Industry in the Asian-Pacific Region. Asia-Pasific Economic Literature, 5(2), 35-67. Berry, A., Rodriguez, E., & Sandee, H. (2002). Firm and group dynamics in the small and medium enterprise sector in Indonesia. Small Business Economics, 18(1-3), 141-161. Bird, B. (1995). Toward a theory of entrepreneural competency. In J. A. Katz & R. H. Brockhaus (Eds.), Advances in enrepreneurship, firm emergence, and growth (Vol. 2, pp. 51-72). Greenwich, Connecticut: Jai Press Inc. Black, J. A., & Champion, D. J. (1992). Methods of Social Research (3rd ed.). London: Free Press. Blackwood, E. (2000). Webs of Power : Women, kin, and community in a Sumatran village. Boston: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. Bloodgood, J. M., Sapienza, H. J., & Carsrud, A. L. (1995). The dynamics of new business start-ups: person, context, and process. In J. A. Katz & R. H. Brockhaus-Sr. (Eds.), Advances in Entrepreneurship, Firm Emergence, and Growth (Vol. 2, pp. 123-144). Greenwich,CT: JAI Press. Bluedom, A. C., Johnson, R. A., Cartwright, D. K., & Barringer, B. R. (1994).The Interface and Convergence of the Strategic Management and Organizational Environment Domains. Journal of Management., 20, 201-262. Boone, L. E., & Bowen, D. D. (1987). The Great Writings in Management and Organizational Behavior (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Inc. Boucher, J. D., & Carlson, G. E. (1980). Recognition of facial espression in three cultures. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 11(3), 263-280. Bourdieu, P. (1967). Systems of education and system of thought. International Social Science Journal, 19, 338-358. Bourdieu, P. (1977). Cultural reproduction and social reproduction. In J. Karabel & A. H. Halsey (Eds.), Power and Ideology in Education (pp. 487-511). New York: Oxford University Press. Bourdieu, P. (1986). The forms of capital (R. Nice, Trans.). In J. G. Richardson (Ed.), Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education. Westport: Greenwood Press. Bourdieu, P. (1997). What makes a social class? On the theoretical and practical existence of groups. Berkeley Journal of Socilogy, 32, 1-17. Bourdieu, P. (1998). The economy of symbolic goods Practical Reason: On the Theory of Action (pp. 92-123). Standford: Standford University Press. Bourdieu, P., & Passeron, J.-C. (1977). Reproduction in Education, Society and Culture (R. Nice, Trans.). Beverly Hills: Sage. Bourdieu, P., & Passeron, J.-C. (1979). The Inheritors: French Students and their Relations to Culture. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Boyar, S. L., Maertz-Jr, C. P., Mosley-Jr, D. C., & Carr, J. C. (2008). The impact of work/family demand on work-family conflict. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 23(3), 215-235. Boyatzis, R. E. (1982). The Competent Manager: A Model for Effective Performance. New York: Wiley. Boyatzis, R. E. (2008). Guest Editorial: Competencies in the 21st century. Journal of Management Development, 27(1), 5-12. Bozionelos, N. (1996). Organizational promotion and career satisfaction. Psychological Reports, 79, 371-375. Bozionelos, N. (2006). Mentoring and expressive network resources: their relationship with career success and emotional exhaustion among Hellenes employees involved in emotion work. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 17(2), 362-378. Bozionelos, N., & Wang, L. (2006).The relationship of mentoring and network resources with career success in the Chinese organizational environment. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 17(9), 1531-1546. BPS. (1999). Keadaan Angkatan Kerja di Indonesia-Agustus 1998. Jakarta: Biro Pusat Statistik. BPS. (2001). Statistik Usaha Kecil dan Menengah 1997-2000. Jakarta: Kementerian Negara Koperasi dan UKM RI. BPS. (2002). Survei Tenaga Kerja Nasional. Jakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik RI. BPS. (2003). Indonesia Dalam Angka. Jakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik RI. BPS. (2004). Indonesia Dalam Angka. Jakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik RI. BPS. (2008). Statistik Usaha Kecil dan Menengah 2006-2007. Jakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik RI & Kementerian Negara Koperasi dan Usaha Kecil & Menengah RI. BPS. (2009). Agam Dalam Angka 2008. Lubuk Basung: Badan Pusat Statistik dan BAPPEDA, Kabupaten Agam. BPS. (2010). Berita Resmi Statistik. Jakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik Retrieved from http://www.bps.go.id/brs_file/ tenaker-10mei10.pdf. BPS. (2011). Agam Dalam Angka 2010. Lubuk Basung: Badan Pusat Statistik dan BAPPEDA, Kabupaten Agam. Briscoe, J. P., Hall, D. T., Heras, M. L., & Unite, J. A. (2007). Doing well and doing good: Equations for career success in the United States. In J. P. Briscoe (Ed.), Doing well by doing good across cultures? A global perspective on career success..Philadelphia, PA: Academy of Management. Brockhaus, R. H. (1987). Entrepreneurial folklore. Journal of Small Business Management, 25(3), 1-6. Brophy, M., & Kiely, T. (2002). Competencies: A new sector. Journal of European Industrial Training, 26(2), 165-176. Budiman, A. (1995). Teori Pembangunan Dunia Ketiga. Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka. Bull, I., Thomas, H., & Willard, G. (1995). Entrepreneurship: perspectives on theory building. Oxford: Elsevier. Bungo, N., & Hussin, N. (2011). Merantau ke Kuala Lumpur: Tradisi merantau dan berdagang masyarakat Minang. Geografia Malaysian Journal of Society and Space, 7(Social and Spatial Challenges of Malaysian Development), 116-131. Burke, R. J. (1999).Career success and personal failure feelings among managers. Psychological Reports, 84, 651–653. Burke, R. J. (2006). Entrepreneurs Toolkit. USA: Partners Book Distributing. Busenitz, L. W., Gomez, C., & Spencer, J. W. (2000). Country Institutional Profile: Unlocking Entrepreneurial Phenomena. Academy of Management Journal, 43(5), 994-1003. Buss, D. M. (1991). Evolutionary personality psychology. Annual Review of Psychology, 42, 459-491. Buss, D. M. (2001) . Human nature and culture: An evolutionary psychological perspective. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(6), 955-978. Buttery, E. A., & Wang, Y. H. (1999). The development of a guanxi framework. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 17(3), 147-154. Bygrave, W. D. (1989). The entrepreneurship paradigm : a philosophical look at research methodologies. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 14(1), 7-26. Bygrave, W. D. (1997). The Portable MBA Entrepreneurship (2nd ed.). New York: John Willey & Sons, Inc. Bygrave, W. D. (2010). The entrepreneurial process. In W. D. Bygrave & A. Zacharakis (Eds.), The portable MBA in entrepeneurship (pp. 1-27). New York: John Wiley & Sons. Inc. Bygrave, W. D., & Hofer, C. W. (1991). Theorizing about entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 16, 13-22. Cahn, M. (2008). Indigeneus entrepreneurship, culture and micro-enterprise in the Pacific Islands: case studies from Samoa. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 20, 1-18. doi: 10.1080/08985620701552413 Campbell, J.L.A.P., & Ove, K. (2001). The rise of neoliberalism and institutional analysis. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Cantillon, R. (1931). The Circulation and Exchange of Goods and Merchandise. In H. Higgs (Ed.), Essai sur la Nature du Commerce en General. London: Macmillan. Carter, N. M., Gartner, W. B., Shaver, K. G., & Gatewood, E. J. (2003). The career reasons of nascent entrepreneurs. Journal of Business Venturing, 18(1), 13-39. Carter, R.T., & Cook, D.A. (1992). A cultural relevant perspective for understanding the career paths of visible racial/ethnic group people. In H. D. Lea & Z. B. Leibowitz (Eds.), Adult career development: Concepts, issues and practice (pp. 192-217). Alexandria, VA: National Career Development Association. Carton, R., Hofer, C., & Meeks, M. (1998). The entrepreneurship: Operational definitions of their role in society. Paper presented at the annual International Council for Small Business conference. Retrieved from http://www.sbaer.uca.edu/Research 1998/ICSB/k004htm Casson, M. (1990). Enterprise and competitiveness: a systems view of international business. New York: Oxford University Press. Casson, M. (1991). The economic of business culture. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Cavana, R. Y., Delahaye, B. L., & Sekaran, U. (2000). Applied business research: Qualitative and quantitative methods. Milton: John Wiley. Chandler, G. N., & Hanks, S. H. (1994). Founder competence, the environment, and venture performance. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 18(3), 77-89. Chandler, G. N., & Jansen, E. (1992). The founder's self-assessed competence and venture performance. Journal of Business Venturing, 7(3), 223-236. Chen, M. (2001). Inside Chinese Business. Boston: Harvard Business School Press. Choueke, R., & Armstrong, R. (2000). Culture: a missing perspective on small-and medium-sized enterprise development? International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, 6(4), 227-238. Chow, C. K. W., & Fung, M. K. Y. (1996). Firm dynamics and industrialization in the Chinese economy in transition: Implications for small business policy. Journal of Business Venturing, 11(6), 489-505. Chow, I. H., & Ng, I. (2004). The characteristics of Chinese personal ties (Guanxi): Evidence from Hong Kong. Organization Studies, 25, 1075-1093. Coakes, S. J., & Steed, L. (2007). SPSS 14.0 for Windows: Analysis without Anguish. Australia: Johhn Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd. Cochran, L. R. (1990). The sense of vocation: A study of career and life development. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. Coetzee, M., Bergh, Z., & Schreuder, D. (2010). The influence of career orientations on subjective work experiences. SA Journal of Human Resource Management, 8(1), 13. Retrieved from http:/www.sajhrm.co.za doi:10.4102/sajhrm.v8il.279 Conner, K. R., & Prahalad, C. K. (1995). A resources-based theory of the firm: Knowledge versus opportunism. Organization Science, 7(5), 477-501. Cooper, D. R., & Emory, W. (2006). Business research methods (9th ed.). Homewood, IL: Irwin. Cooper, D. R., & Schindler, P. S. (2006). Business research methods (9th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. Cox, T., & Harquail, C. (1991). Career paths and career succes in the early career stage of male and female MBAs. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 39, 54-75. Crawford, S. H., Dabney, L., Filner, J. M., & Maida, P. R. (2003).From determining capacity to facilitating competencies: A new mediation framework. Conflict Resolution Quarterly, 20(4), 385-401. Creswell., J. W. (2003). Research design : qualitative, quantitative, and mixed method approaches (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications. De-Koning, A. (2003). Opportunity development: A socio-cognitive perspective. In J. A. Katz & D. A. Shepherd (Eds.), Cognitive approaches to entrpreneurship research: Advances in entrepreneurship, firm emergence and growth (Vol. 6, pp. 265-314). Boulder, USA: Jai Press Inc. De-Vos, A., & De-Hauw, S. (2010). Linking competency development to career success: exploring the mediating role of employability Vierick Leuven Gent Working Paper Series 2010/03. Ghent, Belgium: Vlerick Leuven Gent Management School. Deakins, D., & Freel, M. (1998). Entrepreneurial learning and the growth process in SMEs. The Learning Organization, 5(3), 144-155. Deakins, D., O'Neill, E., & Mileham, P. (2000). Executive learning in entrepreneurial firms and the role of external directors. Education + Training, 42(4/5), 317-325. Deakins, D., Ram, M., & Smallbone, D. (2003). Addressing the business support needs of ethnic minority firms in the UK. Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, 6, 791-942. deEredia, E. G. (1930). Description of Malacca and Meridional India and Cathay (in 3 treatises). Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 8(1), 1-288 Desai, V. (2000). Small-scale Industries and Entrepreneurship (5 ed.). Mumbai: Himalaya Publishing House. Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. (1996). Kamus Dewan (Ed. 3. ed.). Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Kementerian Pendidikan, Malaysia. Dirlik, A. (2000). Theory, history, culture: Cultural identity and the politics of theory in twentieth-century China. Development and Society, 29(2), 73-104. Dollinger, J. M. (1995). Entrepreneurship, Strategies and Resources (First ed.). Homewood, Illinois: Austen Press & Irwin. Draganidis, F., & Mentzas, G. (2006). Competency based management: a review of systems and approaches. Information management and computer security, 14(1), 51-62. Dreher, G. F., & Ash, R. A. (1990). A comparative study of mentoring among men and women in managerial, professional, and technical positions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75, 539-546. Dries, N. (2011). The meaning of career success: Avoiding reification through a closer inspection of historical, cultural, and ideological contexts. Career Development International, 16(4), 364-384. Dries, N., Pepermans, R., & Carlier, O. (2008). Career success: Constructing a multidimensional model. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 73(2), 254–267. Drucker, P. F. (1985). Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Practice and Principles. (2007 ed.). Oxford, UK: Elsevier. Dt.Bandaro, C. N. L. (2002). Etnis dan Adat Minangkabau: Permasalahan dan Hari Depannya. Bandung: Angkasa. Dt.Rajo_Panghoeloe, M. R. M. (1971). Minangkabau Sejarah Ringkas dan Adatnya. Padang: Sri Dharma. Dt.Rajo_Penghulu, H. I. H. (2001). Pokok-Pokok Pengetahuan Adat Alam Minangkabau. Bandung: PT Remaja Rosdakarya. Dt.Toeah, H. (1985). Tambo Alam Minangkabau. Bukittinggi: CV. Pustaka Indonesia. Dumais, S. A. (2002). Cultural capital. gender, and school success: The role of habitus. Sociology of Education, 75(1), 44-68. Durkheim, E. (1893/1964). The Division of Labor in Society (G. Simpson, Trans.). New York: The Free Press. Dutton, J. E. (1993). The making of organizational opportunities: an interpretative pathway to organizational change. Research in Organizational Behavior, 15, 195-226. Dyer-Jr, W. G. (1994). Toward a theory of entrepreneurial careers. Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, 19(2), 7-21. Dyer, J. H., & Nobeoka, K. (2000). Creating and managing a high-performance knowledge-sharing network: The Toyota case. Strategic Management Journal, 21(Special Issue), 345- 367. Effendi, N. (1999). Minangkabau markets: A picture of an indigenous economic system Working paper (Vol. 312, pp. 1-22). Universität Bielefeld. Forschungsschwerpunkt Entwicklungssoziologie-Bielefeld, Federal Republic of Germany: Die Universität. Effendi, N. (2002). Kajian jaringan bisnis etnis, karakteristik dan pemilikan usaha dari para migran di perkotaan Indonesia: Kasus Kota Padang, Pakanbaru dan Jambi. In S. Y. Bakry & M. S. Kasih (Eds.), Menelusuri Jejak Melayu-Minangkabau. Jakarta: Yayasan Citra Budaya Indonesia. Erez, M., & Earley, P. C. (1993). Culture, self-identity, and work. New York: Oxford University Press. Esten, M. (2002). Identititi Melayu Minangkabau di dalam proses perubahan budaya. In S. Y. Bakry & M. S. Kasih (Eds.), Menelusuri Jejak Melayu-Minangkabau (pp. 73-81). Padang: Yayasan Citra Budaya Indonesia. Ethem, D. (2008). Institutional profiles and entrpreneurship orientation: A case of Turkish graduate students. Muenchen: Munich Personal RePEc Archive. Fang, T. (2003). A critique of Hofstede's fifth national culture dimension. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 3(3), 347-368. Farzier, B., & Niehm, L. S. (2008). FCS students' attitudes and intentions toward entrepreneurial careers. Journal of Family and Consumer Sciences, 100(2), 17-24. Field, A. (2005). Discovering Statistics Using SPSS (2nd ed.). London: Sage Publication. Finegold, D., & Mohrman, S. A. (2001). What do employees really want? The perception vs. the reality. Paper presented at the The Annual Meeting of the World Economic Forum, Davos, Switzerland. Fink, A. (2006). How to Conduct Surveys: A Step-by-Step Guide (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc. Foley, D. (2003). An examination of indegenous Australian entrepreneurs. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 8(2), 133-151. Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 28, 39-50. Fouad, N. A., & Byars-Winston, A. M. (2005). Cultural context of career choice: Meta-analysis of race/ethnicity differences. The Career Development Quarterly, 53(3), 223-233. Frederiksen, A., & Kato, T. (2011). Human capital and career success: Evidence from linked employer-employee data. IZA Discussion Paper No. 5764. Retrieved from http://ftp.iza.org/dp5764.pdf Frese, M. (2001). Personal initiative (PI): The theoretical concept and empirical findings. In M. Erez, M. Kleinbeck & H. Thierry (Eds.), Work motivation in the context of a globalizing economy (pp. 99-110). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. Fukuyama, F. (1995). Trus: the social virtues and the creation of prosperity. New York: Free Press. Gabrenya, W. K., & Hwang, K. (1996). Chinese social interaction: Harmony and hierarchy on the good earth. In M. H. Bond (Ed.), The Handbook of Chinese Psychology. New York: Oxford University. Garcelon, M. (2005). A theory of institutions. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Sociological Association, Marriott Hotel, Loews Philadelphia Hotel, Philadelphia, PA. http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p18660_index.html Gartner, W. B. (1985). Some suggestions for research on entrepreneurial traits and entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 14, 27-38. Gartner, W. B. (1989). Who Is an Entrepreneurs ? Is the Wrong Question. Journal of Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 13(4), 47-68. Gattiker, U. E., & Larwood, L. (1988). Predictor's for managers' career mobility, success and satisfaction. Human Relation, 41(8), 569-591. Gattiker, U. E., & Larwood, L. (1989). Career success, mobility and extrinsic satisfaction of corporate manager. Social Science Journal, 26, 75-92. Gattiker, U. E., & Larwood, L. (1990). Predictors for career achievement in the corporate hierarchy. Human Relation, 43(8), 703-726. Gazalba, S. (1990). Pengantar Kebudayaan Sebagai Ilmu. Jakarta: Pustaka. Geertz, C. (1957). Ritual and Social Change: A Javanese Example. American Anthropologist, 59, 32-54. Geertz, C. (1973). The Interpretation of Cultures. New York: Basic Books. GEM. (2005). 2004 Executive Report. In Z. J. Acs, P. Arenius, M. Hay & M. Minniti (Eds.), Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. Wellesley, MA: Babson College & London Business School. George, G., & Zahra, S. A. (2002). Culture and its consequences for entrepreneurship . Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, 26(4), 5-8. Getz, K. A. (2002). Public affairs and political strategy: Theoretical foundations. Journal of Public Affairs, 1/2(4/1) , 305-329. Ghozali, I. (2009). Aplikasi analisis multivariate dengan program SPSS. Semarang: Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro. Gibb, A., & Li, J. (2003). Organizing for enterprise in China: what can we learn from Chinese micro, small, and medium enterprise development experience. Futures, 35, 403-421. Gilder, G. (1984). The spirit of enterprise. New York: Simon and Schuster. Glueck, G. C. D. (1997). Strategy and Human Resources a General Managerial Perspective. NJ: Prentice Hall, Englewood Clifft. Goffee, R., & Jones, G. (1996). What holds the modern company together? Harvard Business Review, 74(6), 133-148. Goffee, R., & Jones, G. (1998). The character of a corporation. London: HarperCollins. Goleman, D. (1998). Working with emotional intelligence. New York: Bantam. Gollnick, D. M., & Chinn, P. C. (2008). Multicultural Education in a Pluralistic Society (8th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson. Gomez, P.-Y., & Volery, T. (2000). How do organizations come into existence? Towards an evolutionary theory of entrepreneurship. Paper presented at the Academy of Management Conference. http://www.alexandria.unisg.ch/publications/advanced-search/ 1589. Goodenough, W. H. (1976). Multiculturalism as the normal human experience. Anthropology & Education Quarterly, 7(4), 4-7. Goodenough, W. H. (2003). In Pursuit of Culture. Annual Review of Anthropology, 32, 1-12. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/25064818 Gould, A., & Keeble, D. (1984). New firms and rural industrialization in East Anglia. Regional Studies, 18(3), 189-201. Gould, S., & Penley, L. E. (1984). Career strategies and salary progression: A study of their relationships in a municipal bureaucracy. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 34, 244-265. Granrose, C. S., & Baccili, P. A. (2006). Do psychological contracts include boundaryless or protean careers? Career Development International, 11(2), 163-182. Granrose, C. S., & Chua, B. L. (1996). Global boundaryless careers: Lessons from Chinese family businesses. In M. B. Arthur & D. M. Rousseau (Eds.), The boundaryless careers: A new employment principle for a new organizational era (pp. 201-217). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Greenhaus, J. H. (2003). Career dynamics. In W. C. Borman, D. R. Ilgen & R. J. Klimoski (Eds.), Comprehensive handbook of psychology: Industrial and organizational psychology (Vol. 12, pp. 5119-5540). New York: Wiley. Greenhaus, J. H., & Callanan, G. A. (1994). Career Management (2nd ed.). New York: Dryden Press. Greenhaus, J. H., Callanan, G. A., & Godshalk, V. M. (2000). Career Management. Orlando, Fl: Harcourt. Greenhaus, J. H., Parasuraman, S., & Wormley, W. M. (1990). Effects of race on organizational experiences, job performance evaluations, and career outcomes. Academy of Management Journal, 33(1), 64-86. Greet, F., & Van-Gils, A. (2007). Competence development in entrepreneurship: The role of university education. Education Innovation in Economics and Business, 10. The Challenges of Educating People to Lead in a Challenging World (pp. 385-398). Netherland Springer. Gunz, H. P., & Jalland, R. M. (1996). Managerial careers and business strategies. Academy of Management Review, 21, 718-756. Gunz, H. P., Jalland, R. M., & Evans, M. G. (1998). New strategy, wrong managers? What you need to know about career streams. Academy of Management Executive, 12, 21-37. Hadler, J. (2008). Muslims and Matriarchs: Cultural Resilience in Indonesia through Jihad and Colonialism. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. Hafsah, M. J. (2004). Upaya pengembangan usaha kecil dan menegah (UKM). Infokop, 25(20), 40-44. Hair, J. F. (2007). Research methods for business. Chichester, West Sussex, England ; Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. C. (1998). Multivariate Data Analysis with Reading. New York: Macmillan Pub. Company. Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis : a global perspective (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J. ; London: Pearson Education. Hakimy, I. (2004). Rangkaian Mustika Adat Basandi Syarak di Minangkabau. Bandung: Remaja Rosdakarya. Hall, D. T. (1976). Careers in organization. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Hall, D. T. (1996a). Long live the career: A relational approach. In D. T. H. Associates (Ed.),The Career is Dead-Long Live the Career: A Relational Approach to Careers (pp. 1-14). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Hall, D. T. (1996b). Protean careers of the 21st century. Academy of Management Executive, 10(4), 8-18. Hall, D. T. (2002). Careers in and out of organizations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Hall, D. T., & Chandler, D. E. (2005). Psychological success: When the career is a calling. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26(2), 155-176. Hammarstrom, G. (2005). The construct of intergenerational solidarity in a lineage perspective: A discussion on underlying theoretical assumptions. Journal of Aging Studies, 19, 33-51. Hansen, E. L. (2001). Resource acquisition as a startup process: initial stocks of social capital and organizational foundings Retrieved August 10, 2008, from www.babson.edu/entrep/fer/IV/IVB/html/Iv-b.html Harrison, L. E. (1998). The Pan-American Dream: Do Latin America's Cultural Values Discourage True Partnership With the United States and Canada? New York: Westview Press. Harrison, L. E. (2000). Promoting Progressive Cultural Change. In L. E. Harrison & S. P. Huntington (Eds.), Culture matters : how values shape human progress (pp. 297-306.). New York: Basic Books. Hartman, E. A., Tower, C. B., & Sebora, T. C. (1994). Information sources and their relationship to organizational innovation in small business. Journal of Small Business Management, 32(1), 36-47. Hashim, M. K. (2002). A review of the role of SMEs in the manufacturing sector in Malaysia. In M. K. Hashim (Ed.), Small and medium-sized entreprises in Malaysia: Role and issues (pp. 33-48). Sintok, Malaysia: Universiti Utara Malaysia Press. Hashim, M. K., & Abdullah, M. S. (2000). A proposed framework for redefining SMEs in Malaysia: One industry one definition. Asian Academy of Management Journal, Jan., 65-79. Hassan, M. K. (2004). The muslim world in the 21st century. Journal of Islam in Asia, 1(1), 335-350. Hayashi, M. (2003). Development of SMEs in the Indonesian economy. Departemental Working Papers. Retrieved from http://rspas.anu.edu.au/economics/publish/papers/wp2003/wp-econ-2003-01.pdf. Hebert, R. F., & Link, A. N. (1989). In Search of the Meaning of Entrepreneurship. Small Business Economics, 1, 39-49. Hennequin, E. (2007). What career success means to blue-collar workers. Career Development International, 12(6), 565-581. Herri, Yuskar, & Chatib, J. (1998). Pembinaan dan peningkatan industri kecil di Sumatera Barat. Padang: Lembaga Penelitian-Universitas Andalas. Heslin, P. A. (2005a). Conceptualizing and evaluating career success. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26(2), 113-136. Heslin, P. A. (2005b). Experiencing Career Success. Organizational Dynamics, 34(4), 376-390. Hilton, T. L., & Dill, W. R. (1962). Salary growth as a criterion of career progress. Journal of Applied Psychology, 46(153-158). Hisrich, R. D., & Peter, M. P. (2001). Entrepreneurship (Fourth Ed. ed.). Missouri, USA: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Hisrich, R. D., Peters, M. P., & Shepherd, D. a. (2007). Entrepreneurship (7th ed.). Singapore: McGraw-Hill Education. Hofstede, G. (1991). Culture's Consequences International Differences in Work-Related Value. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications. Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture's Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions, and Organizations Across Nations (2 ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Hofstede, G., & Bond, M. H. (1988). The confucius connection: From cultural roots to economic growth. Organizational Dynamics, 16(4), 5-21. Hofstede, G., Hofstede, G. J., & Minkov, M. (2010). Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind (3nd ed.). New York, N.Y.: McGraw-Hill. Hofstede, G., Noorderhaven, N. G., Thurik, A. R., Wennekers, A. R. M., Uhlaner, L., & Wildeman, R. E. (2004). Culture's Role in Entrepreneurship: Self-Employment Out of Dissatisfaction. In J. Ulijn & T. Brown (Eds.), Innovation, Entrepreneurship and Culture: The Interaction between Technology, Progress and Economic Growth. Cheltenham, UK and Brookfield: Edward Elgar. Holste, J. S., & Fields, D. (2010). Trust and tacit knowledge sharing and use. Journal of Knowledge Management, 14(1), 128-140. Holt, D. H. (1992). Entrepreneurship : New Venture Creation. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Holton, E. F., & Burnett, M. F. (2005). The basics of quantitative research. In R. A. Swanson & E. F. Holton (Eds.), Research in organizations: foundatuins and mathods of inquiry. San Francisco: Berreth-Koehler Publishers. Hughes, A., & Kumar, M. S. (1984). Recent trends in aggregate concentration in the United Kingdom economy. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 8(3), 235-250. Hughes, E. C. (1937). Institutional office and the person. America Journal of Sociology, 43, 404-413. Hughes, E. C. (1958). Men and their work. Glencoe: Free Press. Human, S. E., Clark, T., Matthews, C. H., Stewart, J., & Gunnarsson, C. (2010). A comparative examination of career and start-up expectations in South Korea, Ukraine, and the United States. New England Journal of Entrepreneurship, 13(1), 29-47. Hunt, R. G., & Meindl, J. R. (1991). Chinese political economic reforms and the problem of legitimizing leader roles. Leadership Quarterly, 2, 189-204. Hunter, J. E. (1986). Cognitive ability, cognitive aptitudes, job knowledge, and job performance. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 29(3), 340-362. Hunter, J. E., & Schmidt, F. L. (1989). Meta-analysis: Facts and theories. In J. M. Smith & I. T. Robertson (Eds.), Advances in Selection and Assessment. Chichester: Wile. Hutchings, K., & Weir, D. (2006). Understanding networking in China and the Arab world: Lesson for international managers. Journal of European Industrial Training, 30(4), 272-290. Hynes, B. (1998).Entrepreneurship education and training-introducing entrepreneurship into non-business disciplines. Journal of European Industrial Training, 20(8), 10-17. ILO. (1999). Employment challenges of the Indonesian economic crisis. Jakarta: ILO-Jakarta Office. Inkpen, A. C., & Tsang, E. W. K. (2005). Social capital, networks, and knowledge transfer. The Academy of Management Review, 30(1), 146-165. Irawan, P. (2002). Logika dan Prosedur Penelitian: Pengantar teori dan panduan praktis penelitian sosial bagi mahasiswa dan peneliti pemula. Jakarta: STIA-LAN Press. Ireland, R. D., & Hitt, M. A. (1999). Achieving and maintaining strategic competitiveness in th 21th Century the role of strategy leadership. The Academy of Management Executive, 13(1), 43-64. Ismail, R. (1995). Industri Kecil Malaysia: Isu pembiayaan, teknologi, dan pemasaran. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Penerbit UKM. Izquierdo, E., & Buyens, D. (2007). Impact assessment of an entrepreneurship courses on student's entrepreneurial competencies: A constructivist perspective Paper presented at the II Jornadas de Emprendimiento. Jamna, J. (2004). Pendidikan Matrilineal. Padang: Pusat Pengkajian Islam dan Minangkabau. Jansen, P.G.W., & Wees, L.L.G.M.v. (1994). Condition for Internal Entrepreneurship. Journal of Management Development , 13(9), 34-51. Janszen, F. (2000). The age of innovation. London: Prentice Hall. Jaskolka, G., Beyer, J. M., & Trice, H. M. (1985). Measuring and predicting managerial success. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 26, 189-205. Jennings, D. F. (1994). Multiple perspectives of entrepreneurship: text, readings, and cases. Cininnati, Ohio: South-Western Publishing co. Jenssen, J. I. (2001). Social networks, resources, and entrepreneurship. The International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 2(2), 103-109. Jenssen, J. I., & Greve, A. (2002). Does the degree of redundancy in social networks influence the success of business start-ups? . International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, 8(5), 254-267. Jepperson, R. (1991). Institutions, institutional effects, and institutionalism. In W. W. Powell & P. J. DiMaggio (Eds.), The new Institutionalism in organizational analysis. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. John, S. W. L. (1996). Theories of Human Communication. Belmount CA: Wodsworth Publishing Company. Johnson, R. A., & Wichern, D. W. (1992). Applied multivariate statistical analysis (3th ed.). NewJersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc. Jones, O., & Holt, R. (2008). Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 15(1), 51-73. Judd, C. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1981). Process analysis: Estimating mediation in treatment evaluations. Evaluation Review, 5, 602-619. Judge, T. A., Bono, J. E., & Locke, E. A. (2000). Personality and job satisfaction: The mediating role of job characteristics. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 237-249. Judge, T. A., Cable, D. M., Boudreau, J. W., & Bretz, R. D. (1995). An empirical investigation of the predictors of executive career success. Personnel Psychology, 48(3), 485- 519. Judge, T. A., Higgin, C. A., Thoresen, C. J., & Barrick, M. R. (1999). The Big Five personality traits, general mental ability and career success. Personnel Psychology, 52, 621-652. Judge, T. A., & Hurst, C. (2008). How the rich (and happy) get richer (and happier): Relationship of core self-evaluations to trajectories in attaining work success. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(4), 849-863. Kaiser, H. F. (1974). An index of factorial simplicity. Psychometrika, 39(1), 31-36. Kamaluddin, L. (2007). 14 Langkah Bagaimana Rasulullah WAW Membangun Kerajaan Bisnis. Jakarta: Republika Press. Kamus Dewan. (1997). (3th ed.). Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. Kao, J. (1989). Entrepreneurship, Creativity and Organization. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Kao, J. (1991). The Entrepreneurial Organization. New Jersey: Prentice Hall International Inc. Kao, R. (1995). Entrepreneurship Wealth-Creation Value-Adding Process. Singapore: Simon & Schuster (Asia) Pte.Ltd. Kato, T. (1989) . Nasab Ibu dan Merantau : Tradisi Minangkabau yang berterusan di Indonesia. Selangor Darul Ehsan: Percetakan Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. Katz, J. A., & Green, R. P. (2007). Entrepreneurial Small Business. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Kerlinger, F. N., & Lee, H. B. (2000). Foundations of behavioral research (4th ed.). Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt College Publishers. Kets-de-Vries, M. F. R. (1977). The entrepreneurial personality, a person at the cross roads. Journal of Management Studies, 14(1), 34-57. Khairuddin, M. (2002). A Study on the weaknesses of SMEs in the Malaysia Manufacturing Sector in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises. In M. Khairuddin (Ed.), Malaysia: Role in Issues. Sintok: Universiti Utara Malaysia Press. Kilby, P. (1971). Entrepreneurship and Economic Development. In P. Kilby (Ed.). New York: Free Press. Kilkenny, M., Nalbarte, L., & Besser, T. (1999). Reciprocated community support and small-town small business success. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 11, 231-246. Kim, E.-Y. (1993). Career Choice among Second-Generation Korean-Americans: Reflections of a Cultural Model of Success. Anthropology & Education Quarterly, 24(3), 224-248. Kirkpatrick, C. H., Lee, N., & Nixson, F. I. (1984). Industrial Structure and Policy in Less Developed Countries. London: George Allen & Unwin. Kirzner, I.M. (1973).Competition and Entrepreneurship . Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Kirzner, I. M. (1997). Entrepreneurial discovery and competitive market process: An australian approach. Journal economic literature , 3, 60-85. Kluckhohn, C. (1951). Value and Value Orientations in the Theory of Action. In Parsons, Talkot, Shils & Edward (Eds.), Toward a General Theory of Action. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Koentjaraningrat. (1976). Manusia dan Kebudayaan di Indonesia. Jakarta: Djambatan. Koentjaraningrat. (2004). Aneka Warna Manusia dan Kebudayaan Indonesia dalam Pembangunan. In Koentjaraningrat (Ed.), Manusia dan Kebudayaan di Indonesia. Jakarta: Djambatan. (Reprinted from: 20). Kojori, D. K., Sadooghi, M., & Dolatabadi, S. M. (2008, 19-22 May). An integrated view into the strategic manatgement and strategic entrepreneurship for wealth creation. Paper presented at the International Conference on Entrepreneurship (ICE 2008), Pelangi Beach Resor - Lengkawi Kedah, Malaysia. Korman, A. K., Wittig-Berman, U., & Lang, D. (1981). Career success and personal failure: Alienation in professionals and managers. Academy of Management Journal, 24, 234-360. Kostova, T. (1997). Country institutional profiles: Concept and measurement. Academy of Management Best Paper Proceedings, 180-189. Kotey, B., & Meredith, G. G. (1997). Relationship among owner/manager personel values, business, and enterprises performance. Journal of Small Business Management, April (37-64). Kram, K.E. (1988).Mentoring at work: developmental relationships in organizational life. Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman. Krejcie, R. V., & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30, 607-610. Krisnamurthi, B. (2002a). Krisis Moneter Indonesia dan Ekonomi Rakyat. Jurnal Ekonomi Rakyat Retrieved 23 May, 2005, from http://www.ekonomirakyat.org/edisi_3/artikel_7. htm. Krisnamurthi, B. (2002b). Pemberdayaan Ekonomi Rakyat: Mencari Format Kebijakan Optimal. Jurnal Ekonomi Rakyat Retrieved 23 May, 2005, from http://www.ekonomirakyat.org/edisi_2/artikel_6.htm. Krueger-Jr, N. F., & Carsrud, A. L. (1993). Entrepreneurial intentions: Applying the theory of planned behavior. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development , 5(4), 315-330. Krueger, N. F. (2003). The cognitive psychology of entrepreneurship. In Z. J. Acs & D. B. Audretsch (Eds.), Handbook of Entrepreneurship Research (pp. 105-140). London: Kluwer Law International. Kuijpers, M. A. C. T., Schyns, B., & Scheerens, J. (2006). Career competencies for career success. The Career Development Quarterly, 55, 168-178. Kuratko, D. F., & Hodgetts, R. M. (2007). Entrepreneurship: Theory, Process, Practice (7th ed.). Mason, OH: Thomson South-Western. Kuratko, D. F., Hornsby, J. S., & Naffziger, D. W. (1997). An examination of owners goals in sustaining entrepreneurship. Journal of Small Business Management, 35(1), 24-33. Kuratko, D. F., Montagno, R. V., & Hornsby, J. S. (1990). Developing an intrapreneurial assessment instrument for an effective corporate entrepreneurial environment. Strategic Management Journal, 11, 49-58. Kusumah, L. H. (2002). Faktor-faktor yang secara empiris mempengaruhi tumbuh-kembangnya UKM. Jurnal Koperasi Indonesia, (Agustus) 17(1), 74-77. Landa, J. T. (1994). Trust, ethnicity, and identity : beyond the new institutional economics of ethnic trading networks, contract law, and gift-exchange. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. Landes, D. S. (1998). The wealth and poverty of nations: Why some areso rich and some so poor. London: Little, Brown and Company. Lareau, A., & Weininger, E. B. (2003). Cultural capital in educational research: a critical assessment. Theory and Society, 32(5/6), 567-606. Latief, C. N. (2002). Etnis dan Adat Minangkabau: Permasalahan dan Masa Depannya. Bandung: Penerbit Angkasa. Lau, T., Chan, K.F., & Man, T.W.Y. (1999). Entrepreneurial and manager competencies: small business owner-managers in Hong Kong In P. Fosh, W. Chow, A. Chan, E. Snape & R. Westwood (Eds.), Hong Kong Management and Labour ( Vol. Advances in Asia Pacific Busines 9). London: Routledge. Lau, V. P. (2002). Developing and Validating the Entrepreneurial Career Success Scale and Testing Its Antecedents and Consequences in the Context of Southeast Asian Values. Ph. D. Thesis, Polytechnic University, Hong Kong. Lau, V. P., & Shaffer, M. A. (1999). Career success: The effects of personality. Career Development International , 4(4), 225-230. Lau, V. P., & Shaffer, M. A. (2002). Entrepreneurial career success in the context of Southeast Asian values: scale and model development and assessment. Paper presented at the Asian Academy of Management Meeting, Bangkok, Bankok, Thailand. Lau, V. P., Shaffer, M. A., & Au, K. (2007). Entrepreneurial career success from a Chinese perspective: conceptualization, operationalization, and validation. Journal of International Business Studies, 38, 126-146. Lau, V. P., & Wong, Y. Y. (2009). Direct and multiplicative effects of ethical dispositions and ethical climates on personal justice norms: A virtue ethics perspective. Journal of Business Ethics, 90, 279-294. Leavitt, H. J. (1989). Pathfinding, Problem Solving, and Implementating: The Management Mix. In H. J. Leavitt, L. R. Pondy & D. M. Boje (Eds.), Reading in Managerial Psychology (4 ed., pp. 591-605). Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press. Lee, J. (2002). SME hotspots. Asian Business, 38(2), 20-23. Lee, M. D., Lirio, P., Karakas, F., MacDermind, S. M., Buck, M. L., & Kossek, E. E. (2006). Exploring career and personal outcomes and the meaning of career success among part-time professionals in organizations. In R. J. Burke (Ed.), Research companion to work hour addiction (pp. 284-309). Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. Lee, S. M., & Peterson, S. J. (2000). Culture, entrepreneurial orientation, and global competitiveness. Journal of World Business, 35(4), 401-416. Lertwannawit, A. , Serirat, S., & Pholpantin, S. (2009).Career competencies and career success of Thai employees in tourism and hospitality sector. The International Business & Economics Research Journal, 8(11), 65-72. Lewis, W. A. (1955). Theory of Economic Growth. Homewood, Illinois: Richard D. Irwin. Light, A. N., & Siegel, J. I. (2008). The social dimensions of entrepreneurship. In M. Casson, B. Yeing, A. Basu & N. Wadeson (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Entrepreneurship. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Linan, F. (2008). Skill and value perceptions: how do they affect entrepreneurial intentions? International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 4(3), 257-272. Linan, F., & Chen, Y. W. (2009). Development and cross-cultural application of a specific instrument to measure entrepreneurial intentions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33(3), 593-617. Linan, F., Rodriguez-Cohard, J. C., & Rueda-Cantuche, J. M. (2005, 23-27 August). Factors affecting entrepreneurial intention levels. Paper presented at the 45th Congress of the European Regional Science Association, Amsterdam. Lincoln, J. R., & Kalleberg, A. L. (2003). Culture, Control, and Commitment: A Study of Work Organization and Work Attitudes in the United States and Japan. New York: Percheron Press. Litzky, B., Purohit, Y., & Weer, C. (2008). Beliefs about the Success of Dual-Earner Relationships: Toward the Development of a Normative Beliefs Measurement Scale. North American Journal of Psychology, 10(3), 603. Litzky, B. E., Purohit, Y. S., & Weer, C. H. (1988). Beliefs about the Success of Dual-Earner Relationships: Toward the Development of a Normative Beliefs Measurement Scale-Barrie E. Litzky. North American Journal of Psychology, 10(3), 603-624. Longenecker, J. G., Petty, J. W., Palich, L. E., & Moore, C. W. (2010). Small business management : launching & growing entrepreneurial ventures (15th ed.). Australia ; Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. Low, M. B., & MacMillan, I. C. (1988). Entrepreneurship: past research and future challenges. Journal of Management, 14(2), 139-161. Lucskiw, E. (1998). Global enterprise: instilling the spirit learning strategies for the new millennium. Paper presented at the Internationalizing Entrepreneurship Education and Training, 8th, Schloss Reichartshausen Oestrich-Winkel, Germany. Lukacs, E. (2005) . The economic role of smes in world economy especially in Europe. European Integration Studies, Miskolc, 4(1), 3-22. Luo, Y. (2007). Guanxi and Business (2nd ed. Vol. 5). Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. Lynn, M. (2000). National Character and Tipping Customs: The Needs for Achievement, Affiliation and Power as Predictors of the Prevalence of Tipping. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 19, 203-214. Lynn, R. (1991). The secret of the miracle economy, different national attitudes to competitiveness and money. London: Crowley Esmonde Ltd. MacDonald, M., Philipps, S., & Lethbridge, L. (2005). Talking its toll: The influence of paid and unpaid work on women's well-being. Feminst Economics, 11(1), 63-94. MacKinnon, D. P., Fairchild, A. J., & Fritz, M. S. (2007). Mediation analysis. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 593-614. Macneil, I. R. (1980). The new social contract. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Malhotra, N. K. (2007). Marketing research : an applied orientation (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall. Man, T.W.Y. (2001).Entrepreneurial competencies and the performance of small and medium enterprises in the Hong Kong services sector. doctoral thesis, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong. Man, T. W. Y. (2006). Exploring the behavioural patterns of entrepreneurial learning: A competency approach. Education + Training, 48(5), 309-321. Man, T.W.Y., & Lau, T. (2000). Entrepreneurial competencies of SME owner/managers in the Hong Kong services sector: A qualitative analysis. Journal of Enterprising Culture, 8(3), 235-254. Man, T. W. Y., & Lau, T. (2005). The context of entrepreneurship in Hong Kong: An investigation through the patterns of entrepreneurial competencies in contrasting industrial environments. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 12(4), 464-481. Man, T. W. Y., Lau, T., & Chan, K. F. (2002). The Competitiveness of small and medium enterprises - A conceptualization with focus on entrepreneurial competences. Journal of Business Venturing, 17, 123-142. Man, T. W. Y., Lau, T., & Snape, E. (2008). Entrepreneurial competencies and the performance of small and medium enterprises: An investigation through a framework of competitiveness. Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship, 21(3), 257–276. Manan, I. (1995). Birokrasi Moderen dan Otoritas Tradisional di Minangkabau (Nagari dan Desa di Minangkabau). Padang: Yayasan Pengkajian Kebudayaan Minangkabau. Mangundjaya, W. L. H. (2010). Is there culture change in the national cultures of Indonesia? Paper presented at the The XX Congress of the International Conference on Association of Cross Cultural Psychology (IACCP), Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Mangundjaya, W. L. H. (2011, 9-11 January). The correlation and impact of uncertaity avoidance to innovative behavior (A study among Minangkabau entrepreneurs). Paper presented at the 10th International Entrepreneurship Forum, Tamkeen, Bahrain. Manning, C. (1998).Indonesian Labour in Transition : An East Asian Success Story? Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Manning, C., Nabiu, M., Budiyati, S., Hastuti, Munawar, W., Akhmadi,...Rahayu, S. K. (2002). Krisis ekonomi dan tenaga kerja ter-PHK lulusan universitas/akademi: Adaptasi terhadap realitas pasar kerja baru Laporan khusus dari Social Monitoring & Early Response Unit (SMERU). Jakarta: SMERU. Marino, L., Strandholm, K., Steensma, H. K., & Weaver, K. M. (2002). The moderating effect of national culture on the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and strategic alliance portfolio extensiveness. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 26(4), 145-160. Marino, L., Strandholm, K., Steensma, H. K., & Weaver, K. M. (2002). The moderating effect of national culture on the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and strategic alliance portofolio effectivess. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 26(4), 145-161. Markman, G. D., & Baron, R. A. (1998). Social skill and entrepreneurs' financial success: Evidence that the ability to get along with others reallu matters. Martin, G., & Staines, H. (1994). Managerial competences in small firms. Journal of Management Development, 13(7), 23-34. Martin, P. Y. (2004). Gender as social institution. Social Forces, 82(4), 1249-1273. Martz, W.B., Neil, T.C., Biscaccianti, A., & Williams, R.J. (2003). Student perception of entrepreneurs: A culutral perspective. International Journal of entrepreneurship, 7, 67-86. Matsumoto, D. (2002). Culture and Psychology: People Around The World (2nd ed.). Singapore: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning. Matsumoto, D. (2006). Culture and nonverbal behavior. In V. Manusov & M. L. Patterson (Eds.), The Sage Handbook of Nonverbal Communication. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. May, J. W. H., Luk, V. W. M., & Wright, P. C. (2003). Perceptions of entrepreneurship as a career: Views of young people in Hong Kong. Equal Opportunities International, 22(4), 16-40. McClelland, D. C. (1961). The Achieving Society. New York: Irvington Publishers. McClelland, D. C. (1987). Characteristic of Successful Entrepreneurs. The Journal of Creative Behavior, 21(3), 219-233. McClelland, D. C. (1998). Identifying competences with behavioural-event interviews. Psychological Science, 9(5), 331-339. McClelland, D. C., & Winter, D. G. (1969). Motivating Economic Achievement. New York: The Free Press. McMillan-Capehart, A. (2005). A configurational framework for diversity: socialization and culture. Personnel Review, 34(4), 488-503. Medhora, P. B. (1965). Entrepreneurship in India. Political Science Quarterly, 80(4), 558-580. Melamed, T. (1995). Career success: The moderating effect of gender. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 47, 35-60. Meng, L. A., & Liang, T.W. (1996). Entrepreneurs, Entrepreneurship and Enterprising Culture. Paris: Addison-Wisley Publishing Company. Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. J. (1997). Commitment in the Workplace: Theory, Research and Application. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. Meyer, J. W. (1977). The effects of education as an institution. American Journal of Sociology, 83(1), 55-77. Michailova, S., & Worm, V. (2003). Personal networking in Russia and China: blat and guanxi. European Management Journal, 21(4), 509-519. Michalko, M. (2000). Thinking out of the box. Retrieved 26 April, 2009, from http://www.winstonbrill.com/bril001/htm/article_index/articles/451-500/article472_body.html Mingione, E. (1999). Introduction: Immigrants and the informal economy in European cities. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 23(2), 323-339. Minniti, M., Bygrave, W. D., & Autio, E. (2006). GEM Global Reports-2005. Global Entrepreneurship Monitor Mises, L. v. (1963). Human Action: A Treatise on Economics (rev. ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press. Mitchell, R. K., Busenitz, L., Lant, T., McDougall, P. P., Morse, E. A., & Smith, J. B. (2002). Toward a theory of entrepreneurial cognition: Rethinking the people side of entrepreneurship research. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 27(2), 93-104. Mitchell, R. K., Busenitz, L., Lant, T., McDougall, P. P., Morse, E. A., & Smith, J. B. (2004). The Distinctive and Inclusive Domain of Entrepreneurial Cognition Research. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 28(6), 505-518. Mitchell, R. K., Smith, B., Seawright, K. W., & Morse, E. A. (2000). Cross-cultural cognitions and venture creation decision. Academy of Management Journal, 43(5), 974-993. Mitton, D. G. (1989). The complete entrepreneur. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 13(3), 9-19. Moingeon, B., & Edmundson, A. (1996). Organizational learning and competitive advantage. London: Sage Publications. Moon, M. J. (1999). The pursuit of managerial entrepreneurship: Does organization matter? Public Administration Review, 59(1), 31-44. Morris, M. H. (2002). Editorial. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship , 7(4). Mueller, S. L., & Thomas, A. S. (2001). Culture and entrepreneurial potential: A nine-country study of locus of control and innovativeness. Journal of Business Venturing, 16(1), 51-75. Mulder, M. (2001).Competence development-Some background thoughts. The Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension, 7(4), 147-158. Mulder, M., Lans, T., Verstegen, J., HarmBiemans, & Meijer, Y. (2007). Competence development of entepreneurs in innovative horticulture. Journal of Workplace Learning, 19(1), 32-44. Mulhern, A. (1995). The SME sector in Europe: A broad perspective. Journal of Small Business Management, 33(3), 83-87. Nabi, G., Holden, R., & Walmsley, A. (2006). Graduate career-making and business start-up: a literature review. Education + Training, 48(5), 373-385. Nabi, G. R. (1999). An investigation into the differential profile of predictors of objective and subjective career success. Career Development International, 4(4), 212-225. Nabi, G. R. (2000). Motivational attributes and organizational experiences as predictors of career-enhancing strategies. Career Development International, 5(2), 91-98. Nabi, G. R. (2001). The relationship between HRM, social support and subjective career success among men and women. International Journal of Manpower, 22(5),457-474. Nabi, G. R. (2003). Situational characteristics and subjective career success: The mediating role of career enhancing strategies. International Journal of Manpower, 24(6), 653-672. Nahapiet, J., & Ghoshal, S. (1998). Social capital, intellectual capital, and the organizational advantage. Academy of Management Review, 23, 242-267. Naim, M. (1984). Merantau: Pola Migrasi Suku Minangkabau. Yogyakarta: Gajah Mada University Press. Naim, M., Paragoan, W., Asril, Z., & Rasyid, F. (1987). Jurus manajemen Indonesia : sistem pengelolaan restoran Minang : sebuah prototipe sistem ekonomi Pancasila (Ed. 1. ed.). Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia. Nakhata, C. (2007). The effects of human capital and entrepreneurial competencies on the career success of SME entrepreneurs in Thailand. The Business Review, Cambridge, 9(1), 62-69. Naomi, P., & Nindyati, A. D. (2009). Personal determinant of entrepreneurial intention. Paper presented at the Innovation , entrepreneurship, and Small Business Development for the Better Indonesia, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia. Nasroen, M. (1957). Dasar Falsafah Adat Minangkabau. Jakarta: Penerbit Pasaman. Nauta, A., VanVianen, A. E. M., VanderHeijden, B. I. J. M., VanDam, K., & Willemsen, M. (2009).Understanding the factors that promote employability orientation: the impact of employability culture, career satisfaction and role breadth self-efficacy. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 82, 233-251. Navis, A. A. (1986). Alam Terkembang Jadi Guru : Adat dan Kebudayaan Minangkabau. Jakarta: Grafiti Press. Nazir, M. (2003). Metode Penelitian. Jakarta: Ghalia Indonesia. nDoen, M. L., Gorter, C., Nijkamp, P., & Rietveld, P. (1998, 2009-6-11). Ethnic entrepreneurship and migration: A survey from developing countries. Timbergen Institute Discussion Papers Retrieved 11 Jun, 2009, from http://www.tinbergen.nl/discussionpapers/98081.pdf Ng, S. H., & Lethbridge, D. G. (1995).Labor and employment. In S. H. Ng & D. G. Lethbridge (Eds.), The Business Environment in Hong Kong (pp. 64-88). Hong Kong: Oxford University Press. Ng, T. W. H., Eby, L. T., Sorensen, K. L., & Feldman, D. C. (2005). Predictors of objective and subjective career success: a meta-analysis. Personnel Psychology, 58(2), 367-408. Nicholson, N., & Wall-Andrews, W. D. (2005). Playing to win: biological imperatives, self-regulation, and trade-offs in the game of career success. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26(2), 137-154. Nieman, G. H. (2000). Training in entrepreneurship and a small business enterprises in South Africa: A situatonal analysis. Education + Training, 43(8/9), 445-450. Nieman, G. H., & Bennet, A. (2002). Business Management: A value chain approach. Pretoria: Van Schaik Publishers. Nieman, G. H., Hough, J., & Nieuwenhuizen, C. (2003). Entrepreneurship: A South African Perspective. Pretoria: Van Schaik Publishers. North, D. C. (1990). Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. North, D.C. (1994).Economic performance through time. The American Economic Review, 84(3), 359-368. Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric Theory (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.

Similar Items