The relationship between oral communication strategy with language motivation and language anxiety among Yemeni postgraduates in Malaysia

Empirical research on the use of Oral Communication Strategies (OCSs) among postgraduates is limited. Additionally, studies of the relationships between the OCS use with language motivation and language anxiety are still lacking. This research aims at identifying the OCSs used most by Yemeni post...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Al-Saqqaf, Asmaa Abdulhameed Mohammad
Format: Thesis
Language:eng
eng
Published: 2015
Subjects:
Online Access:https://etd.uum.edu.my/5395/1/s92844.pdf
https://etd.uum.edu.my/5395/2/s92844_abstract.pdf
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
id my-uum-etd.5395
record_format uketd_dc
institution Universiti Utara Malaysia
collection UUM ETD
language eng
eng
advisor Bidin, Siti Jamilah
Shabdin, Ahmad Affendi
topic P Philology
Linguistics
spellingShingle P Philology
Linguistics
Al-Saqqaf, Asmaa Abdulhameed Mohammad
The relationship between oral communication strategy with language motivation and language anxiety among Yemeni postgraduates in Malaysia
description Empirical research on the use of Oral Communication Strategies (OCSs) among postgraduates is limited. Additionally, studies of the relationships between the OCS use with language motivation and language anxiety are still lacking. This research aims at identifying the OCSs used most by Yemeni postgraduates in Malaysia, and determining whether there are relationships between their OCS use with language motivation and language anxiety. Furthermore, it also aims at examining whether there are differences in the OCS use based on their demographic variables. Eight (8) hypotheses were developed to test the relationships. The taxonomy of this study included 21 OCSs which were selected from past OCS taxonomies by Tarone (1977), Faerch and Kasper (1983b), and Dornyei and Scott (1995a, 1995b). However, 11 OCSs were not represented by any item in the OCS inventory adopted by this study. Therefore, 12 items were developed by the researcher to compensate for this deficiency. The 12 items underwent the required process of evaluating the items' validity and reliability. Based on a simple random sampling, 171 participants responded to a quantitative cross-sectional web-based survey. Results demonstrated that asking for repetition, self-repair, asking for clarification, circumlocution, meaning replacement, asking for confirmation, and self-rephrasing were the most frequently used OCSs employed by Yemeni postgraduates in Malaysia. The findings also showed a positively but weak relationship between the OCS use and language motivation, and a positively strong one with language anxiety. The results also revealed that the sample significantly differed in their OCS use based on gender, length of stay in Malaysia and selfperceived English oral proficiency. However, no differences were found in the sample's OCS use based on age, level of study and academic field. The most prevalent causes leading to these findings were Yemeni postgraduates' insufficient communicative competence, amotivation and language anxiety. This study contributes to increasing the awareness and knowledge of the English teachers and curriculum designers of the importance of enhancing Yemeni students' OCS use, reducing their language anxiety, and increasing their motivation.
format Thesis
qualification_name Ph.D.
qualification_level Doctorate
author Al-Saqqaf, Asmaa Abdulhameed Mohammad
author_facet Al-Saqqaf, Asmaa Abdulhameed Mohammad
author_sort Al-Saqqaf, Asmaa Abdulhameed Mohammad
title The relationship between oral communication strategy with language motivation and language anxiety among Yemeni postgraduates in Malaysia
title_short The relationship between oral communication strategy with language motivation and language anxiety among Yemeni postgraduates in Malaysia
title_full The relationship between oral communication strategy with language motivation and language anxiety among Yemeni postgraduates in Malaysia
title_fullStr The relationship between oral communication strategy with language motivation and language anxiety among Yemeni postgraduates in Malaysia
title_full_unstemmed The relationship between oral communication strategy with language motivation and language anxiety among Yemeni postgraduates in Malaysia
title_sort relationship between oral communication strategy with language motivation and language anxiety among yemeni postgraduates in malaysia
granting_institution Universiti Utara Malaysia
granting_department Awang Had Salleh Graduate School of Arts & Sciences
publishDate 2015
url https://etd.uum.edu.my/5395/1/s92844.pdf
https://etd.uum.edu.my/5395/2/s92844_abstract.pdf
_version_ 1747827925115207680
spelling my-uum-etd.53952021-03-18T03:40:03Z The relationship between oral communication strategy with language motivation and language anxiety among Yemeni postgraduates in Malaysia 2015 Al-Saqqaf, Asmaa Abdulhameed Mohammad Bidin, Siti Jamilah Shabdin, Ahmad Affendi Awang Had Salleh Graduate School of Arts & Sciences Awang Had Salleh Graduate School of Arts and Sciences P Philology. Linguistics Empirical research on the use of Oral Communication Strategies (OCSs) among postgraduates is limited. Additionally, studies of the relationships between the OCS use with language motivation and language anxiety are still lacking. This research aims at identifying the OCSs used most by Yemeni postgraduates in Malaysia, and determining whether there are relationships between their OCS use with language motivation and language anxiety. Furthermore, it also aims at examining whether there are differences in the OCS use based on their demographic variables. Eight (8) hypotheses were developed to test the relationships. The taxonomy of this study included 21 OCSs which were selected from past OCS taxonomies by Tarone (1977), Faerch and Kasper (1983b), and Dornyei and Scott (1995a, 1995b). However, 11 OCSs were not represented by any item in the OCS inventory adopted by this study. Therefore, 12 items were developed by the researcher to compensate for this deficiency. The 12 items underwent the required process of evaluating the items' validity and reliability. Based on a simple random sampling, 171 participants responded to a quantitative cross-sectional web-based survey. Results demonstrated that asking for repetition, self-repair, asking for clarification, circumlocution, meaning replacement, asking for confirmation, and self-rephrasing were the most frequently used OCSs employed by Yemeni postgraduates in Malaysia. The findings also showed a positively but weak relationship between the OCS use and language motivation, and a positively strong one with language anxiety. The results also revealed that the sample significantly differed in their OCS use based on gender, length of stay in Malaysia and selfperceived English oral proficiency. However, no differences were found in the sample's OCS use based on age, level of study and academic field. The most prevalent causes leading to these findings were Yemeni postgraduates' insufficient communicative competence, amotivation and language anxiety. This study contributes to increasing the awareness and knowledge of the English teachers and curriculum designers of the importance of enhancing Yemeni students' OCS use, reducing their language anxiety, and increasing their motivation. 2015 Thesis https://etd.uum.edu.my/5395/ https://etd.uum.edu.my/5395/1/s92844.pdf text eng public https://etd.uum.edu.my/5395/2/s92844_abstract.pdf text eng public Ph.D. doctoral Universiti Utara Malaysia Abu-Rabia, S. (2004). Teachers role, learners' gender differences, and FL anxiety among seventh-grade students studying English as a FL. Educational Psychology, 24(5), 711-721. Al-Ahdal, A. A. (2010). ELT in Yemen and India: The need for remedial measures. Language in India, 10(11), 140-153. Alavi, M. & Mansor, S. M. S. (2011). Categories of problems among international students in University Technology Malaysia. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 30, 1581-1587. Al-Fattah, M. H. (2009). English education in Yemen in crossroads. Retrieved August 25, 2010 from http://www.yementimes.com/DefaultDET.aspx? i=683&p=education&a=3. Ali, S. E. (2007). Problems and prospects of English language teaching in Yemen. South Asian Language Review, 17(2), 39-48. Al Maaitah, R., Al Maaitah, H., Olaimat, H. & Gharaeibeh, M. (2011). Arab Women and Political Development. Journal of International Women's Studies, 12(3), 7-26. Alpert, R. & R. Haber. (1960). Anxiety in academic achievement situations. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 661, 207-215. Alptekin, C. (2002). Towards intercultural communicative competence in ELT. ELT Journal, 56(1), 57-64. Al-Samawi, A. (1995). Lexical Replacement in Extemporaneous Speech of Proficient L2 Male Arab Students in Western Pennsylvania: A Communication Strategy. Unpublished Doctoral dissertation, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, USA. AlSaqqaf, A., Bidin, S. J. & Shabdin, A. A. (2014). English language anxiety among Arab postgraduate users: A case of Arab postgraduates in a higher education institution in Malaysia. TESOL International Journal, 9(2), 78-92. Al-Shami, O. (2009). Teachers are the key to better education in Yemen. Retrieved August 11, 2010 from http://www.yementimes.com/defaultdet. aspx?SUB_ID=29835 Al-Sohbani, Y. A. (2013). An exploration of English language teaching pedagogy in secondary Yemeni education: A case study. International Journal of English Language and Translation Studies, 1(3), 41-57. Al-Zubaidi, K. & Richards, C. (2010). Arab postgraduate students in Malaysia: Identifying and overcoming the cultural and language barriers. Arab World English Journal, 1(1), 107-129. Andrade, M. S. (2006). International students in English-speaking universities: adjustment factors. Journal of Research in International Education, 5, 131-154. Armstrong, J., & Overton, T. S. (1977). Estimating non-response bias in mail surveys. Journal of Marketing Research, 16, 396-402. Azma, H., Bhooth, A. M. & Ismail, K. (2013). Readers reading practices of EFLYemeni students: recommendations for the 21st century. GEMA Online@ Journal of Language Studies. 13(3), 63-78. Bacon, S. (1995). Coming to grips with the culture: Another use of dialogue journals in teacher education. Foreign Language Annals, 28, 193-207. Ballard, B. & Clanchy, J. (1997) Teaching international students. Deakin: IDP. Bandura, A. (1986). The explanatory and predicative scope of self-efficacy theory. Journal of Clinical and Social Psychology, 4, 359-373. Barnette, J. (2000). Effects of stem and likert response option reversals on survey internal consistency: If you feel the need, there is a better alternative to using those negatively worded stems. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 6(3), 361-370. Bartlet, J. E, Kotrlik, J., W. & Higgins, C. C. (2001). Organizational Research: Determining Appropriate Sample Size in Survey Research. Information Technology, Learning, and Performance Journal, 19(1), 43-50. Bataineh, R., Bataineh, R. & Thabet, S. S. (2011). Communicative language teaching in the Yemeni EFL classroom: Embraced or merely lip-serviced? Journal of Language Teaching and Research, (2)4, 859-866. Bauzer, S. R. (2009). English curriculum in Yemeni schools. Retrieved August 3, 2010 from http://www.yementimes.com/defaultdet.aspx?SUB_ ID=33258 Becker, B. (2007). Exposure is not enough: The interaction of exposure and efficiency in the second language acquisition process. The International Journal of Language Society and Culture, 23, l-9. Benson, J. & Clark, F. (1982). A Guide for Instrument Development and Validation. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 36(12), 789-800. Bialystok, E. (1983). Some factors in the selection and implementation of communication strategies. In C. Faerch, & G. Kasper (Eds.), Strategies in Interlanguage Communication (pp.100-118). London: Longman. Bialystok, E. (1990). Communication strategies: A psychological analysis of secondlanguage use. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. Bialystok, E. & Frohlich, M.. (1980). Oral communication strategies for lexical difficulties. Interlanguage Studies Bulletin - Utrecht. 5, 3-30. Binhayeearong, T. (2009) Communication strategies: A study of students with high and low English proficiency in the M.3 English program at Attarkiah Islamiah School. Unpublished Master thesis, Prince of Songkla University, Thailand. Blom, P. & Gumperz, J. (1972). Social meaning in linguistic structures: Code switching in Norway. In J. Gurnperz & D. Hyrnes (Eds.), Directions in sociolinguistics (pp. 407-434). New York: Rinehart and Winston. Bongaerts T. & Poulisse, N. (1989). Communication strategies in LI and L2: Same or different. Applied Linguistics. 10(3), 253-267. Brown, H. D. (1987). Principles of Language Learning and Teaching (2nd ed.). New. Jersey: Prentice-Hall. Brown, H. D. (2000). Principles of Language Learning and Teaching (41h ed.). New York: Longman. Brown, H. D. (2001). Teaching by principles: An interactive approach to language pedagogy. (2nd ed.). New York: Longman. Brown, L. (2008). Language and anxiety: An ethnographic study of international postgraduate students. Evaluation & Research in Education 21(2), 75-95. Burden, P. (2004). The teacher as facilitator: Reducing anxiety in the EFL university classroom. JALT Hokkaido Journal, 8, 3-18. Cammish, N. (1997) Through a looking glass darkly: problems of studying at advanced level through the medium of English. In D. McNamara & R. Harris, (Eds.) Overseas students in HE: issues in teaching and learning London, Routledge. Campbell, R. & Wales, R. (1970). The Study of language acquisition. In J. Lyons (Ed.), New Horizons in Linguistics (pp.242-260). Harodsworth: Pinguin Books Ltd. Campillo, P., S., (2006). The use of circumlocution in the foreign language context. Porta Linguarum, 5,79-93. Canale, M. (1983). From communicative competence to language pedagogy. In J. Richards & R. Schmidt (Eds.), Language and Communication (pp. 2-27). London: Longman. Canale, M. & Swain, M. (1980). Theoretical bases of communicative approaches to second language teaching and testing. Applied Linguistics, 1(1), 1-47. Candlin, C. (1980) Discoursal patterning and the equalizing of interpretative opportunity. In L. Smith (Ed.), English for Cross-cultural Communication. New York: Macmillan. Carroll, J. (2005a) 'Lightening the load': teaching in English, learning in English In J. Carroll & J. Ryan (Eds.), Teaching international students. Abingdon: Routledge. Cavana, R., Delahaye, B. L. & Sekaran, U. (2001). Applied business research: Qualitative and quantitative methods. Singapore: Markono Print Media Ltd. Celce-Murcia, M., Domyei, Z., & Thurrell, S. (1995). Communicative competence: A pedagogically motivated model with content specifications. Issues in Applied Linguistics, 6(2), 5-35. Chalak, A. & Kassaian, Z. (2010). Motivation and attitudes of Iranian undergraduate EFL students towards learning English. GEM OnlineTM Journal of Language Studies. 10(2), 37-56. Chamot, A. & Kupper, L. (1989). Learning strategies in foreign language instruction. Foreign Language Annuals, 22(1), 13-24. Chen, H. W. (2009). Oral Communication Strategies Used by English Major College Students in Taiwan. Unpublished Master thesis, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung, Taiwan. Cheng, C., H. (2009). Language anxiety and English speaking proficiency. Unpublished Master's thesis, Ming Chuan University. Taiwan. Cheng, T. Y. (2007). Taiwanese students' perceived English oral proficiency in relation to communication strategies. Unpublished Doctoral thesis, University Of Southern California, USA. Chiswick, B. R. & Miller, P. W. (1995). The Endogeneity between language and earnings: International analyses. Journal of Labor Economics, 13(2), 246-288. Chomsky, N. (1965). Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. Cambridge: M. I. T press. Coakes, S. J. & Steed, L.G. (2003). SPSS analysis without anguish version 11.0 for windows. John WiIey & Sons: Australia. Cohen, J. (1969). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. New York: Academic Press. Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, New Jersey: Erlbaum. Corder, S. (1981). Error Analysis and Interlanguage. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Corder, S. (1983) Strategies in Communication. In C. Faerch & G. Kasper (Eds.), Strategies in Interlanguage Communication (pp. 15-18). London: Longman, Creswell, J., W. (2008). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research (3rd Ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. Crystal, D. (1997). English as a global language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Csizer, K., & Dornyei, Z. (2005). The internal structure of language learning motivation and its relationship with language choice and learning effort. Modern Language Journal, 89(1), 19-36. Curnmins, J. (1981). Empirical and theoretical underpinnings of bilingual education. Journal of Education, 163(1), 16-29. DeVellis, R. F. (2012). Scale development: Theory and Applications (3rd ed.) California: Sage. Dewaele, J. M. (2012) Variation in self-perceived proficiency in two "local" and two foreign languages of Galician students. In J. Cabrelli Amaro, S. Flynn, S. & J. Rothman (Eds.), Third Language. Acquisition in Adulthood (pp. 223-253). Amsterdam: John Benjamins, Dornyei, Z. (1994a). Motivation and motivating in the foreign language classroom. Modern Language Journal, 78, 273-284. Dornyei, Z. (1995). On the teachability of communication strategies. TESOL Quarterly, 29,55-85. Dornyei, Z. (1998). Motivation in second and foreign language learning. Language Teaching, 31, 117-135. Dornyei, Z. (2001). Teaching and researching motivation. Harlow: Longman. Dornyei, Z. (2001a). Motivational strategies in the language classroom. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Domyei, Z. (2001b). New themes and approaches in second language, motivation research. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 21,43-59. Dornyei, Z. (2003). Questionnaires in second language research construction, administration and processing. Mahwah NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Dornyei, Z. (2007). Research methods in applied linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Dornyei, Z. & Csizer, K. (2012). How to design and analyze surveys in second language acquisition research. In A. Mackey & S. Gass (Eds.), Research methods in second language acquisition: A practical guide (pp.74-94). West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell. Dornyei, Z., & Scott, M. L. (1995a, March). Communication strategies: What are they and what are they not? Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the American Association for Applied Linguistics (AAAL), Long Beach, CA. Dornyei, Z. & Scott, M., L. (1995b). Communication strategies: an empirical analysis with retrospection. In J. Turley & K. Lusby (Eds.), Selected papers from the proceedings of the 21st Annual Symposium of the Deserted Language and Linguistics Society (pp 137-146). Provo, U. T: Brigham Young University. Dornyei, Z., & Scott M. (1997). Communication strategies in a second language: Definitions and taxonomies, Language Learning, 47(1), 173-210. Dornyei, Z. & Taguchi., T. (2010). Questionnaires in second language research: construction, administration, and processing (2nd ed.). New York: Routledge. Dowell, M.M. (1995, November). Changing perspectives toward the target culture among selected participants in a study abroad program in Cuernavaca, Mexico. Paper presented in Research Perspectives in Adult Language Learning and Acquisition, Columbus, OH. Ehrman, M. & Oxford, R. (1989). Effects of sex differences, career choice, and psychological type on adult learning strategies. The Modern Language Journal. 73(1), 1-13. Elkhafaifi, H. (2005). Listening comprehension and anxiety in the Arabic language classroom. The Modem Language Journal, 89(2), 206-220. Ellard, J. H. & Rogers, T. B. (1993). Teaching questionnaire construction effectively: The Ten Commandments of question writing. Contemporary Social Psychology, 17, 17-20. Ellis, A. & G. Beattie. (1986). The Psychology of language and communication. New York: The Guildford Press. Ellis, R. (1984). Communication strategies and the evaluation of communicative performance. ELT Journal, 38(1), 39-44. Ellis, R. (1991, April). The Interaction Hypothesis: A Critical Evaluation. Paper presented at the Regional Language Centre Seminar, Singapore. Ellis, R. (1994). Understanding second language acquisition. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. Ellis, R. (1999). Learning Second Language through Interaction. Amsterdam: John Benjamin. Ellis, R. (2008). The study of second language acquisition (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Ellis, R. A., Endo, C. H. & Armer, J. M. (1970). The use of potential non-respondents for studying non-response bias. Pacific Sociological Review, 13(2), 103-109. Ely, C. M. (1986). An analysis of discomfort, risk-taking, sociability, and motivation in the L2 classroom. Language Learning, 36, 1-25. Erten, I. H. & Topkaya, E. Z. (2009). Understanding tolerance of ambiguity of EFL learners in reading classes at tertiary level. Novitas-ROYAL, 3(1), 29-44. Faerch, C. & Kasper, G. (1 983). Strategies in interlanguage communication. New York: Longman. Faerch, C. & Kasper, G. (1983a). Plans and strategies in foreign language communication. In Faerch, C. & Kasper, G. (Eds.), Strategies in Interlanguage Communication (pp.20-60).Harlow, UK: Longman Faerch, C. & Kasper. G. (1983b). On identifying communication strategies in interlanguage production. . In Faerch, C. & Kasper, G. (Eds.). Strategies in interlanguage communication (pp.210 -238). Harlow: Longman. Field A. (2009). Discovering statistics using SPSS (3rd ed.). London: Sage. Freud, S. (1920). A general introduction to psychoanalysis; Trans. by G. Stanley Hall. New York: Boni and Liveright. Gardner, R. C. (1985). Social psychology and second language learning: The role of attitudes and motivation. London: Edward Arnold Publishers. Gardner, R. C. (2004). Attitude Notivation Test Battery: International AMTB Research Project. Retrieved March2 1, 2012 from http://publish.uwo.ca/~gardner/docs/englishamtb. pdf Gardner, R. C. (2006). The socio-educational model of second language acquisition: A research paradigm. In S. H. Foster-Cohen, M. Medved Krajnovic, & J. Mihaljevic Djigunovic (Eds.), Eurosla Yearbook (pp. 237-260), Volume 6. (Annual Conference of the European Second Language Association), Amsterdam, The Netherlands: John Benjamins Publishing,. Gardner, R. C., Day, J. B. & MacIntyre, P. D. (1992). Integrative motivation, induced anxiety, and language learning in a controlled environment. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 14, 197-214. Gardner, R., & Lambert, W. (1972). Attitudes and motivation in second-language learning. Rowley, Mass.: Newbury House. Gardner, R. C. & MacIntyre, P. D. (1993). A student's contributions to secondlanguage learning. Part 11: Affective variables. Language Teaching, 26, 1-11. Gardner, R. C. & Tremblay, P. F. (1994). On motivation, research agendas, and theoretical perspectives. Modern Language Journal, 79, 359-368. Ghanim, M. (2009). History of English teaching in Yemen. Retrieved August 2, 2010 from http://www.yementimes.com/defaultdet.aspx?SUB_ ID=21098# Green, J. M. and Oxford, R. (1995). A closer look at learning strategies, L2 proficiency, and gender. TESOL Quarterly. 29(2), 261-297. Gregersen, T. & Honvitz, E. K. (2002). Language learning and perfectionism: anxious and non-anxious language learners' reactions to their own oral performance. The Modern Language Journal, 86, 562-570. Guans, T. (2008). The use of communication strategies by Indonesian EFL learners in the classroom interaction during English class: a case study of the eleventh grade students of language program at SMA Negeri 1Singaraja. JIPP (Jurnal ilmiah pendidikan dan pembelajaran), 5(1), 986-1005. Gudykunst, W. (1998) Bridging diferences: Effective intergroup communication. London: Sage. Guilloteaux, M. J., (2007). Motivating language learners: A classroom-oriented investigation of teachers' motivational practices and students' motivation. Unpublished Doctoral thesis, University of Nottingham, UK. Guoqiang, L. (2006). Improving communicative competence through ELT activities. CELEA Journal 29 (4), 93-105. Hair, J. F., Jr., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Andersen, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2010). Mutilvariate data analysis (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. Halliday, M. A. K. (1978), Language as social semiotic. London: Edward Arnold. Hatch, E. (1992). Discourse and language education. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Heller, M. (1987). The role of language in the formation of ethnic identity. In J. Phinney & M. Rotheram (Eds.), Children's ethnic socialization (pp. 180-200). Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Horwitz, E. (1988). The beliefs about language learning of beginning university foreign language students. The Modern Language Journal, 72(3), 283-294. Horwitz, E. K., Horwitz, M. B. & Cope, J. A. (1986). Foreign language classroom anxiety. Modem Language Journal, 70, 125-132. Huang, C. (2010). Exploring factors affecting the use of oral communication strategies. Journa1 of Lunghwa University of Science and Technology, 30, 85-104. Huang, H. W. (2005). The relationship between learning motivation and speaking anxiety among EFL non-English major freshmen in Taiwan. Unpublished Master thesis, University of Technology, Chaoyang, Taiwan. Hymes, D (1967) Models of the interaction of language and social setting. In J. Macnamara (Ed.), Problem of Bilingualism. Journal of Social Issue, 23(2), p.8-28. Hymes, D. H. (1972) On Communicative Competence. In J.B. Pride and J. Holmes (Eds.), Sociolinguistics (pp. 269-293). Harmondsworth, England: Penguin Books. Intaraprasert, C. & Thuc, Q. B. (2012). Gender, high school background and use of strategies by English majors in Vietnam for coping with communication breakdowns. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 2(12), 1-7 Isabelli, C. (2004). A Case Study of the Factors in the Development of Spanish Linguistic Accuracy and Oral Communication Skills: Motivation and Extended Interaction in the Study Abroad Context. New York: Edwin Mellen Press. Kaiser, H., F. (1970). A second generation little jiffy. Psychometrika, 35, 401-415. Kaiser, H. F. (1974). An index of factorial simplicity. Psychometrika, 39, 31-36. Kramarae, C. (1981). Women and men speaking. Rowley, MA: Newbury House,. Kasper, G. & Kellerman, E. (1997). Communication strategies: Psycholinguistic and sociolinguistic perspectives. Harton, UK: Longman. Kellerman, E. (1991). Compensatory strategies in second language research: A critique, a revision and some (non-) implications for the classroom. In R. Phillipson, E. Kellerman, L. Selinker, M. Shanvood Smith & M. Swain. (Eds.), Foreign and second language pedagogy research: A commemorative volume for Claus Faerch. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters. Kellerman, E., T. Ammerlaan, T. Bongaerts & N. Poulisse (1990). System and hierarchy in L2 compensatory strategies. In R. Scarcella, E. Anderson & S. Krashen (Eds.), Developing communicative competence in a second language. Mass: Newbury House. Kleinmann, H. (1977). Avoidance behaviour in adult second language acquisition. Language learning, 27, 93-107. Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and Practices of Structural Equation Modelling (3rd ed.). The Guilford Press: USA Kormos, J. (2006). Speech production and second language acquisition. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associate Kormos, J. & Csizkr, K. (2008). Age-related differences in the motivation of learning English as a foreign language: Attitudes, selves and motivated learning behavior. Language Learning, 58(2), 327-55. Kormos, J., Kiddle, T. & CsizCr, K. (2011). Systems of goals, attitudes, and selfrelated beliefs in second-language-learning motivation. Applied Linguistics, 32(5), 495-516. Krashen, S. (1981). Second language acquisition and second language learning. Oxford: Pergamon. Krashen S. (1985). The Input Hypothesis: Issues and implications. London: Longman Krejcie, R. & Morgan, D. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30, 607-610. Lai, H. (2010). Gender Effect on the Use of OCSs. Canadian Center of Science and Education, 3(4), 28-32. Levelt, W. (2014). A History of psycholinguistics: The pre-Chomskyan era. Oxford: Oxford Univerist Press. Li, R. L. (2010). The relationship between speaking anxiety and speaking strategies among university students in Taiwan. Unpublished Master thesis, National Ping Tong, University of Education, Ping Tong, Taiwan. Library of Congress (2008). Federal Research Division: Country Profile: Yemen. Retrieved Feb 2, 2010 from http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/ profiles/Yemen.pdf Lin, G. & Yi, J. (1997). Asian international students' adjustment: Issues and program suggestions. College students Journal, 31 (4), 473-479. Linder, R. L., Murphy, T. H. & Briers, G. E. (2001). The handling non-response in social science research. Journal of Agricultural Education, 42(4), 43-53. Littlewood, W. (1992). Teaching oral communication: A methodological framework. Oxford: Blackwell. Liu, M., & Huang, W. (2011). An exploration of foreign language anxiety and English learning motivation. Education Research International. Retrieved October, 2013 from http://www.hindawi.com/journals/edri/2011/493167 /abs/. Long, M. (1983). Native speaker/non-native speaker conversation and the negotiation of comprehensible input. Applied Linguistics 4, 126-141 Louie, K. (2005) Gathering cultural knowledge: useful or use with care? In J. Carroll & J. Ryan, Teaching international students: Improving learning for all (pp. 17-25). New York: Routledge Lugo, E., J. (2000). The influence of motivation and proficiency on communication strategy use of English as a second language learners. Unpublished Master's thesis, University of Puerto Rico, Puerto Rico. Macaro, E. (2006). Strategies of language learning and using: Revising the theoretical framework. The Modern Language Journal, 90(3), 320-337 MacIntyre, P. D. & Gardner, R. C. (1989). Anxiety and second language learning: toward a theoretical clarification. Language Learning, 39(2), 251-275. MacIntyre, P. D. & Gardner, R. C. (1991a). Methods and results in the study of anxiety and language learning: a review of the literature. Language Learning, 41(1), 85-117. MacIntyre, P. D. & Gardner, R. C. (1991a). Language anxiety: Its relationship to other anxieties and to processing in native and second languages. Language Learning, 41(4), 513-534. Machtyre, P. D. & Gardner, R. C. (1994b). The subtle effects of language anxiety on cognitive processing in the second language. Language Learning, 44(2), 283-305. MacIntyre, P.D., Noels, K.A. & Clement, R. 1997. Biases in self-ratings of second language proficiency: The role of anxiety. Language Learning, 47(2), 265-287. Mackie, I. (2009). Assuring quality of English language teaching in Yemen: Ways forward- Consultancy report. London: British Council. Majd, G. (2014). Teaching communication strategies to EFL learners and its impact on anxiety level and motivation: A hindering or facilitating factor? English for Specific Purposes World, 2(15). McCroskey, J.C. & McCroskey, L. (1988). Self-report as an approach to measuring communication competence. Communication Research Reports, 5, 106-113. Mei, A. (2009). Interlanguage communication strategies employed by Chinese EFL learners. Unpublished Doctoral thesis, Suranaree University of Technology, Thailand. Mei, A. & Nathalang, S. (2010). Use of communication strategies by Chinese EFL learners. Chinese Journal of Applied Linguistics, 33(3), 110-125 Mertens, D. M. (2005). Research and evaluation in education and psychology: Integrating diversity with quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods. (2nd Ed.). Thousand Oaks: Sage. Milleret, M. (1990). Evaluation and the summer language program abroad: A review essay. Modern Language Journal, 74, 483-488. Milroy, L. (1987). Language and social networks. Baltimore: University Park Press. Munoz, C. (2010). On how age affects foreign language. In A. Psaltou-Joycey & M. Mattheoudakis (Eds.), The proceedings of 14th International Conference of Applied Linguistics (pp. 39-49). Greece: Thessalonik Musleh, R. Y. (2010). Language learning motivation: The Palestinian context; attitudes, motivation, and orientations. Unpublished Doctoral thesis. University of Barcelona, Spain. Na, Z. (2007). A study of high school students' English learning anxiety. Asian EFL Journal. 9(3), 22-34 Naimei , L. (2006). Perceptions of communication strategies: A study of English majors in a normal university. CELEA Journal 29(2), 10-19. Nakatani, Y. (2006). Developing an oral communication strategy inventory. The Modern Language Journal, 90(2), 151-168. Newbay, P. (2010). Research methods for Education. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited Oxford University Press. Ohno, A. (2002). Communicative competence and communicative language teaching. Retrieved May 13, 2010 from http://www.u-bunkyo.ac.jp/center/ library/fsell2002_25-32.pdf. Ok, L. K. (2003). The relationship of school year, sex and proficiency on the use of learning strategies in learning English of Korean junior high school students. Asian EFL Journal, 5(3), 1-36. Okorocha, E. (1996) The international student experience. Journal of Graduate Education, 2(3), 80-84. Oppenheim, A. N. (1992). Questionnaire design, interviewing and attitude measurement (new ed.). London: Continuum. Osgood, C. & Sebeok, T. (1976). Psycholinguistics: A survey of theory and research problem (2nd ed.). Greenwood Press: Connecticut. Oxford, R. (1996). Employing a questionnaire to assess the use of language learning strategies. Applied Language Learning. 7, 25-45. Oxford, R. & Nyikos, M. (1989). Variables affecting choice of language learning strategies by university students. The Modern Language Journal. 73(3), 291-300. Oxford, R., & Shearin, J. (1994). Language learning motivation expanding the theoretical framework. Modern Language Journal, 78, 12-28. Pallant, J. (2001). SPSS survival manual: Step by step guide to data analysis using SPSS. Berkshire: Open University Press. Pallant, J. (2005). SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using SPPSS for Windows. (Version 12) (2nd ed.) Sydney: Allen & Unwin. Palmer, A. (1978). Measures of achievement, communication, incorporation and integration for two classes of formal ESL learners. Paper presented at the 5th International Congress of Applied Linguistics. Montreal, Canada. Peirce, B. N. (1995). Social identity, investment, and language learning. TESOL Quarterly, 29(1), 9-31. Pellegrino, V. A. (1998). Student perspectives on language learning in a study abroad context. Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad, 4, 91-120. Persaud, R. (1993). The loneliness of the long-distance student. Journal of International Education, 4(1), 45-51. Phakiti, A. (2010). Analysing quantitative data. In B. Paltridge & A. Phakiti (Eds.), Continuum comparison to research methods in applied linguistics (39-49). London: Continuum International Publishing Group. Philips, E. M. (1990). The effects of anxiety on performance and achievement in an oral test of French. Education, Language and Literature, 5(6), 19-41. Philips, E. M. (1992). The effects of language anxiety on students' oral test performance and attitudes. The Modem Language Journal, 76, 14-26. Phongsuwan, A, (1997). Relationship between college satisfaction and language ability in performance of international students. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation in Education, Washington State University, USA. Pintrich, P., R. (2003). A motivational science perspective on the role of student motivation in learning and teaching contexts. Journal of Educational Psychology, 95(4), 667-686 Poulisse, N. (1987). Problems and solutions in the classification of compensatory strategies. Second Language Research, 3, 141-153 Poulisse, N. (1990). The use of compensatory strategies by Dutch learners of English. Dordrecht: Foris. Poulisse, N. (1993) A theoretical account of lexical communication strategies. In R. Schreuder & B. Weltens (Eds.), The Bilingual Lexicon (pp. 157-189). Amsterdam: John Bejamins, Poulisse, N. (1997) Compensatory strategies and the principles of clarity and economy. In G. Kasper, and E. Kellerman (Eds.), Communication Strategies: Psycholinguistic and Sociolinguistic Perspectives (pp. 49-64). London: Longman. Poulisse, N. & Schils, E. (1989). The influence of task-and-proficiency-related factors on the use of compensatory strategies: A quantitative analysis. Language Learning, 39(1), 15-48. Qiumei, B. (2004). Perceptions of Chinese EFL learners on communication difficulties and communicative strategies in use in the Australian context. China English education association. Retrieved January 11, 2012 from www.celea.org.cn/pastversion/lw/pdf/baiqiumei. pdf Rababah, G. (2001). An investigation into the strategic competence of Arab learners of English at Jordanian universities. Unpublished Doctoral dissertation, University of Newcastle, UK. Rababah, G. (2005). Communication problems facing Arab learners of English. Journal of Language and Learning 3(1). 180-197. Rababah, G. & Bulut, D. (2007). Compensatory strategies in Arabic as a second language. Poznán studies in contemporary linguistics 43(2), 83-106. Richards, J. C. & Schmidt, R. (2010). Longman dictionary of language teaching & applied linguistics (4th ed.). Harlow, UK: Pearson Education Limited. Riley, P. (1985). Discourse learning. London: Longman. Roscoe, J. T. (1975). Fundamental research statistics for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Ryan, J. (2005). The student experience: Challenges and rewards. In Carroll, J. & Ryan, J. Teaching international students: Improving learning for all (pp. 147-151). Abingdon: Routledge Schriesheim, C. A., & Hill, K. D. (1981). Controlling acquiescence response bias by item reversals: The effect on questionnaire validity. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 41, 1101-1114. Schumann, J. H. (1976). Social distance as a factor in second language acquisition. Language Learning, 26(1), 135-143. Scovel, T. (1978). The effect of affect on foreign n language learning: A review of the anxiety research. Language Learning, 28(1), 128-142. Scovel, T. (1991). The effect of affect on foreign language learning: A review of the anxiety research. In E. K. Horwitz & D. J. Young (Eds.). Language anxiety: From theory and research to classroom implications (pp. 15-23). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Selinker, L. (1972). Interlanguage. IRAL, 10, 209-231. Sekaran, U. (2003). Research methods for business: A skill building approach (4th ed.). New York: John Wiley and Sons. Sharyan, A. (2009). Analysis of the Crescent English Course for Yemen and proposals for an alternative syllabus. A paper presented at the Training Course on Analyzing the English Curriculum and Textbooks for Yemeni Curriculum Specialists at the Ministry of Education, Yemen. A project funded by German Technical Cooperation (GTC) in collaboration with the Basic Education Improvement Program, BEE. Sheorey, R. (1999). An examination of language learning strategy use in the setting of an idealized variety of English. System, 27, 173-190. Slater, M., Pertaub, D, Barker C. & Clark, D. (2006). Rapid communication: An experimental study on fear of public speahng using a virtual environment. Cyber Psychology & Behavior, 9(5), 627-633. Smith, B (2003). The use of communication strategies in computer-mediated communication. System, 31, 29-53. Spielberger, C. D. (1969). Thoery and research on axiety. In C. D. Spielberger (Ed.), Anxiety and behviour (pp. 3-20). New York: Academic Press. Spielberger, C. D. (1983). Manual for the state-trait anxiety inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press. Spielberger, C. D, &Vagg, P. (Eds.). (1995). Test anxiety: A transactional process model, test anxiety theory, assessment, and treatment. Washington, D.C.: Taylor & Francis. Steinberg, F. S., & Horwitz, E. K. (1986). The effect of induced anxiety on the denotative and interpretive content of second language speech. TESOL Quarterly, 20, 131-136. Supreme Council for Education Planning (SCEP). (2007). Education indicators in the Republic of Yemen. Sana'a: Prime Ministry, Yemen. Swain, M. (1984). Large-scale communicative language testing: A case study. In S. Savignon, & M. Bern (Eds.), Initiatives in Communicative Teaching (pp. 185-201). Reading, MA: Addison Wesley. Tabachnick, B. G. & Fidell, L. S. (2001). Using multivariate statistics (4th ed.). Boston: Pearson Education Company. Tabachnick, B. G. & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (5th ed.). Boston: Pearson international. Talebloo, B. & Baki, R. (2013). Challenges faced by international postgraduate students during their first year of studies. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 3(13), 138-144. Tarone, E., Cohen, A. & Dumas, G. (1976). A closer look at some interlanguage terminology: A framework for communication strategies. Working papers on Bilingualism 9, 76-90. Bilingual Education Project, the Ontario institution for studies in education, Toronto, Canada. Tarone, E. (1977, April). Conscious communication strategies in interlanguage: A progress report. In H. D. Brown, C. A. Yorio, & R. H. Cryrnes (Eds.), On TESOL' 77: Teaching and learning English as a second language: Trends in research and practice (pp. 194-203). Alexandria: TESOL. Tarone, E. (1980). Communication strategies, foreigner talks, and repair in interlanguage. Language Learning, 30(2), 417-431. Tarone, E. (1981). Some thoughts on the notion of communication strategy. TESOL Quarterly, 15(3), 285-295. Tarone, E. (1983). Some thoughts on the notion of communication strategy. In C. Faerch, & G. Kasper (Eds.), Strategies in interlanguage communication (pp. 61-74). London: Longman. Tarone, E. & Yule, G. (1987). Communication strategies in East-West interactions. In L. Smith (Ed.), Discourse across culttires: Strategies in world Englishes (pp. 49-65). New York: Prentice Hall. The Central Statistical Organization's 2009 Yearbook. Retrieved December 2, 2010 from http://www.cso-yemen.org/content.php?lng=arabic& id=545 Tiono, N., I & Sylvia, A. (2004). The types of communication strategies used by speaking class students with different communication apprehension levels in English Department of Petra Christian University, Surabaya. Kata (Petra Christian University) 6, 30-46. Tsuchimochi, K. (2001). A study of communication strategies use by Japanese EFL learners. Bulletin of Kagoshima Prefectural College, 52, 21-36. Ushioda, E. (1996). Developing a dynamic concept of motivation. In T. J. Hickey, J (Ed.), Language, education and society in a changing world (pp. 239-245). Clevedon: Multilingual Matters. Ushioda, E. & Domyei, Z. (2012). Motivation. In S., Gass & A. Mackey (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of second language acquisition (pp. 396-409). New York: Routledge Varadi, T. (1980). Strategies of target language learner communication: Message adjustment. IRAL, 18, 59-71. Paper originally presented at the sixth Conference of the Romanian -English Linguistics Project, Timisoania, 1973. Varadi, T. (1983) Strategies of target language learner communication: Message adjustment. In C. Faerch, and G. Kasper (eds.), Strategies in interlanguage communication (pp. 79-99). London: Longman, Wagner, E. (2010). Survey research. In B. Partridge, & A. Phakiti (Eds.), Continuum comparison to research methods in applied linguistics (pp. 22-37). Sydney: Continuum Wagner, J. & Firth, A. (1997). Communication strategies at work. In E. Kellerman, & G. Kasper (Eds.), Advances in research on communication strategies (pp.323-344). 0xford: Oxford University Press Wang, Y. (2008). An investigation into communication strategy usage and the pragmatic competence of Taiwanese learners of English within a computer mediated activity. Unpublished Doctoral thesis, University of Leicester, UK. Wannaruk, A. (2003). Communication strategies in an EST context. Studies in Language and Language Teaching, 12, 1-18. Ward, C. & Chang, W. (1997). Cultural fit: a new perspective on personality and sojourner adjustment International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 21(4), 525-533. Wells, G. (1981). Learning through interaction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Weerarak, L. (2003). Oral communication strategies employed by English majors taking listening and speaking 1 at Rajabhat Institute Nakhon Ratchasima. Unpublished Master thesis, Suranaree University of Technology, Thailand. Woodrow, L. (2006). Anxiety and speaking English as a second language. RELC Journal, 37,308-328. Woodrow, L. (2010). Researching motivation. In B. Partridge, & A. Phakiti (Eds.), Continuum comparison to research methods in applied linguistics (pp. 301-317). Sydney: Continuum. Young, D. J. (1986). The relationship between anxiety and foreign language oral proficiency ratings. Foreign Language Annals, 19(5) 439-445. Young, D. J. (1990). An investigation of students' perspective on anxiety and speaking. Foreign Language Annals, 23(6), 539-553. Young, D. J. (1991). Creating a low-anxiety classroom environment: What does language anxiety research suggest? The Modern Language Journal, 75, 426-439. Young, D. J. (1992). Language anxiety from the foreign language specialist's perspective: interviews with Krashen, Omaggio Hadley, Terrell, and Rardin. Foreign Language Annals, 25(2), 157-172. Yule, G. & Tarone, E. (1990). Eliciting the performance of strategic competence. In R. Scarcella, E. Andersen & S. Krashen (Eds. ), Communicative competence in a second language pp. 179-194). New York: Newbury House. Yule, G. & E. Tarone. (1997). Investigating communication strategies in L2 reference: Pros and Cons. In G. Kasper & E. Kelleman (Eds.), Communication strategies: Psycholinguistic and sociolinguistic perspectives (pp. 17-30). London: Longman.