Kualiti Perhubungan Francais (FRQ) Dalam Sistem Perniagaan Francais di Malaysia
Of late, franchising has been widely accepted as an effective way to conduct and expand businesses. The franchise system, however, is not a guarantee for success in business, as it nonetheless depends on a cordial relationship between both parties namely, the franchisor and the franchisee. Franchise...
Saved in:
Main Author: | |
---|---|
Format: | Thesis |
Language: | eng |
Published: |
2012
|
Subjects: | |
Online Access: | https://etd.uum.edu.my/3819/1/s91218.pdf |
Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
id |
my-uum-etd.3819 |
---|---|
record_format |
uketd_dc |
institution |
Universiti Utara Malaysia |
collection |
UUM ETD |
language |
eng |
advisor |
Mohd Harif, Amy Azhar |
topic |
HF5001-6182 Business |
spellingShingle |
HF5001-6182 Business Othman, Chin Kualiti Perhubungan Francais (FRQ) Dalam Sistem Perniagaan Francais di Malaysia |
description |
Of late, franchising has been widely accepted as an effective way to conduct and expand businesses. The franchise system, however, is not a guarantee for success in business, as it nonetheless depends on a cordial relationship between both parties namely, the franchisor and the franchisee. Franchise relationships which are symbiotic and mutual are unique and differ from the conventional business operations. Devoid of good understanding between franchisor and franchisee, this relationship will end up in disputes that can possibly lead to legal impediments. The success and failure of any franchise businesses are closely related to how far both, the franchisor and franchisee, fulfil their responsibilities in maintaining a high level of franchise relationship quality (FRQ). Literature review has revealed the lack of research in identifying the factors that determine this FRQ, even though empirical researchers view that FRQ is considered as among the main indicators for the success of a franchising system. Thus, this qualitative research was conducted to identify the factors that attributed to the FRQ between franchisor and franchisee. This process involved the integration between existing literature reviews and industrial practices, emphasising on the gaps to elucidate the problem statement. Semi-structured interviews were conducted in this research to answer the four (4) main issues. Ten (10) dimensions of FRQ, fourteen (14) exogenous factors and eleven (11) endogenous factors that influenced the FRQ were identified. In conclusion, this comprehensive research will benefit all the stake holders to (i) adhere to the FRQ dimension in Malaysia, (ii) identify the exogenous factors that influence the FRQ, (iii) identify the endogenous factors that influence the FRQ, (iv) introduce the crucial elements to be given attention to in any franchise development programme and (v) initiate an exploratory model for further research to affirm the literature reviews. |
format |
Thesis |
qualification_name |
Ph.D. |
qualification_level |
Doctorate |
author |
Othman, Chin |
author_facet |
Othman, Chin |
author_sort |
Othman, Chin |
title |
Kualiti Perhubungan Francais (FRQ) Dalam Sistem Perniagaan Francais di Malaysia |
title_short |
Kualiti Perhubungan Francais (FRQ) Dalam Sistem Perniagaan Francais di Malaysia |
title_full |
Kualiti Perhubungan Francais (FRQ) Dalam Sistem Perniagaan Francais di Malaysia |
title_fullStr |
Kualiti Perhubungan Francais (FRQ) Dalam Sistem Perniagaan Francais di Malaysia |
title_full_unstemmed |
Kualiti Perhubungan Francais (FRQ) Dalam Sistem Perniagaan Francais di Malaysia |
title_sort |
kualiti perhubungan francais (frq) dalam sistem perniagaan francais di malaysia |
granting_institution |
Universiti Utara Malaysia |
granting_department |
Othman Yeop Abdullah Graduate School of Business |
publishDate |
2012 |
url |
https://etd.uum.edu.my/3819/1/s91218.pdf |
_version_ |
1747827652912218112 |
spelling |
my-uum-etd.38192016-04-20T07:28:37Z Kualiti Perhubungan Francais (FRQ) Dalam Sistem Perniagaan Francais di Malaysia 2012-08 Othman, Chin Mohd Harif, Amy Azhar Othman Yeop Abdullah Graduate School of Business Othman Yeop Abdullah Graduate School of Business HF5001-6182 Business Of late, franchising has been widely accepted as an effective way to conduct and expand businesses. The franchise system, however, is not a guarantee for success in business, as it nonetheless depends on a cordial relationship between both parties namely, the franchisor and the franchisee. Franchise relationships which are symbiotic and mutual are unique and differ from the conventional business operations. Devoid of good understanding between franchisor and franchisee, this relationship will end up in disputes that can possibly lead to legal impediments. The success and failure of any franchise businesses are closely related to how far both, the franchisor and franchisee, fulfil their responsibilities in maintaining a high level of franchise relationship quality (FRQ). Literature review has revealed the lack of research in identifying the factors that determine this FRQ, even though empirical researchers view that FRQ is considered as among the main indicators for the success of a franchising system. Thus, this qualitative research was conducted to identify the factors that attributed to the FRQ between franchisor and franchisee. This process involved the integration between existing literature reviews and industrial practices, emphasising on the gaps to elucidate the problem statement. Semi-structured interviews were conducted in this research to answer the four (4) main issues. Ten (10) dimensions of FRQ, fourteen (14) exogenous factors and eleven (11) endogenous factors that influenced the FRQ were identified. In conclusion, this comprehensive research will benefit all the stake holders to (i) adhere to the FRQ dimension in Malaysia, (ii) identify the exogenous factors that influence the FRQ, (iii) identify the endogenous factors that influence the FRQ, (iv) introduce the crucial elements to be given attention to in any franchise development programme and (v) initiate an exploratory model for further research to affirm the literature reviews. 2012-08 Thesis https://etd.uum.edu.my/3819/ https://etd.uum.edu.my/3819/1/s91218.pdf text eng validuser Ph.D. doctoral Universiti Utara Malaysia Aaker, D.A., Kumar, V., & Day, G.S. (2001). Marketing research. (7th ed.). New York: John Wiley & Son. Abdul Aziz Abdul Muti. (1981). Kajian sistem pawah di kalangan pekebun kecil, Imprint Kuala Lumpur : Bahagian Ekonomi Perancangan dan Belanjawan, Pihak Berkuasa Kemajuan Pekebun Kecil Perusahaan Getah. Abdullah, F., Alwi, M.R., Lee, N., & Ho, V.B. (2008). Measuring and managing franchisee satisfaction: a study of academic franchising. Journal of Modeling in Management, 3(2), 182. Afyonoglu, G., Contreras, M., Meyer, S., Rose, T., & Weber, C. (2009). Franchising in Germany: A stepping stone toward entrepreneurship. Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, Diperolehi pada Disember 2, 2009 melalui laman web: http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/ articlepdf/2218.pdf?CFID=75584118&CFTOKEN=79285333&jsession id=a830db3737e99af67ab4711c19267f6aa517. Akta Francais 1998 (Akta 590) Dan Peraturan. (2006). Undang-undang Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: International Law Book Services Altinay, L. (2006). Selecting partners in an international franchise organization. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 25(1), 108-128. Alzola, L.M., & Robaina, V.P. (2005). SERVQUAL: its applicability in electronic commerce B2C. The Quality Management Journal, 12(4), 46-56. Anderson, E.W., Fornell, C., & Lehman, D.R. (1994). Customer satisfaction, market share and profitability: Findings from Sweden. Journal of Marketing, July(58), 53. Anil, S. (2009). Exploring franchisor franchisee relationship : Building a predictive model of franchise performance. The Journal of Business Perspective, 13(1), 32. Auriol, E., & Picard, P.M. (2009). Infrastructure and public utilities privatization in developing countries. The World Bank Economic Review, 23(1), 77. Axelrad, N.D., & Rudnick, L.G. (1987). Franchising: A planning and sales compliance guide. Chicago: Commerce Clearing House Inc. Awalan Aziz. (2002). Franchising in Malaysia: A brief handbook. Kuala Lumpur: Malaysian Franchise Association. Bahagian Pembangunan Francais, KPDNKK. (2010). Majlis penyampaian lesen francais 2010 oleh Y.B. Menteri. Diperolehi pada Disember 10, 2010, melalui laman web:http://www.franchisemdtcc.gov.my/web/guest/315. Baker, T.L. (1994). Doing social research. (2nd Ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Inc. Bernard, H.R. (2011). Research Methods in Anthropology: Qualitative and Quantitative Approach. 5th Ed. Maryland, UK: Altamira Press. Barney J. B. (1986). Strategic factor markets: Expectations, luck and business strategy. Management Science, 32(10), 1231-1241. Barney J. B. (1991). Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management, 17(1), 99-120. Barzel, Y., & Kochin, L. (1992). The nature of social cost as a key to the problem of the firm. Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 94, 19-31. Bashir, M., Afzal, M.T., & Azeem, M. (2008). Reliability and validity of qualitative and operational research paradigm. Pakistan Journal of Statistical and Operational Research, 4(1), 35-45. Baucus, D.A., Baucus M.S., & Human S.E. (1993). Choosing a franchise: How base fees and royalties relate to the value of the franchise. Journal of Small Business Management, April, 91-104. Baucus, D.A., & Baucus, M.S. (1997). Variation in base fees and royalties in franchising contract . Franchising Research: An International Journal, 2(1), 15-31. Beatson, A., Lings, I., & Gudergan, S.P. (2008). Service staff attitudes, organizational practices and performance drivers. Journal of Management and Organization, 14(2), 168-179. Bejou, D., Wray, B., & Ingram, T.N. (1996). Determinants of relationship quality: An artificial neural network analysis. Journal of Business Research, 36(1), 137-143. Berita Harian. (2009, September 9). 30 Usahawan Francais PNS Mungkin Muflis. Diperolehi pada Disember 2, 2009 melalui laman web:http://www.mfa.org.my/? franchise-news:30-usahawan-francais-pns-mungkin-muflis:265B2C8634. Bernama. (2008, Jun 26). Introducing the motion to table the midterm review of the ninth Malaysia plan. Diperolehi pada Januari 5, 2009, melalui laman web:http://www.bernama.com/ bernama/v3/news_lite.php?id=342137. Bernama. (2009, November 24). 37 Kes aduan pihak francaisi hadapi masalah dengan francaisor. Diperolehi pada November 24, 2009, melalui laman web:http://www.bernama.com.my/bernama/state_news/bm/news.php?id=457568&cat=ut Bernama. (2010, Jun 10). Pusat pengantara francais ditubuhkan menjelang hujung tahun 2010. Diperolehi pada Julai 15, 2010, melalui laman web: http://www.mfa.org. my/?franchise-news:pusat-pengantara-francais-ditubuhkan-menjelang-hujung-tahun:5PB8HZGG3N. Berry, L.L. (1995). Relationship marketing of services-Growing interest, emerging perspectives. Academy of Marketing Science Journal, 23(4), 236. Bill, Y. (2009). The history of franchising - The creation of the franchise business. Diperolehi pada Disember 1, 2009, melalui laman web: http://www.ezinearticle s.com/?The-History-of-Franchising---The-Creation-of-the-Franchise-Business&id=11360. Bishop, W.R., Jr. (1984). Competitive intelligence. Progressive Grocer, 63(March), 19-20. Blackwood, T., & Mowl, G. (2000). Expatriate-owned small businesses: Measuring and accounting for success. International Small Business Journal, 18, 60-73. Blau, P. (1964). Exchange and power in social life. New York: Wiley. Dalam Davies, M., Lassar, W., Manolis, C. et al. (2009). A model of trust and compliance in franchise relationships. Journal of Business Venturing. doi:10.1016/j.jbusent.2009. 09.005. Bogdan, R.C., & Biklen, S.K. (2007), Qualitative research for education: An introduction to theories and methods. Boston: Pearson. Boles, J.S., Johnson, J.T., & Barksdale, H.C.J. (2000). How salespeople build quality relationships: a replication and extension. Journal of Business Research, 48,75-81. Bongiorno, L. (1993). Franchise fracas. Business Week, 22(3310), 68-72. Borys, B., & Jemison, D.B. (1989). Hybrid arrangement as strategic alliances: Theoretical issue. Academy of Management, 14(2), 234-250. Bradach, J.L. (1997). Using the plural form in the management of restaurant chains, Administrative Science Quarterly, 42, 276-303. Bradach, J.L. (1998). Franchise Organizations. Boston: Harvard Business School Press, MA. Bradley, J.S. (2006). Successful franchising, action international business coaching. New York: McGraw Hill. Brickley, J.A. (2002). Royalty rates and franchise fees in share contracts: Evidence from franchising. Journal of Law, Economics and Organization, 18,511-535. British Franchise Association. (2010). Latest findings from the British Franchise Association survey 2010. Diperolehi pada Januari, 29, 2010 melalui laman web: http://www.franchisebloguk.com/ 2010/04/latest-findings-from-british-franchise.html. Bronson, J.W., & Cyril P. Morgan, C.P. (1998). The role of scale in franchise success: evidence from the travel industry. Journal of Small Business Management. 36(4), 33. Brown, W. (1998). Transaction costs, corporate hierarchies and the theory of franchising. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 36, 319-329. Brown, J.R., & Dev, C.S. (1997). The franchisor franchisee relationship. Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 38(6), 30. Bruderl, J., & Preisendorfer, P. (1998). Network support and the success of newly founded business. Small Business Economics,10(3), 213-225. Bryman, A. (2004). Social research methods. (2nd Ed.). Oxford: Oxford Press. Burns, A.C., & Bush, R.F. (2003). Marketing research: Online research applications. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Business Times. (2011). On franchise upgrades, updates. Diperolehi pada Oktober 30, 2011, melalui laman web: http://www.btimes.com. my/Current_News/BTIMES/articles/MONVIEW2/Article/index_ html#ixzz1cEPWaPnU. Buzza, J., & Mosca, J.B. (2009). Create the plan, work the plan: A look at why the independent business owner has trouble calling a franchisee a true entrepreneur. American Journal of Business Education, 2(7), 113. Carney, M., & Gedajlovic, E. (1991)Vertical integration in franchise systems: Agency theory and resource explanations. Strategic Management Journal, 12, 607-629. Castrogiovanni, G. J., Bennett, N., & Combs, J. G. (1995). Franchisor types: Re-examination and clarification. Journal of Small Business Management, 33(1), 45-55. Castrogiovanni, G.J., Combs, J.G., & Justis, R.T. (2006). Resource scarcity and agency theory predictions concerning the continued use of franchising in multi-outlet Networks. Journal of Small Business Management, 44(1), 27. Castrogiovanni, G. J., & Justis, R. T. (1998). Franchising configurations and transitions. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 15(2), 170-187. Caves, R. E., & Murphy, W. F. (1976). Franchising: Firms, markets and intangible assets. Southern Economics Journal, 42(April), 572-586. Chaganti, R., & Patricia, G. (2002). Who are ethnic entrepreneurs? A study of entrepreneursapos; ethnic involvement and business characteristics. Journal of Small Business Management, 40(2), 126–143. Chan, Y.E., Bhargava, N., & Street, C.T. (2006). Having arrived: The homogeneity of high-growth small firms [Electronic version]. Journal of Small Business Management, 44(3), 426-440. Charles, C. M. (1995). Introduction to educational research. (2nd ed.). San Diego: Longman. Charles, M. L., Chem, L. N., & John, L.G. (1976), Competitive advantage variation over the life cycle of a franchise. The Journal of Marketing, 40(4), 77-80. Charmaz, K. (2006). Constructing grounded theory: A practical guide through qualitative analysis. London: SAGE Publications. Chen, Y., & Lin, F. (2006). Regional development and sources of superior performance across textile and IT sectors in Taiwan. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 18(3), 227-248. Chiou, J.S, Hsieh, C.H., & Yang, C.H. (2004). The effect of franchisor’ communication, service assistance, and competitive advantages on franchisees’ intentions to remain in the franchise system. Journal of Small Business Management, 42, 19. Chathoth, P. K., & Olsen, M. D. (2003). Strategic alliances: A hospitality industry perspective. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 22, 419-434. Christopher, M., Payne, A., & Ballantyne, D. (1991). Relationship Marketing, Butterworth-Heinemann: Oxford. 8-9. Dalam Injazz, J., Chen & Karen, P. (2003). Understanding customer relationship management (CRM): People, process and technology. Business Process Management Journal, 9 (5) 672. Clarkin, J.E., & Swavely, S.M. (2006). The importance of personal characteristics in franchisee Selection. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 13(2), 133-142. Combs, J., & Castrogiovanni, G.J. (1994). Franchisor strategy: A proposed model and empirical test of franchise versus company ownership. Journal of Small Business Management, 31(2), 37-48. Combs, J., & Ketchen, D. (1999). Can capital scarcity help agency theory explain franchising? Revisiting the capital scarcity hypothesis. Academy of Management Journal, 42, 196-207. Combs, J., & Ketchen, D. (2003). Why do firms use franchising as an entrepreneurial strategy? A meta-analysis. Journal of Management, 29, 443-465. Combs, J., Michael, S., & Castrogiovanni, G. (2004). Franchising: A review and avenues to greater theoretical diversity. Journal of Management, 30, 907-931. Connolly, R., O'Gorman, B., & Bogue, J. (2006). An exploratory study of the process by which recent graduate entrepreneurs become self-employed. Irish Journal of Management, 26(2), 185-211. Cooper, D.R., & Schindler, P.S. (2006). Business research methods, (9th ed.). New York: McGraw Hill. Cottrell, R.R., & McKenzie, J.F. (2011). Health promotion and education research: Using five chapter thesis/dissertation models. Sudbury: Jones & Bartlett Publisher. Cox, K.C. (1995). Relationship management orientation and relationship marketing success. UMI Dissertation Services, MI: Ann Arbor. Cox, J., & Dale, B. (2001). Service quality and e-commerce: An exploratory analysis. Managing Service Quality, 11(2), 121-3. Cozby, P. C. (2001). Methods in Behavioural Research. (8th Ed.). Boston: McGraw Hill. Cresswell, J.W. (2007). Qualitative inquiry & research design. (2nd Ed.). Thousand Oak, CA: Sage. Croonen, E. (2005). Strategic interactions in franchise relationships, Tesis Phd, University of Gronengen, The Netherlands. Diperolehi pada Jun 16, 2008, melalui laman web:http://www.dissertations.ub.rug.nl/FILES/faculties/ management/ 2006/e.p.m.croonen/Croonendefinitief.pdf. Crosby, L. A., Evans, K. R., & Cowles, D. (1990). Relationship quality in services selling: An interpersonal influence perspective. Journal of Marketing, 54(3), 68-81. Crotty, M. (1998). The foundation of social research. London: Sage. Crotty, M. (2007). The foundation of social research: meaning and perspective in research process. London: Sage Cumberland, D., & Githens, R. (2012) Tacit knowledge barriers in franchising: practical solutions, Journal of Workplace Learning, 24(1), 48-58. Curtis, L.W. (2010). Assessing mission and resources for social change: An organizational identity perspective on social venture capitalists' decision criteria. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 34(4), 705-733. Czepiel, J.A. (1990). Service encounters and service relationships: implications for research. Journal of Business Research, 20(1), 13-21. Dahlstrom, R., & Nygaard, A. (1995). An exploratory investigation on interpersonal trust ini new and mature market economies. Journal of Retailing, 71(4), 339-361. Dant, R. (1995). Motivations for franchising: Rhetoric versus reality. International Small Business Journal, 14, 10-32. Dant, R., Paswan, A., & Kaufmann, P. (1996). What we know about ownership redirection in franchising: A meta-analysis. Journal of Retailing, 72, 429-444. Dant, R.P. (2008). A futuristic research agenda for the field of franchising. Journal of Small Business Management. 46(1), 91. Dant, R.P., & Schul, P.L. (1992). Conflict resolution process in contractual channels of distribution. Journal of Marketing, 56(1), 38-54. Darin W.W. (2010). The impact of marketing strategy creation style on the formation of a climate of trust in a retail franchise setting. European Journal of Marketing, 44 (1/2), 162–179. Davies, D., & Dodd, J. (2002). Qualitative research and the question of rigor. Qualitative Health research, 12(2), 279-289. Davis, P.J. (2004). Organizational effectiveness and empowered stakeholders: Challenges for training managers. Training & Management Development Methods, 18(1), 709. Davis, P.J. (2004). Effective communication strategies in a franchise organisation. Corporate Communication : An International Journal, 9(4), 276-282. Davies, M., Lassar, W., Manolis, C. et al. (2009). A model of trust and compliance in franchise relationships. Journal of Business Venturing, doi:10.1016/j. jbusent.2009.09.005. Denzin, N.K. (1989). The research act: A theoretical to sociological methods. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall. Denzin, N.K. (2000), Handbook of qualitative research, (2nd Ed.). Thousand Oak. CA:Sage. Desai, P.S. (1997). Advertising fee in business-format franchising, Management Science, 43(10), 1401-1419. Dewan Rakyat Parlimen (2005). Laporan Dewan Rakyat Parlimen Ke13 penggal Ke3, Mesyuarat Pertama. Diperolehi pada Januari 5, 2009 melalui laman web:http://www.parlimen.gov.my/hindex/pdf/DR-27042006. pdf. Dick, B. (2009). Action research and new media concepts . International Journal of Action Research, 5(2), 215-225. Dick, B. (2007). Action research as an enhancement of natural problem solving. International Journal of Action Research, 3(1/2),149-168. Dick, B. (2002). Postgraduate programs using action research. The Learning Organization, 9(3/4), 159-170. Dick, B. (2000). A beginner's guide to action research [On line]. Diperolehi pada Ogos 30, 2010 melalui laman web:http://www.scu.edu.au/schools/gcm/ar/arp/ guide. html. Dick, B. (1990), Convergent Interviewing, Brisbane: Interchange. Dickey M.H., McKnight, D.H., & George, J.F. (2007). The role of trust in franchise organizations. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 15(3), 251. De Wulf, K., Oderkeken-Schroder, G., & Lacobucci, D. (2001). Investments in consumer relationships: A cross country and cross-industry exploration. Journal of Marketing, 65(4), 33-50. Dnes, A., & Garoupa, N. (2005). Externality and organizational choice in franchising. Journal of Economics and Business, 57(2), 139-149. Doherty, A.M., & Alexander, N. (2004). Relationship development in international retail franchising. European Journal of Marketing, 38(9/10), 1215-1235. Donaldson, W.G., & O'Toole, T. (2007). Strategic market relationships-strategy to implementation. (2nd ed.). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. Dorsh, M.J., Swanson, S.R., & Kelley, S.W. (1998). The role of relationship quality in the stratification of vendors as perceived by customers. Journal of Academy of Marketing Science. 26(2), 128-142. Dwyer, F.R., Schurr, P.H., & Oh, S. (1987). Developing buyer-seller relationship. Journal of Marketing, 51(2), 11. Ebben, J., & Johnson, A. (2005). Efficiency, flexibility, or both? Evidence linking strategy to performance in small firms. Strategic Management Journal, 26(13), 1249-1259. Edwin R.T., Rennie, A.M., Hundley, V., & Graham, W. (2001). The importance of conducting and reporting pilot studies: the example of the Scottish births survey. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 34(3), 289–295. Eisenhardt, K.M. (1989). Agency theory: An assessment and review. Academy of Management Review, 14(1), 57-74. Elango, B., & Vance, H.F. (1997). Franchising research: A literature review and synthesis. Journal of Small Business Management, 35(3), 68. Elliott, J. (1991). Action research for educational change. Buckingham: Open University Press. E-Myth Worldwide, (2008), Why most small businesses don't work and what to do about it. Diperolehi pada Januari 8, 2009, melalui laman web:http//www.e-myth. com/pub/htdocs Euromonitor International Inc. (2007). Retailing in Malaysia. Diperolehi pada Mac 12, 2007, melalui laman web:http://www.euromonitor.com Farrelly, F.J., & Quester, P.G. (2005). Examining important relationship quality constructs of the focal sponsorship exchange. Industrial Marketing Management, 34, 211-219. Fasci, M., & Valdez, J. (1998). A performance contrast of men – and women-owned small accounting practices. Journal of Small Business Management, 36(3), 1-8. Fladmoe-Lindquist, K., & Jacque, L.L. (1995). Control modes in international service operations: The propensity to franchise. Management Science, 41(7) 1238. Flick, U. (2002). An introduction to qualitative research. (2nd ed.). London: SAGE Publications. Foss, K., & N.J. Foss. (2001). Assets, attributes and ownership. International Journal of the Economics of Business, 8, 19-37. Franchise New Zealand. (2010). Size of franchise systems. Franchise Research: Franchising New Zealand. Diperolehi pada Januari, 29, 2010 melalui laman web: http:// www.franchise.co.nz/article/view/1167#. Frazer, L. (1998). Motivation for franchisor to use flat continuing franchise fees. The Journal of Consumer Marketing, 15(6), 587. Frazer, L. (2001). Cause of disruption to franchise operation. Journal of Business Research, 54, 227-234. Frazer, L. (2001). Why franchisors discontinues franchising but continuing continue operating. International Small Business Journal, 19(3), 29-38. Frazer, L. (2003). Franchising. Dalam McColl-Kennedy, J.(nd.). Services marketing. Brisbane: Wiley, 418-441. Frazer, L., & Perry, C. (1998). Innovative fee structures by Australian franchisors. Small Enterprise Research: The Journal of SEAANZ, 6(1), 10-30. Frazer, L., & Terry, A. (2002). Factors effecting franchise agreement termination: Lessons for the franchising sector. Journal of Small Business Strategy, 13(1), 105-116. Frazer, L., & Winzar, H. (2005). Exits and expectations: why disappointed franchisees leave. Journal of Business Research, 58(11), 1534-1542. Frazer, L., & Weaven, S. (2002). Franchising Australia 2002. Brisbane: Franchise Council of Australia. Frazer, L., & Winzar, H. (2005). Exits and expectations: why disappointed franchisees leave. Journal of Business Research, 58(11), 15-34. Frazer, L., Weaven, S., Giddings, J., & Grace, D. (2012) What went wrong? Franchisors and franchisees disclose the causes of conflict in franchising. Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal, 15(1), 87–103. Fujimoto, A. (1976), An economic analysis of peasant rice farming in Kelantan, Malaysia. South East Asian Studies, 14(2), 159 – 176. Fulop, C. (2000). History and development. Dalam Lashley, C., & Morrison, A. (Eds). Franchising hospitality services, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 22-43. Fynes, B., & Voss, C. (2001). A path analytic model of quality practices, quality performance and business performance. Production and Operations Management, 10(4), 494-513. Fynes, B., & Voss, C. (2002). The moderating effect of buyer-supplier relationship on quality practices and performance. International Journal of Operations and Production Management, 22(6), 589-613. Garbarino, E., & Johnson, M.S. (1999). The different roles of satisfaction, trust and commitment in customer relationship. Journal of Marketing, 63(2), 70. Gaski, J. F. (1984). The theory of power and conflict in channels of distribution. Journal of Marketing. 48 (Summer), 9-29. Gaski, J. F. (1986). Interrelationships among a channel entity’s power sources: Impact of reward and coercion on expert, referent, and legitimate power sources. Journal of Marketing Research, February, 62-77. Gaski, J. F., & Nevin, J. (1985). The differential effects of exercised and unexercised power sources in a marketing channel. Journal of Marketing Research, May, 130-142. Geoffrey, E. M. (2010). Action research: A guide for the teacher researcher. (3rd ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Education. Ghuari, P.N., Gronhaug, K., & Kristianslund, I. (1995). Research methods in business studies: A practical guide. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Gill, L.E., & Allerheligen, R.P. (1996). Co-operation in channel distribution: Physical distribution lead the way. International Journal of Physical Distribution and Logistics Management, 31(10), 508. Gilmore, A., Carson, D., & Grant, K (2001). SME marketing in practice marketing. Intelligence & Planning, 19(1), 6 – 11. Glaser, B.G., & Strauss, A.L. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. New York: Aldine. Dalam Flick, U. (2002). An introduction to qualitative research. (2nd ed.). London: SAGE Publications. Glaser, B.G. (1978). Theoretical sensitivity. Mill Valey, CA: University of California Press. Dalam Flick, U. (2002). An introduction to qualitative research. (2nd ed.). London: SAGE Publications. Grace, D., & Weaven, S. (2011). An empirical analysis of franchisee value-in-use, investment risk and relational satisfaction. Journal of Retailing, 87(3), 366–380. Green, J., Franquiz, M., & Dixon, C. (1997). The myth of the objective transcript: Transcribing as a situated act. TESOL Quarterly, 31, 172–176. Gronroos, C. (1997). Value relational marketing: from products resources and competencies. Journal of Marketing Management, 13(5), 407-419. Gronroos, C. (1994). From marketing mix to relationship marketing: Towards a paradigm shift in marketing. Management Decision, 32(2), 4-20. Grünhagen, M., Flight, R.L., & Boggs, D.J. (2011). Franchising during times of economic recession: A longitudinal analysis of automotive service franchises. Journal of Marketing Channels, 18(1), 57. Grunhagen, M., & Dorsch, M.J. (2003). Does the franchisor provide value to franchisees? Past, current, and future value assessments of two franchisee types. Journal of Small Business Management, 41(4), 366-384. Grünhagen, M., & Mittelstaedt, R.A. (2005). Entrepreneurs or investors: Do multi-unit franchisees have different philosophical orientations? Journal of Small Business Management, 43(3), 207. Gauzente, C. (2002). Using qualitative methods in franchise research: An application in understanding the franchised entrepreneurs' motivations. Qualitative Social Research, 1(3), Diperolehi pada Oktober 13, 2008, melalui laman web:http:// www.qualitative-research .net/fqs/fqs-eng.htm. Gauzente C. (2010). Market orientation in franchise networks: A contrast analysis of franchisers and franchisees views. International Review of Retailing, Distribution and Consumer Research, 20(2), 273-284. Golafshani, N. (2003). Understanding reliability and validity in qualitative research. The Qualitative Report, 8(4), 597-607. Gummesson, E. (1994). Making relationship marketing operational. International Journal of Service Industry Management, 5(5), 5. Gummesson, E. (1987). Quality–the Ericsson approach. Stockholm: Ericsson. Gundlach, G.T., Achrol, R.S., & Mentzer, J.T. (1995). The structure of commitment in exchange. Journal of Marketing, 59(1), 78. Hachemi, A. E., & Schlentrich, U.A. (2011). Towards a strategic model of global franchise expansion. Journal of Retailing, 87(3), 345–365. Hackett, D.W. (1976). The international expansion of U.S. franchise system: Status and strategies. Journal of International Business Studies, 7(1), 65-77. Hair, J.F., Bush, R.P., & Ortinau, D.J. (2009). Marketing research in a digital information, (4th ed.). Singapore: Mc Graw Hill. 154. Hamel, G., & Prahalad, C.K.(1994). Competing for the future. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press. Hamid, A.B., Othman, M.H.M., Selamat, R., & Mastor, N. (2003), An encouraging Factors for entrepreneur in franchising: A Malaysian experience. Dalam Proceeding of 16th Annual Conference of Small Enterprise Association of Australia and New Zealand, Ballarat, Australia 28 September – 1 October. Hanafiah, M.H., & Senik, Z.C. (2002). Critical success factors in franchise business : A survey on Malaysian franchise entrepreneurs. Dalam Proceedings of the Universiti Tenaga Nasional Business Management Conference 2002, (14-21), Residence Hotel, Bangi, Malaysia. Hannabuss, S. (1996). Research interviews. New Library World, 97(5), 22–30. Harian Metro. (2009, September 16). Batal lesen francaisor tidak jujur. Diperolehi pada Januari, 25, 2010, melalui laman web:http://www.mfa.org.my/?franchise-news:batal-lesen-francaisor-tak-jujur:21F830V3D5. Harmon, T.R., & Griffiths, M.A. (2008). Franchisee perceived relationship value. Journal of Business and Industrial Marketing, 23(4), 256-263. Hausman, A., & Johnston, W.J. (2010). The impact of coercive and non-coercive forms of influence on trust, commitment, and compliance in supply chains. Industrial Marketing Management, 39(3), 519-526. Healy, M., & Perry, C. (2000). Comprehensive criteria to judge validity and reliability of qualitative research within the realism paradigm. Qualitative Market Research, 3(3), 118-126. Heckathorn, D.D. (2002). Respondent-driven sampling II: Deriving valid estimates from chain-referral samples of hidden populations. Social Problems, 49(1), 11–34. Hennig-Thurau, T., Gwinner, K., & Gremler, D. (2002). Understanding marketing outcomes: An integration of relational benefits and relationship quality. Journal of Service Research, 4(3), 230-247. Hennig-Thurau, T., & Klee, A. (1997). The impact of customer satisfaction and relationship quality on customer retention: A critical reassessment and model development. Psychology & Marketing, 14(8), 737-764. Heong, N.S. (2009). An empirical analysis of franchisee satisfaction in Malaysia: An agency relationship perspective, Disertasi tidak diterbitkan DBA, International Graduate School of Business, University of South Australia, Australia. Herman, M.L. (2009). The history of franchising. International franchise attorney. Diperolehi pada Januari 5, 2009 melalui laman web:http:// www.international franchise law.com/CM/Custom/History.asp. Hermanns, H. (2000). Interviewing as an activity. Dalam U. Flick, E. von Kardoff & I. Steinke (Ed.), B. Jenner (Trans.), (2009). A companion to qualitative research, 334-339, London: SAGE Publications. Herrington, J.D. (2006). Are Restaurant Franchisees Getting a Positive Return on Their Advertising Fees? Journal of Promotion Management, 11(1), 71–81. Hibbard, J.D., Nirmalya, K., & Louis, W. S. (2001). Examining the impact of destructive acts in marketing channel relationships. Journal of Marketing Research, 38(February), 45–61. Hietalahti, J., & Linden, M. (2006). Socio-economic impacts of microfinance and repayment performance: a case study of the small enterprise foundation, South Africa. Progress Development Studies, 6(3), 201-210. Hill, J., & Wright, L.T (2001). A qualitative research agenda for small to medium-sized enterprises, Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 19(6), 432 – 443. Hing, N. (1995). Franchise satisfaction: Contribution and consequences. Journal of Small Business Management, 33(2), 12-25. Hing, N. (1997).How franchise job satisfaction and personality affects performance organization commitment, franchisor relations and intention to remain. Journal of Small Business Management, 35(3), 39-67. Hoffman, R. C., & Preble, J. F. (1991). Franchising: Selecting a strategy for rapid growth. Long Range Planning, 24(4), 74-85. Hoon-Ku, S. (2002). An exploratory model of the relationships among the external environment, entrepreneurial strategy, mechanistic-organic structure, and financial performance of restaurant franchisors from the perspective of franchisees. Tesis PhD, Faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia. Diperolehi pada Julai 27, 2008 melalui laman web:http://www.scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses /available/etd-01142002-151314/ unrest ricted/ETD_Cover.pdf Hopf, C. (2000). Qualitative interviews: An overview. Dalam U. Flick, E. von Kardoff & I. Steinke (Ed.), B. Jenner (Trans.), (2009). A companion to qualitative research, 334-339, London: SAGE Publications. Hopkinson, G.C., & Sandra Hogarth-Scott, S. (1999). Franchise relationship quality: micro-economic explanations. European Journal of Marketing, 33(9/10), 827-843. Huang, C.H. (2010). Investigating relationship between relationship quality, customer loyalty and cooperation: An empirical study of convenience stores’ franchise chain systems in Taiwan. Tesis Master of Business (Research), Queensland University of Technology, Australia. Diperolehi pada November 28, 2011, melalui laman web: http://www.eprints.qut.edu.au/28566. Huang, Y., & Phau, I. (2008). Mapping the profiles of franchisees; Getting to know the black sheep, rough diamonds, wingers and best buddies. Direct Marketing, 2(4), 221. Hunt, S.D. (1977). Franchising: promises, problems, prospects. Journal of Retailing, 53(3), 71-84. Hunt, S.D., & Nevin, J.R. (1975). Tying agreements in franchising. Journal of Marketing, 39(July), 20-26. International Franchise Association. (2009). The economic impact of franchised businesses. Diperolehi pada Disember 20, 2009 melalui laman web: http://www.franchise.org/upload edFiles/Franchisors/Other_Content/economic_impact_documents/EconImpact_Vol2_HiLights.pdf. International Franchise Association’s Educational Foundation (IFAEF). (2009). Economic Impact of Franchised Businesses. Kajian oleh International Franchise National Economic Consulting, Price Waterhouse & Coopers (2004). Diperolehi pada Disember 12, 2009 melalui laman web: http://www.franchise.org/Files /EIS6 _2.pdf Ishikawa, K. (1994). What he thought and achieved: A basis for further research. Quality Management Journal, July, 86- 91. Ivens, B., & Pardo, C. (2007). Are key account relationships different? Empirical results on supplier strategies and customer reactions. Industrial Marketing Management, 36(4), 470-482. Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia. (2010). Perangkaan. Diperolehi pada Julai 23, 2012, melalui laman web:http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=350:preliminary-count-report-population-and-housing-census-malaysia-2010&catid=102 :preliminary-count-report-population-and-housing-census-malaysia-2010&lang=bm. Jabatan Perdana Menteri. (1993). Taklimat konsep dan strategi perlaksanaan program pembangunan francais. Kertas Putih Taklimat Kepada Dato’ Abdul Halim Bin Dato Abdul Rauf, Ketua Pengarah Unit Penyelarasan Perlaksanaan, Jabatan Perdana Menteri pada 23 Januari 1993. Jailani Harun. (2000). Franchising industry yet to tap full potential. Business Times, Kuala Lumpur: Dec 11. Jambulingam, T., & Nevin, J.R. (1999). Influence on franchisee selection criteria on outcomes desired by the franchisor. Journal of Business Venturing, 14(4), 363-95. Japan Franchise Association. (2009). 2009 FC Statistic. Diperolehi pada Januari, 29, 2010 melalui laman web: http://www.jfa-fc.or.jp/particle/126.html Jarvelin, A., & Lehtinen, U. (1996). Relationship quality in business-to-business service context, Dalam Edvardsson, B.B., Johnston, S.W., & Scheuing, R. (Eds). QUIS 5 Advancing Service Quality: A Global Perspective. Toronto: Warwick Printing Company Ltd, 243-54. Jepsen, D.M., & Rodwel, J.J. (2008). Convergent interviewing : a qualitative diagnostic technique for researchers. Management Research News, 31(9), 650-658. Jensen, M.C., & Meckling, W.H. (1976). Theory of the firm: Managerial behaviour, agency costs and ownership structure. Journal of Financial Economics, 3(4), 305-360. John, G. (1984). An empirical investigation of some antecedents of opportunism in a marketing channel. Journal of Marketing Research, 21, 278–289. Johnson, B.R. (1997). Examining the validity structure of qualitative research. Education, 118(2), 282–292. Johnson, J.L. (1999). Strategic integration in industrial distribution channels: managing the inter firm relationship as a strategic asset. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 27(1), 4-18. Johnson, P., & Duberley. (2000). Understanding management research: An introduction to epistemology. London: Sage. Juste, V.B., Palacios, L.L., & Redondo, Y.P. (2011). An analysis of franchisor failure risk: evidence from Spain. Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, 26(6), 407-420. Justis, R.T., & Chan, P.S. (1991). Training for franchise management. Journal of Small Business Management, 29(3), 87. Justis, R.T., & Judd, R. (1989). Franchising. Cincinnati, Ohio: South-western Publishing Co. Justis, R.T., Oslen, J.E., & Chan, P.S. (1993). Using marketing research to enhance franchisee/ franchisor relationships. Journal of Small Business Management, 31(2), 121-127. Kamus Dewan. (2005).Kamus dewan. (Edisi Keempat). Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa Dan Pustaka. Kamus Oxford. (2008). Franchise definition. Diperolehi pada Disember 13, 2008, melalui laman web: http://www.oxforddict ionaries.com/definition/franchise. Kane, J.R. (2001). Communication: The road to solid franchisee relationship. Franchising World, 33 (January/February), 28 – 30. Kaufmann, P.J., & Dant, R.P. (1996). Multi-unit franchising: Growth and management issues. Journal of Business Venturing, 11, 343-358. Kaufmann, P.J., & Eroglu, S. (1999). Standardisation and adaptation in business format franchising. Journal of Business Venturing, 14, 69–85. Kaufmann, P.J., & Lafontaine, F. (1994). Costs of control: The source of economic rents for McDonald's franchisees. Journal of Law and Economics, 37(2), 417-453. Kaufmann, P.J., & Rangan, V.K. (1990). A model for managing system conflict during franchise expansion. Journal of Retailing, 66(2), 155-173. Kaufmann, P.J., & Stanworth, J. (1995). The decision to purchase a franchise: A study of prospective franchisees. Journal of Small Business Management, 33(4), 22-32. Kaufmann, P.J., & Stern, L.W. (1988). Relational exchange norms, perceptions of unfairness and retained hostility in commercial litigation. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 32(3), 534-552. Keegan, W., Moriarty, S., & Duncan, T. (1992). Marketing. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Kementerian Perdagangan Dalam Negeri Koperasi Dan Kepenggunaan (KPDNKK). (2009). Objektif perniagaan francais. Diperolehi pada Disember 4, 2009, melalui laman web:http://www.kpdnkk.gov.my/index.php?option=com_content& task=view&id=13539&Itemid=577. Kementerian Perdagangan Dalam Negeri Koperasi Dan Kepenggunaan (KPDNKK). (2011a).Franchise registration list. Diperolehi pada Julai 19, 2011, melalui laman web: http://www.franchisemdtcc.gov.my/statistikfrancai s?p_p_id=56_ INSTANCE_iICl&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_state=norma& p_p_mode=view&p_p_col_id=column-500&p_p_col _ count=1&page=4 . Kementerian Perdagangan Dalam Negeri Koperasi Dan Kepenggunaan (KPDNKK). (2011b). Industri francais tumbuh 220%. Diperolehi pada Julai 19, 2011, melalui laman web: http://www.kpdnkk.gov.my/image/image_gallery?uuid=1e613126-40ae-44ee-a6bc-06f82a1465f7&groupId=12502&t=1309760369334. Kementerian Perdagangan Dalam Negeri Koperasi Dan Kepenggunaan (KPDNKK). (2012). Ringkasan Pelan Induk Pembangunan Francais Nasional 2012-2016. Diperolehi pada Januari 19, 2012, melalui laman web: http://www.franchise mdtcc. gov.my/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=da741dab-6788 -4f14-88a5-61976ac59 e49&groupId=20835. Kementerian Perdagangan Dalam Negeri Koperasi Dan Kepenggunaan (KPDNKK). (2012a). Laporan Tahunan 2009 Kementerian Perdagangan Dalam Negeri Koperasi Dan Kepenggunaan. Diperolehi pada Julai, 23, 2012, melalui laman web: http://www.kpdnkk.gov.my/kpdnkkthe me/images/kpdnkk/kpdn_annual_report_2009.pdf. Kementerian Pembangunan Usahawan. (1997). Jawapan Menteri Pembangunan Usahawan pada April 2, 2001 di Dewan Rakyat. Kuala Lumpur. Diperolehi pada Disember 12, 2008, melalui laman web: http://www.parlimen.gov.my/files/ hindex/pdf/DR-02042001.pdf Kemmis, S., & McTaggart, R. (1988). The action research planner, third edition, Victoria: Deakin University. Kennedy, M.S., Ferrell, L.K., & LeClair, D.T. (2001). Consumers’ trust of salesperson and manufacturer: an empirical study. Journal of Business Research, 51(1), 73-86. Ketchen, D.J., Jeremy, C., & Combs, J.G. (2011). Is franchising entrepreneurship? Yes, no, and Maybe So. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 35(3), 583-593. Keup, E.J. (2004). Franchise Bible : How to buy a franchise or franchise your own business. (5th ed.). Madison, US: Entrepreneur Press, Inc. Khan, M. A. (1992). Restaurant franchising. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. Khan, M. A. (1999). Restaurant franchising. (2nd Ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons. Kirk, J., & Miller, M. L. (1986). Reliability and validity in qualitative research. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications. Knoblauch, H. (2004). Video-Interaktions- analyse. Sozialer Sinn, 1, 123-139. Dalam Flick, U. (2002). An Introduction to Qualitative Research. (2nd Ed.). London: SAGE Publications. Knoblauch, H., Flick, U., & Maedar, C. (2005). The state of art of qualitative research in Europe. Forum Qualitative Social Research, 6(3) Diperolehi pada Januari 10, 2011, melalui laman web: http://www.nbn-resolvi ng.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs0503342. Koellinger, P., & Thurik, R. (2009). Entrepreneurship and the business cycle. Tinbergen Institute Discussion Paper No.TI09-032/3. Diperolehi pada Jun, 13, 2009 melalui laman web: http://www. ssrn.com/abstract=1403867. Kong. A., & Zwisler, E. (2007), Franchising rides wave of economic expansion in Asia and Pacific. Franchising World, 39(3), 25. Kotler, P. (1992). Marketing's new paradigm: what is really happening out there? Planning Review. 20(5), 50-52. Kris, A., Matthyssensc, P., & Vandenbemptc, K. (2007). Critical role and screening practices of European business incubators. Technovation, 27, 254–267. Kuchiba, M., Tsubouchi, Y., & Maeda, N. (1976) Studies on Malay Villages. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies,11,195 – 200. Kumar, N., Scheer, L.K., & Steenkamp, J.E. (1995), The effects of supplier fairness on vulnerable sellers. Journal of Marketing Research, 32(1), 54-65. Lafontaine, F., & Kaufmann, P. (1994). The evolution of ownership patterns in franchise systems. Journal of Retailing, 70(2), 97-113. Lafontaine, F., & Shaw, K.L. (1999). The dynamics of franchise contracting: evidence from panel data. Journal of Political Economy, 107(5), 1041-80. Lafontaine, F., & Slade, M. (1997). Retail contracting: theory and practice. Journal of Industrial Economics, 45, 1-25. Lambe, J., Wittmann, M.C., & Spekman, R.E. (2001). Social exchange theory and research on business-to-business relational exchange. Journal of Business to Business Marketing, 8(3), 1-36. Laporan Pembentangan Belanjawan. (1998). Pembangunan Usahawan Kelas Menengah Bumiputera. Diperolehi pada Januari 19, 2009, melalui laman web: http:// www.ids.org.my/old/government/ speeches/fedbudget/98budget/Malayver.htm. Laurie, C. (2000). Partners for the millennium. Franchising World, 32, (January/February), 12-20. Lee, J., & Karkoviata, L. (2001). Fast track growth. Asian Business, 37(12), 29-36. Lee, S.B. (1999). An investigation of factors affecting the quality of the relationship between franchisee and franchisor and its impact on franchisee’s performance, satisfaction, and commitment: A study of the restaurant franchise system. Disertasi PhD. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, USA. Diperolehi pada 14 Mac, 2009, melalui laman web:http://www.scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/ available/etd-0427 99-135429/unrestricted/ dissertation.pdf. Leedy, P.D., & Ormrod,J.E. (2009).Practical research: Planning and design. (9th.Ed). USA: Pearson Education. Lerner, M., & Haber, S. (2001). Performance factors of small tourism ventures: The interface of tourism, entrepreneurship and the environment. Journal of Business Venturing, 16(1), 77-100. Leslie, T.W.K. , & Mcneill, L.S. (2010). Towards a conceptual model for franchise perceptual equity. Journal of Brand Management, 18(1), 21-34. Levitt, T. (1986). The Marketing Imagination. New York: The Free Press. Lewin, K. (1946). Action research and minority problems. Journal of Social Issues, 2, 34-46 Lewis, M.C., & Lambert, D.M. (1991). A model of channel member performance, dependence, and satisfaction. Journal of Retailing, 67(2), 205-225. Liang, Chiung-Ju, & Wang, Wen-Hung. (2004), Attributes, benefits, customer satisfaction and behavioural loyalty: An integrative research of financial services industry in Taiwan. Journal of Services Research, 4(1), 57–91. Liang, Chiung-Ju, et al. (2010). Consumer behaviour of the information services industry in Taiwan – conceptual framework and hypotheses development. Measuring Business Excellence, 14(2), 12-21. Leonidou, L.C., Barnes, B.R., & alias, M.A. (2006) Exporter–importer relationship quality: the inhibiting role of uncertainty, distance, and conflict. Industrial Marketing Management, 35(5), 576–588. Liljander, V., & Strandvik, T. (1995). The nature of customer relationships in services. Advances in Services Marketing and Management, 4, 141-167. Lin, C.P., & Ding, C.G. (2005), Opening the black box: Assessing the mediating mechanism of relationship quality and the moderating effects of prior experience in ISP service. International Journal of Service Industry Management, 16(1), 55-80. Lin, C.P., & Ding, C.G. (2006). Evaluation group differences in gender during the formation of relationship quality and loyalty in ISP service. Journal of Organizational and End User Computing, 18(2), 38-62. Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage. Linda, G.B., Edelman, F., & Manolova, T.S. (2008). The effects of initial location, aspirations, and resources on likelihood of first sale in nascent firms. Journal of Small Business Management, 46(2), 159–182. Lindlof, T.R., & Taylor, B.C. (2002). Qualitative communication research methods. (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications. Lusch, R.F. (1976). Sources of power: their impact on intra channel conflict. Journal of Marketing Research, 13, 382-90. MacIsaac, D. (1995). An introduction to action research, Diperolehi pada November 10, 2010, melalui laman web: http://www.phy.nau.edu/~danmac/actionrsch .html. Macneil, I. (1980). The new social contract: An inquiry into modern contractual relations. New Haven: Yale University Press. MacIver, L.L., Piacentini, M., & Eadie, D. (2012). Using qualitative methodologies to understand behaviour change. Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal, 15(1), 70–86. Malhotra, N.K. (2010). Marketing research: An applied orientation. (6th ed.). New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Majlis Pembangunan Negara. (1992). Cabutan minit mesyuarat bil 2/92 pada 24 Mac 1992. Kuala Lumpur: Jabatan Perdana Menteri. Majlis Pembangunan Perusahaan Kecil dan Sederhana (PKS) Kebangsaan. (2009). Defining small and medium enterprises (SMEs). Diperolehi pada November 10, 2009, melalui laman web: http://www.sme info.com.my/index.php?ch=3&pg=16&lang=bm. Manolis, C., Dahlstrom, R., & Nygaard, A. (1995). A preliminary investigation of ownership conversion in franchised distribution systems. Journal of Applied Business Research, 11(2), 1-8. Maritz, A., & Nieman, G. (2008). Implementation of service profit chain initiatives in a franchise system. Journal of Services Marketing, 22(1), 13-23. Marshall, C., & Rossman, G.B. (1995). Designing qualitative research. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications. Martin, R. (1988). Franchising and risk management. American Economic Review,78, 954-968. Martin, R., & Justis, R. (1993). Franchising, liquidity constraints and entry. Applied Economics, 25, 1269-1277. Mayring, P. (2000). Qualitative content analysis. Forum Qualitative Social Research, 1 (2). Diperolehi pada Januari 10, 2010, melalui laman web: http:// www.qualitative-research.net/index.php /fqs/article/view/10 89/2385. Mc Cosker, C. (2000). The quest for quality franchises: an exploration of franchisors' performance. Proceedings of the International Society of Franchising, 14th Annual Conference, San Diego, California. Mc Niff, J. (1988)Action research: Principles and practice. Basingstoke: Macmillan. McDonnell, J., Beatson, A., & Huang, Chih-Hsuan. (2011). Investigating relationships between relationship quality, customer loyalty and cooperation: An empirical study of convenience stores' franchise chain systems. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 23(3), 367 – 385. McKay, R. (2001). Women Entrepreneurs: Moving beyond family and flexibility. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research, 7(4), 148–165. Mehta, S.S. (1999). Continuity expectations in vertical marketing systems: A dyadic perspective of domestic and international franchising, UMI Dissertation Services, MI: Ann Arbor. Mendelsohn, M. (2004). The guide to franchising. (7th. Ed.). London: Thomson, 1. Merrilees, B., & Frazer, L. (2006). Entrepreneurial franchisees have hidden superior marketing systems. Qualitative Market Research, 9(1), 73-85. Merriam, S.B. (1998). Major types of qualitative research. Dalam Merriam S.B. (Ed.). Qualitative research and case study applications in education. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Merriam, S.B., & Associates (2002). Qualitative research in practice: Examples for discussion and analysis. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers. Merriam, S.B. (2009). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation. (2nd Ed.). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. MFA. (2009). Functions. Diperolehi pada Januari 9, 2010, melalui laman web:http://www.mfa.org.my/?about-mfa:functions:29FVV5F5C8. MFA. (2010). Pelan induk industri francais dirangka. Diperolehi pada Januari 9, 2010, melalui laman web: http://www.mfa.org.my/?franchise_news:pelan-induk-industri-francais-dirangka. MFA. (2011). Mediation: Enhancing franchise relationship. Diperolehi pada Januari 14, 2010, melalui laman web: http://www.mfa.org.my/?franchise-news: mediation-enhancing-franchise-relationship:2882KFBKDF. MFA. (2011a). Mediation: Enhancing franchise relationship. Diperolehi pada Jun 26, 2011, melalui laman web: http://www. mfa.org.my/?franchise-directory. Michael, S.C. (1999). Do franchised chains advertise enough? Journal of Retailing, 75(4), 461-478. Michael, S.C. (2000). Investments to create bargaining power: the case of franchising. Strategic Management Journal, 21, 497-514. Michael, S.C. (2002). First mover advantage through franchising. Journal of Business Venturing, 17(4), 325–341. Micheal, S.C. (2003). Determinants of the rate of franchising among nations. Management International Review, 43(3), 267. Michael, G.B. (2004). Evaluating value added features of foodservice franchise ownership: An assessment of two franchise types within the fast-food segment. International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration, 5(2), 1-24. Miles, M.B., & Huberman A.M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis. London: SAGE Publications. Millward, H., & Lewis, A. (2005). Barriers to successful new product development within small manufacturing companies. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 12(3), 379-394. Minkler, A., & Park, T. (1994). Asset specificity and vertical integration in franchising. Review of Industrial Organization, 9, 409-423. Mishler, E.G. (1991). Representing discourse: The rhetoric of transcription. Journal of Narrative and Life History, 1, 255–280. Mohamed Yusoff Ismail. (1982). Tradition and change in Aril: A Siamese village in Kelantan. Mankind, 13(3), 252 – 263. Mohd Amy Azhar Mohd Harif. (2002). The financial planning in the establishment of a new franchise system in Malaysia: An action research study. Tesis PhD, University of Southern Queensland, Australia. Mohd Amy Azhar Mohd Harif. (2003). New practical framework on financial planning process in developing a new franchise system : An action research study in Malaysia. Conference on Economics and Management of Franchising Networks, Vienna, Austria, June 26-28. Mohd Amy Azhar Mohd Harif. (2006). A new paradigm of franchise definition: franchising vs. licensing. Diperolehi pada Januari 20, 2009, melalui laman web: http://www.repo. uum.edu.my/83/1/amyazhar1.pdf. Mohd Amy Azhar Mohd Harif, Chee Hee Hoe & Norsyema Hani Mahad Noor. (2011). Franchisee failures in Malaysia: Contribution of financial and non-financial factors. World Journal of Social Sciences, 1(2), 52-65. Mohd Amy Azhar Mohd Harif, Hoe, C.H, Zolkifli Hussin, Filzah Mohd Isa, Siti Norezam Othman & Mohd Salleh Din. (2011). The determinant factors of successful franchise business in Malaysia. International Review of Business Research papers, 7(1), 1-15. Monroy, M.F., & Alzola, L.M. (2005). An analysis of quality management in franchise systems. European Journal of Marketing, 39 (5/6), 585-605. Moorman, C., Deshpande, R., & Zaltman, G. (1994). Factors affecting trust in market research relationship. Journal of Marketing, 58(July), 20-38. Morgan, R.M., & Hunt. S. (1994). The commitment – trust theory of relationship marketing. Journal of Marketing 58(3), 20-38. Morrison, A. (2000). Entrepreneurship, intrapreneurship and franchising. Dalam Lashley, C., & Morrison, A. (Eds.). (69-91). Hospitality Franchising. Great Britain: Reed Educational and Professional Publishing Ltd. Morrison, K.A. (1995). Why do firms franchise? A test of two theoretical perspectives. Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship, 12(1), 84-100. Morrison, K.A. (1996). An empirical test of a model of franchisee job satisfaction. Journal of Small Business Management, July, 27-41. Morrison, K.A. (1997).How franchise job satisfaction and personality affects performance, organizational commitment, franchisor relation, and commitment to remain. Journal of Small Business Management, 35(July), 39-6. Mubleman, J. (1996). The franchise relationship channel. Franchising World, 28 (January– February), 0-24. Muhammad Asad Sadi, & Henderson, J.C. (2011). Franchising and small medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in industrializing economies: A Saudi Arabian perspective. Journal of Management Development, 30(4), 402-412. Muhammad Aslam Khan, Hasan Afzal, & Iffat S. Chaudhry. (2010). Impact of organization’s mission an encouraging factor for overall performance. African Journal of Business Management, 4(13), 2652-2658. Murray, M., & Kujundzic, N. (2005). Critical reflection: A textbook for critical thinking. Canada: McGill-Queen's University Press. Naisbitt, J. (1996). Megatrends Asia: eight Asian megatrends that are reshaping our world. New York: Simon and Schuster. Nathan, G. (2002). How’s your franchise advisory council? Profitable Partnerships, (5th ed.). Brisbane: Franchise Relationship Institute. Diperolehi pada November 28, 2009, melalui laman web: http://www.franchiserelationships.com/books/pp/chapters /ch01.html. Nathan, G. (2007). Profitable partnerships: Improve your franchise relationships and change your life. Brisbane: Franchise Relationship Institute. Nathan, G. (2008). Profitable Partnerships. (7th ed.). Brisbane: Franchise Relationship Institute. Neuman, W.L. (2004). Basics of social research: Qualitative and quantitative approaches. Boston: Pearson Education/Allyn and Bacon. New Strait Times Press (NSTP) (1999). The fashion of franchising. Diperolehi pada Januari 9, 2009 melalui laman web:http://www.mfa.org.my/mindafrancais/mf0306/MindaFrancais 03.pdf. Noor, S.M., Mokhtar, N., Rahman, I.A., & Moen, J.A. (2002)Franchise development program: Progress, opportunities and challenges in the development of Bumiputera entrepreneurs in Malaysia. Journal of American Academy of Business, 2(September), 27. Norberry, J., & Williams, G. (2002). Voters and the Franchise: the Federal Story. Parliament of Australia, 17(02). Diperolehi pada Julai 15, 2011, melalui laman web: http://www.aph.gov.au/library/pubs/ rp/2001-02/02RP17.htm. Norton, S.W. (1988). Franchising, brand name capital, and the entrepreneurial capacity problem. Strategic Management Journal, 9, 105-114. Norton, S.W. (1995). Is franchising a capital structure? Journal of Corporate Finance, 2, 75-101. Nyadzayo, M.W., Matanda, M. J., & Ewing, M.T. (2011). Brand relationships and brand equity in franchising. Industrial Marketing Management, 40(7), 1103 O’Brien, R. (2001). An overview of the methodological approach of action research. Theory and Practice of Action Research, Diperolehi pada Disember, 30 2010, melalui laman web: http://www.web.ca/~robrien/papers/ arfinal.html. Ohmae, K. (1989). Managing in a borderless world. Harvard Business Review, 67(3), 152–161. Olm, K.W., Eddy, G.G., & Adaniya, A.R. (1988). Selecting franchisee prospects. Society of Franchising Proceedings II. San Francisco: Society of Franchising. O'Malley, L., & Mitussis, D. (2002) Relationships and technology: strategic implications. Journal of Strategic Marketing, 10(3), 225-38. O'Malley, L., & Tynan, C. (2000). Relationship marketing in consumer markets: Rhetoric or reality? European Journal of Marketing, 34(7), 797-815. Opdenakker, R. (2006). Advantages and disadvantages of four interview techniques in qualitative research. Forum Qualitative Social Research, 7(4),11. Organ, D.W., Podsakoff, P.M., & MacKenzie, S.B. (2005). Organizational citizenship behavior: Its nature, antecedents, and consequences: Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications. Othman Chin. (1997). Faktor-faktor penentu kejayaan serta penilaian terhadap perlaksanaan sistem perniagaan francais di Malaysia. Disertasi tidak diterbitkan MBA, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor. Oxenfeldt, A., & Thompson, D. (1969). Franchising in perspective. Journal of Retailing, 44(3), 3–13. Oxenfelt, A.R., & Kelley, A.O. (1968). Will successful systems ultimately become wholly-owned chains? Journal of Retailing, 44(4), 69-83. Palmer, A. (1994). Relationship marketing: Back to basics. Journal of Marketing Management, 10(7), 571-579. Palys, T., & Atchison, C. (2006). Research decision: Quantitative and qualitative perspectives. (4th ed.). Toronto: Nelson. Parsa, H. (1994). Exploratory investigation of organization power, and its impact on strategy implementation and firm performance: A study of the hospitality franchise systems. Disertasi Doctoral, Virginia Technology Institute, VA. Dalam Taylor, M.H. (2002), A Test of the Co-Alignment Principle In Independent Hotels: A Case Study. Tesis PhD, Faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia. Diperolehi pada Januari, 25, 2009, melalui laman web: http://www.scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-11222002- 105000/unrestricted/DissertationA3.pdf. Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative evaluation and research methods. (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc. Pearce, R.J. (2001). Looking inside the joint venture to help understand the link between inter-parent cooperation and performance. Journal of Management Studies, 38(4), 557. Pearce, R.J. (2008). How suppliers support strong franchise relations. Franchising World, 40(12), 72. Perry, C., Cavaye, A., & Coote, L. (2002), Technical and social bonds within business-to-business relationships. The Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, 17(1), 75. Perbadanan Nasional Berhad (PNS). (2010). Senarai francaisor yang didaftarkan dibawah Akta Francais 1998. Diperolehi pada Disember 30, 2010, melalui laman web: http://www.pns.com.my/html/themes/ mec_pns_new-theme/pdf/Senarai_Francaisor_Berdaftar_Sehingga _21_ Oktober_2010[1]. pdf Perbadanan Nasional Berhad (PNS). (2012). Portal Rasmi Perbadanan Nasional Berhad. Diperolehi pada Mac 20, 2012, melalui laman web :http://www.pns.com.my/ background Perbadanan Nasional Berhad (PNS). (2012a). Portal Rasmi Perbadanan Nasional Berhad. Diperolehi pada Julai 25, 2012, melalui laman web :http:// www.pns.com.my/c/document_ library/get_file?uuid=546d4f42-0d6b-4f69-9b0d-9eab5e3078b8& groupId=97066. Perbadanan Nasional Berhad (PNS). (2012b). Portal Rasmi Perbadanan Nasional Berhad. Diperolehi pada Julai 25, 2012, melalui laman web: http://www.pns.com.my/ html/themes/mec_pns_newtheme/pdf/Download%20Centre/Bulletin2010.pd. Peterson, A., & Dant, R. (1990). Perceived advantages of the franchise option from the franchisee perspective: Empirical insights from a service franchise. Journal of Small Business Management, 28(3), 46-61. Peterson, S. J., & Luthans, F. (2006). The impact of financial and nonfinancial incentives on business-unit outcomes over time. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(1), 156-165. Pizanti, I., & Lerner, M. (2003). Examining control and autonomy in the franchisor-franchisee relationship. International Small Business Journal, 21(2), 131-159. Poe, R. (1991). Self-reliance: Sacrifice and persistence lead to franchise success. Success, 38(10), 63-59. Pollack, J. (1996). Franchisees grill fast-food chains over slow growth. Advertising Age, 67(30) 18. Porter, J., & Renforth, W. (1978). Franchise agreements: Spotting the important legal issues. Journal of Small Business Management, 16(October), 27-31. Price, L.L., & Arnould, E.J. (1999). Commercial friendships: Service provider-client relationships in context. Journal of Marketing, 63(October), 38-56. Puchta, C., Potter, J., & Wolff, S. (2004). Repeat receipts: a device for generating visible data in market research focus groups. Qualitative Research, 4(3), 285-309. Quinn, B. (1999). Control and support in an international franchise network. International Marketing Review. 16(4/5), 345-362. Rahatullah, M.K., & Raeside, R. (2009). The dynamism of partner selection criteria in franchising. Advanced Management Journal, 74(4), 36. Raply, T. (2007). Interviews, Dalam Seale, C, Gobo, G., Gunrium, J.F., & Silverman, D. (2004). Qualitative Research Practice. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications, 15-33. Rauyruen, P., & Miller, K.E. (2007). Relationship quality as a predictor of B2B consumer loyalty. Journal of Business Research, 60(1), 21-31. Rawlins, W.K. (1992). Friendship matters. Hawthorne, NY: Aldine de Gruyter. Redondo, Y.P, Juste, V.B., & Palacios, L.L. (2011). Determinants of firm size in the franchise distribution system: Empirical evidence from the Spanish market. European Journal of Marketing, 45(1/2), 170-190. Reece, P. (2004), Universities as learning organizations: how can Australian universities become learning organizations? Tesis PhD, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia. Diperolehi pada Disember 15, 2008, melalui laman web:http://www. adt.caul.edu.au/. Reicheld, F.F., & Sasser, W.E., Jr. (1990). Zero defections: Quality comes to services. Harvard Business Review, 68(5), 105-111. Reichheld, F., & Schefter, P. (2000). Loyalty: Your secret weapon on the Web. Harvard Business Review, 78(4), 105-1 13. Reichheld, F.F. (1996). The loyalty effect: The hidden force behind growth, profits, and lasting value. Boston: Harvard Business School Press. Reynoldsa, D., & Bielb, D. (2007). Incorporating satisfaction measures into a restaurant productivity index. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 26(2), 352-361. Ring, N., Ritchie, K., Mandava, L., & Jepson, R. (2010). A guide to synthesising qualitative research for researchers undertaking health technology assessments and systematic reviews. Diperolehi pada Julai 30, 2011, melalui laman web:http:// www. nhshealthquality.org/nhsqis/8837.html Roberts, K., Varki S., & Brodie, R. (2003). Measuring the quality of relationships in consumer services: An empirical study. European Journal of Marketing, 37(1/2), 169-196. Robie, C, Ryan, A., Schmieder, R., Parra, L., & Smith, P. (1998). The relation between job level and job satisfaction. Group & Organization Management, 23(A), 470-495. Robinson, R., & Pearce, J. (1984). Research thrusts in small firm strategic planning. Academy of Management Review, 9, 128-137. Rodríguez, A., Caballer, V., & Guadalajara, N. (2011). Assessing the intangibles transferred in franchise businesses. Service Business, 5(1), 29. Roh, E.Y., & Yoon J.H. (2009). Franchisor’s ongoing support and franchisee’s satisfaction: a case of ice cream franchising in Korea. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 21(1), 85-99. Ruvio, A., Rosenblatt, Z., & Hertz-Lazarowitz, R. (2010). Entrepreneurial leadership vision in non-profit vs. for-profit organizations. The Leadership, Quarterly(21), 144-158. Samantha C. J. (2009). Exploring the impact of franchise participation on small professional services providers. Tesis Ph.D, Northcentral University, Diperolehi Julai, 27 2010, melalui laman web:http://www.proquest.umi.com.eserv. uum.edu.my/ pqdweb?did=1793220251&sid=7&Fmt=2&clientId=28929&RQT =309&V Name =PQD Sanderson, R. (1995). Supporting your franchisees with publicity will pay off for the whole system. Franchise Recruiters Newsletter, 6(1). Sandelowski, M. (1995). Focus on qualitative methods: Sample size in qualitative research. Research in Nursing and Health, 18, 179-183. Sara B. M., & Joy, M. K. (2007). Leading with relationships: a small firm example. The Learning Organization, 14(2), 142-154. Schmidt, C. (2000). The analysis of semi-structured interviews, Dalam Flick, U., Kardoff E.V., & Steinke, I. (Ed.). Jenner, B. (Trans). (2002). A Companion To Qualitative Research, London: SAGE Publications, 253-258. Schmidt, R., & Mazero, J. (2008). Legal enforcement of international franchise relationship; what makes sense for the business, Franchising World, Diperolehi pada Januari 8, 2009, melalui laman web:http//www.franchise.org/Franchise-News-Detail.aspx?id=38406 Schul, P. L., Little, T.E., & Pride, W.M. (1985). Channel climate: Its impact on channel member satisfaction. Journal of Retailing, 61, 9–38. Seale, C. (1999). Quality in qualitative research. Qualitative Inquiry, 5(4), 465-478. Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2010). Research methods for business: A skill building approach. (5th Ed). West Susex, United Kingdom: John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Shane, S. (1996). Hybrid organizational arrangement and their implications for firm growth and survival: A study of new franchisors. Academy of Management Journal, 39(1), 216-234. Shane, S., & Spell, C. (1998). Factors for new franchise success. Sloan Management Review, 39, 43. Shivell, K., & Banning, K. (1996). What every prospective franchisee should know. Small Business Forum, 14, 33-42. Siebert, M. (2005). The franchisor/franchisee relationship: Can't we all just get along? Diperolehi pada Disember 1, 2009, melalui laman web:http:// www.mfa.org.my /?franchise-directory. Silverman, D. (2010). Doing qualitative research. London: SAGE Publications. Singletary, M. (1993). Franchisees Fight Back. Washington Post, 27(September), 14-15. Statistics Singapore. (2011). Diperolehi pada Julai 23, 2012, melalui laman web: http://www.singstat.gov.sg/pubn/popn/population2011.pdf. SME Bank. (2009). SME franchise. Diperolehi pada Jun 20, 2010 melalui laman web: http://www.smebank.com.my/web:/guest /product/franchise#. Smith, D.A., & Franz T. L. (2004). Entrepreneurial network development: Trusting in the process. Proceeding of Southern Management Association meeting 2004 di San Antonio, Texas. Diperolehi pada September 2, 2011, melalui laman web: http://www.ritdml.rit. edu/bitstream/handle/1850/8555/Unavailable%20docu ment.pdf?sequence=1. Smith, J.B. (1998). Buyer-seller relationships: Similarity, relationships management, and quality. Psychology & Marketing, 15(January), 3–21. Smith, J.A., & Osborn, M. (2004). Interpretative phenomenological analysis. Dalam Breakwell, G.(Ed.) Doing Social Psychology, Oxford: Blackwell, 229-254. Sousa, C.M.P., & Bradley, F. (2006). Cultural distance and psychic distance: Two peas in a pod? Journal of International Marketing, 14(1), 49. Spencer, E.C. (2007). The regulation of the franchise relationship in Australia: A contractual analysis. Tesis Phd, Bond University, Diperolehi pada Jun 16, 2008, melalui laman web: http://www.epublications.bond.edu.au/theses/spencer. Spinelli, S., & Birley, S. (2002). An empirical evaluation of conflict in the franchise system. British Journal of Management, 9(4), |