The effect of macroeconomic variables and business environment in Yemen: Role of political stability and economic stability

This study was conducted to examine the impact of the foreign direct investment inflows on economic growth in Yemen, and evaluating the role of the moderating effect of political stability and economic stability on the relationships between macroeconomic variables, business environment variables a...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Musibah, Anwar Salem Omair
Format: Thesis
Language:eng
eng
Published: 2015
Subjects:
Online Access:https://etd.uum.edu.my/5738/1/s93494_01.pdf
https://etd.uum.edu.my/5738/2/s93494_02.pdf
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
id my-uum-etd.5738
record_format uketd_dc
institution Universiti Utara Malaysia
collection UUM ETD
language eng
eng
advisor Fadzil, Faudziah Hanim
Shahzad, Arfan
topic HB Economic Theory
JA Political science (General)
spellingShingle HB Economic Theory
JA Political science (General)
Musibah, Anwar Salem Omair
The effect of macroeconomic variables and business environment in Yemen: Role of political stability and economic stability
description This study was conducted to examine the impact of the foreign direct investment inflows on economic growth in Yemen, and evaluating the role of the moderating effect of political stability and economic stability on the relationships between macroeconomic variables, business environment variables and foreign direct investment inflows. Indeed, the study poses a new stream of research in investigating the effect of political stability and economic stability as moderating variables, recognizing the importance of political stability and economic stability as a critical variable in the course of foreign investment. Thus, the research framework of this study was designed with the integration of New Growth Theory and Firm Theory in tracing the impact of political stability and economic stability on foreign direct investment. This study used annual data for 30 years since the period of 1985 to 2014. The data was collected from the official sources such as Central Bank of Yemen, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, World Bank and International Monetary Fund. This study used the Augmented Dickey Fuller test to check the stationary of the data and hierarchal regression using STATA statistical software packages. The moderating effects of the determinants political stability and economic stability on the relationships were empirically examined. The findings of this study revealed that gross domestic production growth rate, degree of openness, exchange rate, inflation rate, gross national income, balance of payment, corruption control index, labour cost, infrastructure were significant predictors of foreign direct investment inflows. These findings, therefore, strongly suggested that political stability and economic stability is very important for the country’s domestic and foreign investment in the future course of direction. The study proposed several practical inferences for designing suitable macroeconomic policy and undertaking measures to promote a high economic growth with rising foreign direct investment inflows in the political economy of Yemen
format Thesis
qualification_name Doctor of Business Administration (DBA)
qualification_level Doctorate
author Musibah, Anwar Salem Omair
author_facet Musibah, Anwar Salem Omair
author_sort Musibah, Anwar Salem Omair
title The effect of macroeconomic variables and business environment in Yemen: Role of political stability and economic stability
title_short The effect of macroeconomic variables and business environment in Yemen: Role of political stability and economic stability
title_full The effect of macroeconomic variables and business environment in Yemen: Role of political stability and economic stability
title_fullStr The effect of macroeconomic variables and business environment in Yemen: Role of political stability and economic stability
title_full_unstemmed The effect of macroeconomic variables and business environment in Yemen: Role of political stability and economic stability
title_sort effect of macroeconomic variables and business environment in yemen: role of political stability and economic stability
granting_institution Universiti Utara Malaysia
granting_department Othman Yeop Abdullah Graduate School of Business
publishDate 2015
url https://etd.uum.edu.my/5738/1/s93494_01.pdf
https://etd.uum.edu.my/5738/2/s93494_02.pdf
_version_ 1747827972638769152
spelling my-uum-etd.57382021-04-04T07:59:33Z The effect of macroeconomic variables and business environment in Yemen: Role of political stability and economic stability 2015 Musibah, Anwar Salem Omair Fadzil, Faudziah Hanim Shahzad, Arfan Othman Yeop Abdullah Graduate School of Business Othman Yeop Abdullah Graduate School of Business HB Economic Theory JA Political science (General) This study was conducted to examine the impact of the foreign direct investment inflows on economic growth in Yemen, and evaluating the role of the moderating effect of political stability and economic stability on the relationships between macroeconomic variables, business environment variables and foreign direct investment inflows. Indeed, the study poses a new stream of research in investigating the effect of political stability and economic stability as moderating variables, recognizing the importance of political stability and economic stability as a critical variable in the course of foreign investment. Thus, the research framework of this study was designed with the integration of New Growth Theory and Firm Theory in tracing the impact of political stability and economic stability on foreign direct investment. This study used annual data for 30 years since the period of 1985 to 2014. The data was collected from the official sources such as Central Bank of Yemen, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, World Bank and International Monetary Fund. This study used the Augmented Dickey Fuller test to check the stationary of the data and hierarchal regression using STATA statistical software packages. The moderating effects of the determinants political stability and economic stability on the relationships were empirically examined. The findings of this study revealed that gross domestic production growth rate, degree of openness, exchange rate, inflation rate, gross national income, balance of payment, corruption control index, labour cost, infrastructure were significant predictors of foreign direct investment inflows. These findings, therefore, strongly suggested that political stability and economic stability is very important for the country’s domestic and foreign investment in the future course of direction. The study proposed several practical inferences for designing suitable macroeconomic policy and undertaking measures to promote a high economic growth with rising foreign direct investment inflows in the political economy of Yemen 2015 Thesis https://etd.uum.edu.my/5738/ https://etd.uum.edu.my/5738/1/s93494_01.pdf text eng public https://etd.uum.edu.my/5738/2/s93494_02.pdf text eng public dba dba Universiti Utara Malaysia Abdul Rahman, R., & Haniffa, R. M. (2005). The effect of role duality on corporate performance in Malaysia. Corporate ownership and control, 2(2), 40-47. Aburime, T. U. (2010). Impact of corruption on bank profitability in Nigeria. EuroEconomica, 23(2). Addison, T., Khansnobis, G. B., & Mayrotas, G. (2006). Introduction and Overview. World Economy, 29(1),1-8. Agricultural Science and Technology Indicators (ASTI). Recent Investment and Capacity Trends, Gert-Jan Stads, (May, 2015). Ahuja, Ritika. (2015). A Study of Flow and Trends of FDI in the Indian Economy, The International Journal of Business & Management, 3(1), 355-361. Ajayi, S. (2006). FDI and economic development in Africa. Paper presented at the ADB/AERC International Conference on Accelerating Africa Development Five Years into the Twenty-First Century, Tunis, November. Akcay, S. (2001). Is Corruption an Obstacle for Foreign Investors in developing Countries? Cross Country Evidence. Yapi Kredi Economic Review, 12 (2), 27–34. Akinboade, O. A., Siebrits, F. K., & Roussot, E. N. (2006). Foreign direct investment in South Africa. Foreign direct investment in Sub-Saharan Africa. Nairobi: Origins, Targets Impact and Potential. Alam, A. & S.Z.A. Shah. (2013). Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment in OECD Member Countries. Journal of Economic Studies. 40(4) 515–527 Alfaro, L., Chanda, A., Kalemli-Ozcan, S., & Sayek, S. (2004). FDI and economic growth: the role of local financial markets. Journal of international economics, 64(1), 89-112. Alfaro, Laura. (2014). Foreign Direct Investment: Effects, Complementarities, and Promotion. Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 15-006. Ali, S., & Guo, W. (2005). Determinants of FDI in China. Journal of Global Business and Technology, 1(2), 21-33. Almounsor, A. (2010). Inflation dynamics in Yemen: An empirical analysis. Working Paper of International Monetary Fund. No. 10/144. Retrieved from www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2010/ wp10144.pdf. Al-Sadig, A. (2009). The effects of corruption on FDI inflows. Cato Journal, 29(2), 267-294. Analysis. 7th Ed. Prentice Hall: USA. AL-Shebami, A., Almsafr, M., & Shaari, M. (2013). A Bounds Testing Approach to Cointegration: Determinants of Foreig Direct Investments Inflows to Yemen. Journal of Advanced Social Research, 3(7). Alvarez, I., & Marin, R. (2013). FDI and Technology as Levering Factors of Competitiveness in Developing Countries. Journal of International Management, 19(3), 232-246. Andresosso-O-Callagham, B., & Wei, X. (2003). EU FDI in China: Locational Determinants and its Role in China Hinterland. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 15th Annual Conference of the Association for Chinese Economics Studies. Ang, J. B. (2008). Determinants of foreign direct investment in malaysia Journal of Policy Modeling, 30(1), 185-189. Ang, J. B. (2009). Financial development and the FDI-growth nexus: the Malaysian experience. Applied Economics, 41(13), 1595-1601. Angmortey, B. N., & Tandoh-Offin, P. (2014). Does Foreign Capital Crowd–Out Domestic Saving in Developing Countries? An Empirical Investigation of Ghana. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 6(8), 161. Antwi, S., Mills, E. F. E. A., Mills, G. A., & Xicang, Z. H. A. O. (2013). Impact of foreign direct investment on economic growth: Empirical evidence from Ghana. International Journal of Academic Research in Accounting, Finance & Management Sciences, 3(1). Anyanwu, J. C. (2012). Why does foreign direct investment go where it goes? New evidence from African countries. Annals of Economics and Finance, 13(2), 433-470. Arabi, A. M. K. (2014). Foreign Direct Investment, Openness and Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence from Sudan (1972-2011). Journal of American Science, 10(9). Arms Control Association. (2012). http://armscontrolnow.org/about-us/. Ashley, R. (2012). On the Origins of Conditional Heteroscedasticity in Time Series. The Korean Economic Review, (28), 1, 5-25 Asiedu, E. (2001). On the determinants of FDI to developing countries: is Africa different. World Development, v. 30, n. 1. Asiedu, E. (2002). On the determinants of foreign direct investment to developing countries: Is Africa different? World Development, 30(1), 107-119. Asiedu, E. (2006). Foreign direct investment in Africa: The role of natural resources, market size, government policy, institutions and political instability. The World Economy, 29(1), 63-77. Assuncao, S., Teixeira, A., & Forte, R. (2011). Do countries’ endowments of Non-Renewable Energy Resources matter for FDI attraction? A crosscountry econometric analysis (No. 430). Universidade do Porto, Faculdade de Economia do Porto. Ataullah, A., Cockerill, T., & Le, H. (2004). Financial liberalization and bank efficiency: a comparative analysis of India and Pakistan. Applied Economics, 36(17), 1915-1924 Awan, M. Z., Khan, B., & uz Zaman, K. (2011). Economic determinants of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in commodity producing sector: A case study of Pakistan. African Journal of Business Management, 5(2), 537-545. Awan, M. Z., uz Zaman, K., & Khan, B. (2010). Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment In Services Sector of Pakistan: An Econometric Approach. Global Financial Crisis: Causes, Emerging Trends and Strategy, 5(2), 167-180. Badr, O. M., & Ayed, T. L. (2015). The Mediator Role of FDI in North Africa: Case of Egypt. Journal of Advanced Management Science, 3(1). Baek, K., & Qian, X. (2011). An analysis on political risks and the flow of foreign direct investment in developing and industrialized economies.Economics, management, and financial markets, 6(4), 60-91. Bae, M. T. (2008). Foreign Direct Investment Inflows and ICT Configurations. Pacific Focus, 17(2), 217-226. Baharom, A., Habibullah, M. S., & Royfaizal, R. (2008). The relationship between trade openness, foreign direct investment and growth: Case of Malaysia. Bahmani-Oskooee, Mohsen., & Nasir, Abm. (2002). Corruption, Law and Order, Bureaucracy and Real Exchange Rate. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 50(4),1021-1028. Barney, J. (1991). Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of management, 17(1), 99-120. Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of personality and social psychology, 51(6), 1173. Barros, C. P., Caporale, G. M., & Damasio, B. (2013). Foreign direct investment in the Asian Economies. Barrow, R. J., Mankiw, N. G., & Sala-i-Martin, X. (1995). Capital mobility in neoclassical models of growth: National Bureau of Economic Research. Basile, R., (2001). The locational determinants of foreign-owned manufacturing plants in Italy: the role of the south. Documenti di lavoro 14/01, ISAE, Rome. Basu.A and K. Srinivasan. (2002). Foreign Direct Investment in Africa-Some Case Studies, IMF Working Paper, No. 02/61, March 2002. Bayar, Y. (2014). Effects of Foreign Direct Investment Inflows and Domestic Investment on Economic Growth: Evidence from Turkey. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 6(4), 69. Berry, W. D., & Feldman, S. (1985). Multiple Regression in Practice. Sage University Paper Series on Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences, series no. 07-050). Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Belloumi, M. (2014). The relationship between trade, FDI and economic growth in Tunisia: An application of the autoregressive distributed lag model. Economic Systems. Benacek, V., Lenihan, H., Andreosso‐O'Callaghan, B., Michalíková, E., & Kan, D. (2014). Political Risk, Institutions and Foreign Direct Investment: How Do They Relate in Various European Countries?. The World Economy, 37(5), 625-653. Bénassy‐Quéré, A., Coupet, M., & Mayer, T. (2007). Institutional determinants of foreign direct investment. The World Economy, 30(5), 764-782. Bengoa, M., & Sanchez-Robles, B. (2003). Foreign direct investment, economic freedom and growth: new evidence from Latin America. European journal of political economy, 19(3), 529-545. Bevan, A. A., & Estrin, S. (2004). The determinants of foreign direct investment into European transition economies. Journal of comparative economics, 32(4), 775-787. Bevan, A. A., Estrin, S., & Institute, W. D. (2000). The determinants of foreign direct investment in transition economies: Centre for Economic Policy Research London. Bezuidenhout, H., Coetzee, Z., & Claassen, C. (2014). Profiling Sectoral Risks of Foreign Direct Investment in Africa (No. 415). Biglaiser, G., & DeRouen Jr, K. (2006). Economic reforms and inflows of foreign direct investment in Latin America. Latin American Research Review, 51-75. Binh, N. N., & Haughton, J. (2002). Trade liberalization and foreign direct investment in Vietnam. ASEAN economic bulletin, 302-318. Birch, M. H., & Halton, G. (2001). Foreign Direct Investment in Latin America in the 1990s. Latin American Business Review, 2(1-2), 13-31. Brada, J. C., Kutan, A. M., & Yigit, T. M. (2005). The effects of transition and political instability on foreign direct investment in ECE emerging market. Paper presented at the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) Spring Seminar. Brahim, M., & Rachdi, H. (2014). Foreign Direct Investment, Institutions and Economic Growth: Evidence from the MENA Region. Journal of Reviews on Global Economics, 3, 328-339. Brixiova, Z., Égert, B., & Essid, T. H. A. (2014). The Real Exchange Rate and External Competitiveness in Egypt, Morocco and Tunisia. Review of Middle East Economics and Finance Rev. Middle East Econ. Fin., 10(1), 25-51. Brooks, D. H., Fan, E. X., Sumulong, L. R., & Bank, A. D. (2003). Foreign direct investment in developing Asia: trends, effects, and likely issues for the forthcoming WTO negotiations. Asian Development Bank. Bryman, A. & D. Cramer. (1990). Quantitative data analysis for social scientists, 246-251. Bitzenis, A. (2006). Decisive FDI barriers that affect multinationals' business in a transition country. Global Business and Economics Review, 8(1), 87-118. Bitzenis, A. (2007). Determinants of foreign direct investment: Evidence from multinationals in the post-crisis era of Bulgaria in the late 1990s. Journal of Southeast European & Black Sea Studies, 7(1), 83-111. Bitzenis, A., Tsitourasb, A., & Vlachosa, V. A. (2009). Decisive FDI obstacles as an explanatory reason for limited FDI inflows in an EMU member state: The case of Greece. The Journal of Socio-Economics, 38, 691–704 Bleaney, M. & D. Greenaway. (2001). The impact of terms of trade and real exchange rate volatility on investment and growth in sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Development Economics, 65(2), 491-500. Block, S. (2000). Integrating traditional capital budgeting concepts into an international decision-making environment. Engineering Economist, 45(4), 309-325. Blomstrom, M., & Kokko, A. (2003). The economics of foreign direct investment incentives: National Bureau of Economic Research. Blonigen, B. A. (1997). Firm-specific assets and the link between exchange rates and foreign direct investment. The American Economic Review, 447-465. Blonigen, B. A. (2005). A review of the empirical literature on FDI determinants. Atlantic Economic Journal, 33(4), 383-403. Blonigen, B.A., Wang, M. (2005). Inappropriate pooling of wealthy and poor countries in empirical FDI studies. In T., Moran, E., Graham, E., M., Blomstrom (Eds.), Does Foreign Direct Investment Promote Development? Institute for International Economics, Washington, DC, pp. 221–243. Blonigen, B., & Ma, A. C. (2011). China's Growing Role in World Trade: Please Pass the Catch-Up: The Relative Performance of Chinese and Foreign Firms in Chinese Exports. Bogdanovska Djurovic, A. (2011). FDI Impact on the Economic Growth in the Developing Countries (2000-2010). Buckley, A., Buckley, P. J. S., Langevin, P., & Tse, K. (1996). The financial analysis of foreign investment decisions by large UK-based companies. European Journal of Finance, 2(2), 181-206. Buckley, P. J., & Casson, M. C. (1998). Analyzing foreign market entry strategies: Extending the internalization approach. Journal of international business studies, 539-594. Busse, M. (2003). Democracy and FDI (No. 220). HWWA discussion paper. Busse, M. and Hefeker, C. (2005), “Political risk, institutions and foreign direct investment”, HWWA Discussion Papers No. 315, Hamburg Institute of International Economics, Hamburg. Busse, M., & Hefeker, C. (2007). Political risk, institutions and foreign direct investment. European journal of political economy, 23(2), 397-415. Busse, M., Hefeker, C., & Nelgen, S. (2013). Foreign Direct Investment and Exchange Rate Regimes. Economics Bulletin, 33(1), 843-858. Calderan, C., Loayza, N., Servan, L., & Bank, W. (2004). Greenfield foreign direct investment and mergers and acquisitions: feedback and macroeconomic effects: World Bank. Campos, N. F., & Kinoshita, Y. (2002). The location determinants of foreign direct investment in transition economies. University of Michigan William Davidson Institute and CERP. Cantah, W. G., Wiafe, E. A., & Adams, A. (2013). Foreign direct investment and trade policy openness in Sub-Saharan Africa. Carkovic, M., & Levine, R. (2005). Does foreign direct investment accelerate economic growth. Does foreign direct investment promote development, 195-220. Castro, C., & Nunes, P. (2013). Does corruption inhibit foreign direct investment?. Política / Revista de Ciencia Polítical.51(1), 61-83. Central Bank of Yemen. (2013). Annual Report 2008.Yemen. Retrieved from http://www.centralbank.gov.ye/App_Upload/annl_rep 2013_en.pdf. Central Intelligence Agency. (2014). Middle East: Yemen. The World Factbook. Retrieved from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/theworld- factbook/geos/ym.html. Centorrino M., Signorino G. (1993). Criminalità e modelli di economia locale, in S. Zamagni (a cura di), Mercati illegali e mafie. L’economia del crimine organizzato, il Mulino, Bologn. Centorrino, M., & Ofria, F. (2008). Criminalità organizzata e produttività del lavoro nel Mezzogiorno: un’applicazione del modello «Kaldor- Verdoorn». Rivista economica del Mezzogiorno, 1, 163-189. Chakrabarti, Avik. (2001). The Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment: Sensitivity Analyses of Cross-Country Regressions, Kyklos, 54(1), 89-113. Chakrabarti, R., & Scholnick, B. (2002). Exchange rate expectations and foreign direct investment flow. Review of World Economics, 138(1), 1-21. Chami, S., Ahmed, F., Ltaifa, N., & Schneider, T. (2007). Yemen: Exchange rate policy in the face of dwindling oil exports. International Monetary Fund Working Paper 07/5. Retrieved from http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2007/ wp0705.pdf. Change, E. T. (1990). Endogenous Technological Change. journal of Political Economy, 98(5), 2. Chan, K. K., & Gemayel, E. R. (2003, December). Macroeconomic instability and pattern of fdi in the mena region. In erf 10th Annual Conference, Marrakesh, Morocco (pp. 16-18). Chantasasawat, B., & Institute, A. D. B. (2005). Foreign direct investment in East Asia and Latin America: is there a People's Republic of China effect? : Asian Development Bank Institute. Chaudhary, A. R., Iqbal, A., & Gillani, S. Y. M. (2009). The nexus between higher education and economic growth: An empirical investigation for Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences, 3, 1-9. Chaudhry, D., Iqbal, N., Mehmood, M. S., Mehmood, A., & Mujtaba, B. G. (2014). Exchange Rate, Market Size and Human Capital Nexus Foreign Direct Investment–A Bound Testing Approach for Pakistan. Wulfenia Journal, 21(8), 151-169. Chaudhry, N. I., Mehmood, A., & Mehmood, M. S. (2013). Empirical relationship between foreign direct investment and economic growth: An ARDL co-integration approach for China. China Finance Review International, 3(1), 26-41. Chaudhuri, S., & Mukhopadhyay, U. (2014) a. Foreign Direct Investment in Developing Countries: A Theoretical Evaluation. Springer. Chaudhuri, S., & Mukhopadhyay, U. (2014) b. Role of FDI in Developing Countries: Basic Concepts and Facts. In Foreign Direct Investment in Developing Countries (pp. 1-17). Springer India. Cheng, L. K., & Kwan, Y. K. (2000). What are the determinants of the location of foreign direct investment? The Chinese experience. Journal of international economics, 51(2), 379-400. Cheng, M.Y., Hossain, S., & Law, S. H. (2001). An introduction to econometrics using Shazam. Kuala Lumpur: McGraw Hill. Cheung, Y. W., & Qian, X. (2009). Hoarding of International Reserves: Mrs Machlup's Wardrobe and the Joneses. Review of International Economics, 17(4), 824-843. Christie, A. A., Joye, M. P., & Watts, R. L. (2003). Decentralization of the firm: theory and evidence. Journal of Corporate Finance, 9(1), 3-36. Cho, J. W. (2003). Foreign direct investment: Determinants, trends in flows and promotion policies. Investment Promotion and Enterprise Development Bulletin for Asia and the Pacific, 1, 99–112. Chowdhury, A., & Mavrotas, G. (2006). FDI and growth: what causes what? The World Economy, 29(1), 9-19. Chinn, M. D. (2006). A primer on real effective exchange rates: determinants, overvaluation, trade flows and competitive devaluation. Open economies review, 17(1), 115-143. Ciruelos, A., & Wang, M. (2005). International technology diffusion: Effects of trade and FDI. Atlantic Economic Journal, 33(4), 437-449. Clare, G., & Gang, N. (2010). Exchange rate and political risks, again. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 46(3), 46-58. Clarke, G.R.G. (2001). How the quality of institutions affects technological deepening in developing countries. Policy Research Working Paper Series 2603. World Bank, Washington DC. Coakes, S. J. & Steed, L. G. (2003). SPSS analysis without anguish version 11.0 for windows. John Wiley & Sons: Australia. Cortright, J. (2001). New growth theory, technology and learning: A practitioner guide. Reviews of Economic Development Literature and Practice, 4(6). Coughlin, C. C., Terza, J. V., & Arromdee, V. (1991). State characteristics and the location of foreign direct investment within the United States. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 675-683. Coughlin, C. C., & Segev, E. (2000). Foreign direct investment in China: a spatial econometric study. The World Economy, 23(1), 1-23. Country Watch Review (2010). Incorporated Country Watch Report. Retrieved from: LexisNexis Academic database. CPI, Commissione parlamentare d’inchiesta sul fenomeno della criminalità mafiosa o similare. 2008. Relazione annuale sulla ‘ndrangheta. Roma. Crespo, N., & Fontoura, M. P. (2007). Determinant factors of FDI spillovers-What do we really know? World Development, 35(3), 410-425. Curwin, K. D., & Mahutga, M. C. (2014). Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Growth: New Evidence from Post-Socialist Transition Countries.Social Forces, 92(3), 1159-1187. Dahan, A. A. (2014). The Estimation of the Energy Demand in Yemen: An Econometric Model Approach 1990–2012. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 6(2), 125-132. Daniele, V., & Marani, U. (2006). Do institutions matter for FDI? A comparative analysis for the MENA countries. Daniele, V., & Marani, U. (2011). Organized crime, the quality of local institutions and FDI in Italy: A panel data analysis. European Journal of Political Economy, 27(1), 132-142. Darlington, R. (1968). Multiple regression in psychological research and practice. Psychological Bulletin, 69(3), 161-182. Devarajan, S. (2015). Middle East and North Africa Quarterly Economic Brief, January 2015: Plunging Oil Prices. World Bank Publications. Deichmann, J., Karidis, S., & Sayek, S. (2003). Foreign direct investment in Turkey: regional determinants. Applied Economics, 35(16), 1767-1778. De Mello, L. (1999), Foreign Direct Investment Led Growth: Evidence from Time-Series and Panel Data , Oxford Economic Papers, 51, 133-151. Demirhan, E., & Masca, M. (2008). Determinants of foreign direct investment flows to developing countries: a cross-sectional analysis. Prague economic papers, 4(2008), 356-369. De Vita, G. and Kyaw, K.S. (2009), Growth effects of FDI and portfolio investment flows to developing countries: a disaggregated analysis by income levels, Applied Economics Letters,. 16, 277-83. Dixit, A. and R. Pindyck (1994) Investment under Uncertainty, Princeton University Press Doğru, B. (2012). The Effect of Institutional Variables on FDI Inflows Evidence From Upper-Middle Income Countries. Global Journal of Economics and Business Studies, 1(1), 01-12. Donaubauer, J., Meyer, B., & Nunnenkamp, P. (2014). Aid, infrastructure, and FDI: Assessing the transmission channel with a new index of infrastructure(No. 1954). Kiel Working Paper. Duanmu, J. L. (2014) a. A race to lower standards? Labor standards and location choice of outward FDI from the BRIC countries. International Business Review, 23(3), 620-634. Duanmu, J. L. (2014)b. State-owned MNCs and host country expropriation risk: The role of home state soft power and economic gunboat diplomacy. Journal of International Business Studies. Duarte, R. G., de Castro, J. M., & Miura, I. K. (2014). FDI inflows, transfer of knowledge, and absorptive capacity: The case of Mozambique, 8(1), 14-24. Duce, M. (2003). Definitions of foreign direct investment (FDI): A methodological note. Banco de Espana. Duhan, S. K. (2014). Role of foreign direct investment and foreign institutional investment in Indian economy. International Journal of Management, IT and Engineering, 4(5), 290-301. Duttaray, M., Dutt, A.K. & Mukhopadhyay, K. (2008), Foreign direct investment and economic growth in less developed countries: an empirical study of causality and mechanisms, Applied Economics Letters, 40, 1927-39. Durnev, A., Enikolopov, R., Petrova, M., & Santarosa, V. (2015). Politics, instability, and composition of international investment flows. Journal of Corporate Finance,(30), 299–324. Dumludag, D. & Sukruoglu,D (2007).The impact of macroeconomic and institutional variables on foreign direct in vestment flows in emerging markets. Marmara Üniversitesi IIBF Dergisi, 23(2).133–166. Dumludag, D. (2009). An analysis of the determinants of foreign direct investment in Turkey: The role of the institutional context. Journal of Business Economics and Management, 10(1), 15-30. Dunning, J. H. (1988). The eclectic paradigm of international production: A restatement and some possible extensions. Journal of International Business Studies, 19(1), 1-31. Dunning, J. H., & Lundan, S. M. (2008). Multinational enterprises and the global economy: Edward Elgar Publishing. Dunning, J. H. (2013). The role of foreign direct investment in a globalising economy. PSL Quarterly Review, 48(193). Egger, P., & Winner, H. (2006). How corruption influences foreign direct investment: A panel data study. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 54(2), 459-486. Ehimare, O. A. (2011). Foreign Direct Investment and Its Effect on the Nigerian Economy. Business Intelligence Journal, 4(2), 253-261. Eller, M., Haiss, P. and Steiner, K. (2006), Foreign direct investment in the financial sector and economic growth in Central and Eastern Europe: the crucial role of the efficiency channel, Journal of Emerging Markets Review, 7, 300-19. Enu, P., Havi, E. D. K., & Attah-Obeng, P. (2013). Impact of macroeconomic factors on foreign direct investment in ghana: a cointegration analysis. European Scientific Journal, 9(28). Farahani, S. S., Motevasel, S., & Hajmousavi, S. (2014). The Effect of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) on the Balance of Payments in Iran, Journal Of Current Research In Science, 2(2), 233-239. Fedderke, J. W., & Romm, A. T. (2006). Growth impact and determinants of foreign direct investment into South Africa, 1956-2003. Economic Modelling, 23(5), 738-760. Feenstra, R. C., & Hanson, G. H. (2004). Ownership and control in outsourcing to china: Estimating the property-rights theory of the firm: National Bureau of Economic Research. Fernajndez-Arias, E., & Hausmann, R. (2000). The new wave of capital inflows: sea change or just another tide? Inter American Development Bank Working Paper (415). Foad, H.S. (2005) .Exchange Rate Volatility and Export Oriented FDI, A Paper from Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 2-7. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2014). http://www.fao.org/in-action/fapda/en/. Frage, N. M. (2008). Market structure and the relationship between foreign direct investment and exports. Temple University. Frazier, P. A., Tix, A. P., & Barron, K. E. (2004). Testing moderator and mediator effect in counseling research. Journal of Counselling Psychology, 51(1), 115-134. Fung, K. C., & A. Garcia-Herrero. (2011). Foreign Direct Investment in Cross-Border Infrastructure Projects. ADBI Working Papers. Gala, P., & Rocha, M. (2009). Real exchange rates, domestic and foreign savings: the missing link. Anales de la XXXVII Encuentro Nacional de EconomÃa de la ANPEC, Foz do Iguazu. General Investment Authority, GIA ,2014, http://investinyemen.org/ Ghoneim, A. F., & Ezzat, A. M. (2014). Growth and Corruption in Arab Countries: What Type of Relationship Connects Them?. Ghosh, D., & Vogt, A. (2012). Outliers: An evaluation of methodologies. In Joint Statistical Meetings (pp. 3455-3460). Globerman, S., & Shapiro, D. (2003). Governance infrastructure and US foreign direct investment. Journal of International Business Studies, 34(1), 19-39. Grosse, R., & Trevino, L. J. (1996). Foreign direct investment in the United States: an analysis by country of origin. Journal of International Business Studies, 139-155. Gordon, H. Hanson. (2001). Should Countries Promote Foreign Direct Investment?. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development- Center for International Development Harvard University. Research papers for the Intergovernmental Group of Twenty-Four on International Monetary Affairs. Görg, H., & Greenaway, D. (2004). Much ado about nothing? Do domestic firms really benefit from foreign direct investment?. The World Bank Research Observer, 19(2), 171-197. Gujarati, D.N. (2003). Basic econometrics 4th edn (International Edition). New York: McGrawHill. Gupta, P., & Singh, A. (2014). Macro Economic Determinants of foreign Direct Investment in BRIC Nations. South Asian Journal of Marketing & Management Research, 4(2), 1-12. Guesmi, K., & Teulon, F. (2014). Determinants of Foreign Direct Investments in the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (No. 2014-213). Habib, M., & Zurawicki, L. (2002). Corruption and foreign direct investment. Journal of international business studies, 291-307. Haile, G. A., & Assefa, H. (2006). Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment in Ethiopia: A time-series analysis. Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L. & Black, W. C. (2010). Multivariate Data. Hair Jr, J. F. Black, Babin, W. C., Anderson, B. J R. E., & Tatham, R.L (2006). Multivariate data analysis. Upper-Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Hakro, A. N., & Ghumro, A. A. (2007). Foreign direct investment, determinants and policy analysis: case study of Pakistan.: Glasgow University, Glasgow, and Shah Abdul Latif University, Khaipur. Haksoon, K. (2010). Political stability and foreign direct investment. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 2(3), 59-71. Hamilton, L. C. (2003). Statistics with Stata: Updated for Version 7. Beloment: Duxbury Press. Haniffa, R. & Hudaib, M. (2004). Disclosure Practice of Islamic Financial Institutions: An Exploratory Study. Paper presented 2004 at the conference on Accounting, Commerce & Finance: the Islamic Perspective International. Hanna, G. F., Hammoud, M. S., & Russo-Converso, J. A. (2014). Foreign Direct Investment in Post-Conflict Countries: The Case of Iraq’s Oil and Electricity Sectors. International. Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 4(2), 137-148. Hansen, H., & Rand, J. (2006). On the causal links between FDI and growth in developing countries. The World Economy, 29(1), 21-41. Hansen, P. F. B. (2014). Determinants of net FDI inflow to a cluster of Central and Eastern European countries. Harms, P., & Ursprung, H. W. (2002). Do civil and political repression really boost foreign direct investments?. Economic Inquiry, 40(4), 651-663. Hayat, A. (2014). FDI and Economic Growth: The Role of Natural Resources. Institute of Economics Studies,1-17. 213 Hayakawa, K., Lee, H. H. and Park, D. (2010). The role of home and host country characteristics in FDI: firm-level evidence from Japan, Korea and Taiwan, IDE Discussion Paper (267), 1-25. Hela, B. (2014). Knowledge economy, governance and FDI: Case of Tunisia. Journal of Business Management and Economics, 5(2), 52-62. Helmy, H. E. (2013). The impact of corruption on FDI: is MENA an exception?.International Review of Applied Economics, 27(4), 491-514. Henisz, W. J. (2000). The institutional environment for multinational investment. Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization, 16(2), 334- 364. Hoang, H., & Bui, D. (2015). Determinants of foreign direct investment in ASEAN: A panel approach. Management Science Letters, 5(2), 213-222. Ho, C. S., Ahmad, N., & Dahan, H. M. (2013). Economic freedom, macroeconomic fundamentals and foreign direct investment in fast emerging BRICS and Malaysia. International Journal of Banking and Finance, 10(1), 4. Ho, R. (2006). Handbook of univariate and multivariate data analysis and interpretation with SPSS. CRC Press. http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/publications/european_economy/2015/pdf /ee1_en.pdf. Huma, Z., Tahir, M. Q., & Zaheer, A. (2013). Does foreign direct investment influence development of stock market of host country? Evidence from Pakistan. African Journal of Business Management, 7(9), 678-687. Hunter, R. J., & Saldana, G. (2013). The Impact Area of Special Economic Zones: The Effect of FDI on Technology and Knowledge Transfer for 214 Native American Reservations: A Study of Employment, Innovation, and Absorptive Capacity. Global Business and Economics Research Journal, 2(12), 1-28. Husain, I. (2009). The Role of Politics in Pakistan’s Economy. Journal of International Affairs,63(1), 1-18. Hussein, M. A. (2009). Impacts of foreign direct investment on economic growth in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Countries. International Review of Business Research Papers,5(3), 362-376. Ifaro, L., Chanda, A., Kalemli-Ozcan, S., & Sayek, S. (2004). FDI and economic growth: the role of local financial markets. Journal of international economics, 64(1), 89-112. International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), (2014), https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DV N/26496 International Monetary Fund. Balance of Payments Manual, Fifth Edition, (1993) and the System of National Accounts, 1993. International Monetary Fund. (2014). http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2014/cr14276.pdf. Investment Climate Statement. US Department of State (Jun, 2014). Iqbal, A., Azim, P., Akram, W., & Farooq, M. U. (2013). Impact of Foreign Direct Investment and Exports on the Economic Growth: A Case Study of Pakistan. Stud, 2(3). Ireland, P. N. (1994). Supply-side economics and endogenous growth. Journal of Monetary Economics, 33(3), 559-571. Irsova, Z., & Havranek, T. (2013). Determinants of horizontal spillovers from 215 FDI: evidence from a large meta-analysis. World Development, 42, 1-15. Ivanova, E., & Masarova, J. (2013). Importance of Road Infrastructure in the Economic Development and Competitiveness. Economics and Management, 18(2), 263-274. Jackson, Gavin. (2015). Middle East economies: Balancing the books proves difficult, Investing in the Arab World, Financial Times. Jacobsen, F. F. (2009). Hadrami Arabs in Present-day Indonesia: An Indonesiaoriented group with an Arab signature. Routledge. Javed, K., Falak, S., Awan, R., & Ashfaq, M. (2012). Foreign Direct Investment, Trade and Economic Growth: A Comparison of Selected South Asian Countries. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 2(5). Janeba, E. (2002). Attracting FDI in a politically risky world. International Economic Review, 43(4), 1127-1155. Jenkins, C., & Thomas, L. (2002). Foreign direct investment in Southern Africa: Determinants, characteristics and implications for economic growth and poverty alleviation: CSAE, Univ. of Oxford. Jeon, B. N., & Rhee, S. S. (2008). The Determinants of Korea Foreign Direct Investment from the United States, 1980-2001: An Empirical Investigation of Firm Level Data. Contemporary Economic Policy, 26(1), 118-131. Jimenez, A., de la Fuente, J. M., & Durán, J. J. (2013). Is there an east-west structure in the location of FDI in Europe? The role of institutions and political risk. Research in Economics and Business: Central and Eastern Europe, 3, 5–23 216 Johnson, A. (2006). The Effects of FDI Inflows on Host Country Economic Growth. Electronic Working Paper Series 58. Centre of Excellence for Science and Innovation Studies (CESIS). Sweden. Julio, P., Pinheiro–Alves, R., & Tavares, J. (2013). Foreign direct investment and institutional reform: evidence and an application to Portugal. Portuguese Economic Journal, 12(3), 215-250. Kahouli, B., Omri, A., & Chaibi, A. (2014). Environmental Regulations, Trade, and Foreign Direct Investment: Evidence from Gravity Equations (No. 2014-189). Kang, H. H., & Huang, S. R. (2012). An analysis of the determinants of inward direct investment in Brazil. Proceedings of ASBBS Las Vegas, 19, 472- 487. Kardealer, E., & Yetkiner, I. H. (2009). The Impact of Corruption on FDI: An Application of Efficient Grease Hypothesis to EU Countries. Karshenas, M., Abu-Ismail, K., & Mackinley, T. (2006). Macroeconomic Policies for Growth, Employmen and Poverty Reduction in Yemen. Kazmier, L. (1996). Schaum's Outline of Theory and Problems of Business Statistics. McGraw-Hill, 1996-Business and Economics-410 pages Kazmier, L. J. (2003). Schaum's Outline of Business Statistics Schaum. Pub Co. Kaur, M., Yadav, S. S., & Gautam, V. (2013). A bivariate causality link between foreign direct investment and economic growth: Evidence from India. Journal of International Trade Law and Policy, 12(1), 68-79. 217 Kaya, Yılmaz. (2003). Türkiye’de Dogrudan Yatırımların Belirleyicileri: 1970- 2000. Atatürk Üniversitesi __BF Dergisi, 17(3-4), 39-56. Keith, T. (2006). Multiple regression and beyond. Pearson Allyn & Bacon. Kelly, R. M. (2014). Corruption in Africa: cultural, economic and political factors which impact corruption and potential solutions (Doctoral dissertation, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey). Khadaroo, A., & Seetanah, B. (2010). Transport infrastructure and foreign direct investment. Journal of International Development, 22(1), 103-123. Khan, S., & Bamou, L. (2006). An analysis of foreign direct investment flows to Cameroon. Foreign Direct Investment in Sub. Khan, M. A. (2007). Foreign Aid-Blessing or Curse: Evidence from Pakistan. The Pakistan Development Review, 46(3), 215-240. Khan, M. A. (2007). Foreign direct investment and economic growth: The role of domestic financial sector (No. 2007: 18). Pakistan Institute of Development Economics. Khan, M. A., & Khan, S. A. (2011). Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Growth in Pakistan: A Sectoral Analysis. PIDE-Working Papers. Khrawish, H. A. (2014). The Effect of Economic and Financial Risks on Foreign Direct Investment in Jordan: Multivariate Analysis. International Business Research,7(5), 124-136. Kim, L. (1993). National System of Industrial Innovation: Dynamics of Capability Building in Korea, in Nelson, R. (ed.), National Innovation System: A Comparative Analysis, Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 357-383. Kim, H. (2010). Political Stability and Foreign Direct Investment. International 218 Journal of Economics and Finance, 2(3),59. Kiyota, K., & Urata, S. (2008). The role of multinational firms in international trade: the case of Japan. Japan and the world economy, 20(3), 338-352. Kline, R. B. (1998). Principles and practices of structural equation modeling. New York: Guilford Press. Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford Press. Krifa-Schneider, H., & Matei, I. (2010). Business Climate, Political Risk and FDI in Developing Countries: Evidence from Panel Data. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 2(5), 54-65. Kobrin, S. J. (2005). The determinants of liberalization of FDI policy in developing countries: A cross-sectional analysis, 1992-2001. Transnational Corporations, 14(1), 67-104. Kok, R., & Ersoy, A. B. (2009). Analyses of FDI determinants in developing countries. International Journal of Social Economics, 36(1/2), 105- 123. Korpi, W. (1989). Power, politics, and state autonomy in the development of social citizenship: social rights during sickness in eighteen OECD countries since 1930. American sociological review, 309-328. Kostevc, Č., Redek, T., & Sušjan, A. (2007). Foreign direct investment and institutional environment in transition economies. Transition Studies Review,14(1), 40-54. Krogstrup, S., & Matar, L. (2005). Foreign direct investment, Absorptive capacity and Growth in the Arab world. Graduate Institute of International Studies (Geneva) Working Paper, (2). Kumar, V. (2014). Trend of FDI in India and Its Impact on Economic Growth. 219 International Journal of Science and Research, 3(10),639-642. Kumar, N., & Chadha, A. (2009). India's outward foreign direct investments in steel industry in a Chinese comparative perspective. Industrial and Corporate Change, 18(2), 249-267. Kumar, N., & Joseph, K. (2005). Export of software and business process outsourcing from developing countries: lessons from the Indian experience. Asia-Pacific Trade and Investment Review, 1(1), 91-110. Kundan, M. (2010). A time series analysis of foreign direct investment and economic growth: a case study of Nepal, International Journal of Business and Management, 5(2), 144-8. Kurihara, Y. (2013). Effects of Exchange Rate Fluctuations and Financial Development on International Trade: Recent Experience. International Journal of Business Management & Economic Research, 4(5). Kurihara, Y. (2013). Does adoption of inflation targeting reduce exchange rate volatility and enhance economic growth?. Journal of World Economic Research, 2(6), 104-109. Kyereboah-Coleman, A., & Osei, K. A. (2008). Outreach and profitability of microfinance institutions: the role of governance. Journal of Economic Studies, 35(3), 236-248. Kyung, J. H. (2009). Corruption and Foreign Direct Investment. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Studies. Lambsdorff, J. (2003). How corruption affects persistent capital flows, Economics of Governance, 4(3),229-243. Lan, W., and Q. Yin. (2009). Analysis of economic factors attracting FDI in west China since reform and opening-up, International Journal of 220 Business and Management 4(2), 26-30. Leitao,N.C.(2014).Foreign direct investment: The Canadian experience.International Journal of Economics and Finance, 2(4), p82. Levtzion, N., & Pouwels, R. (Eds.). (2000). The history of Islam in Africa. Ohio University Press. Lieberthal, K., & Lieberthal, G. (2003). The great transition. Harvard Business Review, 81(10), 70-81. Lim, E. G. (2001). Determinants of, and the relation between, foreign direct investment and growth: a summary of the recent literature. Journal of Economic Studies, 35(4), 200-218. Li, Q., & Resnick, A. (2003). Reversal of fortunes: Democratic institutions and foreign direct investment inflows to developing countries. International Organization, 57(01), 175-211. Lipsey, R. E., & Weiss, M. Y. (1984). Foreign production and exports of individual firms. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 304-308. Lipsey, R. E. & Sjoholm, F. (2010). FDI and growth in East Asia: Lessons for Indonesia. IFN Working Paper (852), 1-49. Li, S., & Park, S. H. (2006). Determinants of locations of foreign direct investment in China. Management and Organization Review, 2(1), 95- 119. Li, X., & Liu, X. (2005). Foreign direct investment and economic growth: an increasingly endogenous relationship. World development, 33(3), 393- 407. Louzi, B. M., & Abadi, A. (2011). The impact of foreign direct investment on economic growth in Jordan. IJRRAS, 8(2), 253–258. 221 Love, J. H., & Lage-Hidalgo, F. (2000). Analysing the determinants of US direct investment in Mexico. Applied Economics, 32(10), 1259-1267. Lugemwa, P. (2014). Foreign direct investment and SME growth: Highlighting the need absorptive capacity to support linkages between transnational corporations and SMEs in developing countries. International Journal of Economics, Finance and Management Sciences, 2(4), 245-256. Mah, J. S. (2010). Foreign direct investment inflows and economic growth of China. Journal of Policy Modeling, 32(1), 155-158. Mahdi, O. R., Almsafir, M. K., & Yao, L. (2011). The role of knowledge and knowledge management in sustaining competitive advantage within organizations: A review. African Journal of Business Management, 5(23), 9912-9931. Mahmood, I., Ehsanullah, M., & Ahmed, H. (2011). Exchange Rate Volatility & Macroeconomic Variables in Pakistan. Exchange, 1(2), 11-22 Mahmoodi, M., & Mahmoodi, E. (2014) . FDI, Exports and Growth: Evidence from Asian Countries. J. Educ. Manage. Stud, 4(2), 191-196. Mahmood, M. T. (2013). Does Foreign Direct Investment Influence Economic Growth and Human Capital of Host Countries? A Review of Empirical Evidence.. Majeed, M. T., & Ahmad, E. (2006). Determinants of Exports in Developing Countries. Pakistan Development Review, 45(4), 1265. Majeed, M. T., & Ahmad, E. (2009). An Analysis of Host Country Characteristics that Determine FDI in Developing Countries: Recent Panel Data Evidence. The Lahore Journal of Economics, 14(2), 71-96. Makki, S. S., & Somwaru, A. (2004). Impact of foreign direct investment and 222 trade on economic growth: Evidence from developing countries. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 86(3), 795-801. Maniam, B. (2007). An empirical investigation of US. FDI in Latin America. Journal of International Business Research, 6(2), 1-15. Mansfield, E. D., & Reinhardt, E. (2008). International institutions and the volatility of international trade. International Organization, 62(04), 621- 652. Markusen, J. R., & Venables, A. J. (1999). Foreign direct investment as a catalyst for industrial development. European economic review, 43(2), 335-356. Markusen, J.R., & K. E. Maskus. (2002). Discriminating Among Alternative Theories of the Multinational Enterprise. Review of International Economics,10, 694-707. Martinez-Zarzoso, I. (2013). The log of gravity revisited. Applied Economics 45(3), 311-327. Martanez-Zarzoso, I., & Nowak-Lehmann, F. (2004). Augmented gravity model: An empirical application to Mercosur-European Union trade flows. Journal of applied economics, 6(2), 291-316. Mastromarco, C., & Simar, L. (2014). Effect of FDI And Time Oncatching Up: New Insights From A Conditional Nonparametric Frontier Analysis. Journal of Applied Econometrics. Mathur, A., & Singh, K. (2013). Foreign direct investment, corruption and democracy. Applied Economics, 45(8), 991-1002. McGowan Jr, C. B., & Moeller, S. E. (2009). A Model For Making Foreign Direct Investment Decisions Incorporating Real Variables For Political 223 And Economic Risk Analysis. Mencinger, J. (2003). Does foreign direct investment always enhance economic growth?. Kyklos, 56(4), 491-508. Meon, P. G., & Sekkat, K. (2013). FDI and Exports Diversification In Arab Countries. Mhlanga, N., Blalock, G., & Christy, R. (2010). Understanding foreign direct investment in the southern African development community: an analysis based on project level data. Agricultural Economics, 41(3), 337-347. Mickiewicz, T. (2005). Economic Transition in Central Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States. Journal of Economic Studies 41(3), 207-216. Mina, W. (2007). The location determinants of FDI in the GCC countries. Journal of Multinational Financial Management, 17(4), 336-348. Mina, Wasseem. (2014). But Most of All We Love Each Other: Does Social Cohesion Pay off? Evidence from FDI Flows to Middle Income Countries International Center for Public Policy Working Paper Series. Paper 8. Mitze, T. (2011). Trade-FDI linkages in a simultaneous equations system of gravity models for german regional data. Economie international,2, 121- 161. Mody, A., Murshid, A. P., & Mishra, P. (2000). Private Capital Flows and Growth. Finance and Development, 28(2). Mohamed, S. E., & Sidiropoulos, M. G. (2010). Another look at the determinants of foreign direct investment in MENA countries: an empirical investigation. Journal of Economic Development, 35(2), 75-95. Molaie, Bakhtiar & Azad Ahmadi (2013). The Effect of Democracy, Economic 224 Stability and Political Stability on Foreign Direct Investment Evidence from 138 World’s Countries, Journal of Business and Economics, 4(9), 881-894. Mottaleb, K. A. (2007). Determinants of foreign direct investment and its impact on economic growth in developing countries. Mottaleb, K. A., & Kalirajan, K. (2010). Determinants of foreign direct investment in developing countries a comparative analysis. Margin: The Journal of Applied Economic Research, 4(4), 369 -404. Muchie, M., Nasrin, S., & Baskaran, A. (2010). Major Determinants and Hindrances of FDI inflow in Bangladesh: Perceptions and Experiences of Foreign Investors and Policy Makers. In Globelics-8th International Conference: Making Innovation Work for Society: Linking, Leveraging and Learning, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Mudambi, R., Navarra, P., & Delios, A. (2013). Government regulation, corruption, and FDI. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 30(2), 487- 511. Mukhtar, A., Ahmad, M., Waheed, M., Ullah, R. K., & Inam, H. (2014). Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment flow in developing countries. Int. J. Acad. Res. Appl. Sci, 3(3), 26-36. Mum, H.W., Lin, T.K. and Man, Y.K. (2008). FDI and economic growth relationship: an empirical study on Malaysia, International Business Research, 1 (2), 18-29. Mundi. (2012), http://www.indexmundi.com/. Musibah, A, S., Arfan, S., and Faudziah H, B, F. (2014). The Role of Foreign Investment Inflow in the Yemen's Economy Growth, in Comparison with 225 the MENA Countries, International Congress on Economy, Finance and Business (ICEFB 2014). Nagoya, JAPAN. Musibah, A, S., Arfan, S., and Faudziah H, B, F. (2015). Impact of Foreign Investment in the Yemen's Economic Growth: The. Country Political Stability as a Main Issue, Asian Social Science,11(4),102-116. Morisset, J. (2000). Foreign direct investment in Africa: policies also matter. Transnational Corporations, 9(2), 107-125. Mwega, F., & Ngugi, R. (2006). Foreign direct investment in Kenya. Foreign Direct Investment in Sub. Naanaa, I. D., & Sellaouti, F. (2013). The Role of Foreign Presence in the Technology Transfer. International Journal of Trade, Economics & Finance, 4(6). Nahidi, M. M., & Badri, A. K. (2014). The Effect of Foreign Direct Investment on Economic Growth. International Journal of Management, Accounting and Economics,1 (2),176-185. Nair-Reichert, U. and Weinhold, D. (2001). Causality tests for cross-country panels: a new look at FDI and economic growth in developing countries, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 63(2),153-71. Nayyra, Z., Fu, Q., & Sundas, R. (2014). Role of Foreign Direct Investment in Economic Growth of Pakistan. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 6(1), 32–38. Navaretti, G. B., Venables, A., & Barry, F. (2004). Multinational firms in the world economy: Princeton Univ Press. Naude, W., & Krugell, W. (2007). Investigating geography and institutions as determinants of foreign direct investment in Africa using panel data. 226 Applied Economics, 39(10), 1223-1233. Ngowani, Arnold (2012). RMB Exchange Rate Volatility and its Impact on FDI in Emerging Market Economies: The Case of Zambia. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 3(19),9-15. Nilsen, G. (2015), An overview of the copynumber package. Nunnenkamp, P. (2004). To what extent can foreign direct investment help achieve international development goals? The World Economy, 27(5), 657-677. Obwona, M. (2001). Determinants of FDI and their impact on economic growth in Uganda. African Development Review, 13(1), 46-81. OECD. (1996). Trade, Employment and Labour Standards: A Study of Core Workers= Rights and International Trade. Paris: OECD. OECD. (2008). Benchmark Definition of Foreign Direct Investment, available at: http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/26/50/40193734.pdf . OECD. (2014). International investment struggles,available at: http://www.oecd.org/investment/FDI-in-Figures-Feb-2014.pdf. Offiong, I. A., & Atsu, A. I. (2014). Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment in Nigeria. International Review of Management and Business Research, 3(3), 1538. Okafor, H. O. (2012). Do Domestic Macroeconomic Variables Matter for Foreign Direct Investment Inflow in Nigeria?. Research journal of finance and accounting, 3(9), 55-67. Oil & Gas Directory Middle East. (2010). Republic of Yemen: Research profile. Retrieved from http://oilandgasdirectory.com/2010/research/Yemen.pdf. Omran, M., & Bolbol, A. (2003). Foreign direct investment, financial 227 development, and economic growth: evidence from the Arab countries. Review of Middle East Economics and Finance, 1(3), 231-249. Onyeiwu, S. (2003). Analysis of FDI flows to developing countries: Is the MENA region different? Paper presented at the ERF 10th Annual Conference, December, Marrakech, Morocco. Osborne, J., & Waters, E. (2002). Four assumptions of multiple regression that researchers should always test. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, 8(2). Pajunen, K. (2008). Institutions and inflows of foreign direct investment: A fuzzy-set analysis. Journal of International Business Studies, 39(4), 652- 669. Pallant, J. (2001). SPSS survival manual. Maidenhead, PA: Open University Press. Pan, W., & Song, Y. (2014). Empirical analysis for the impact of RMB real effective exchange rate on foreign direct investment in China. Journal of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Research, 6(5). Parajuli, S., & Kennedy, P. L. (2010). The exchange rate and inward foreign direct investment in Mexico. Paper presented at the Southern Agricultural Association, Florida, USA. Paus, E., & Gallagher, K. (2006). The missing links between foreign investment and development: lessons from Costa Rica and Mexico. Tufts University. Pereira, N. C., Calegario, C. L. L., & Reis, R. P. (2013). Does Foreign Direct Investment Cause Higher Levels of Productivity or Do Higher Levels of Productivity Attract Foreign Direct Investment? A Study in Transforming Brazilian Industry.Revista de Ciências da Administraomo v, 15(35), 82- 228 94. Peri, G. (2004). Socio-cultural variables and economic success: evidence from Italian provinces 1951-1991. Topics in macroeconomics, 4(1). Pesaran, M.H. & Y. Shin (1999). An Autoregressive Distributed Lag Modeling Approach to Cointegration Analysis. In Storm, S. (ed.), Econometrics and Economic Theory in the 20th Century: the Ragnar Frish Centennial Symposium, Chapter 11, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Pigato, M. (2001). The Foreign Direct Investment Environment in Africa, Africa Region Working Paper ,No. 15, The World Bank. Pigato, M., (2001). Information and Communication Technology, Poverty, and Development in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, World Bank, Working Paper Series, nr. 20. Piteli E. (2010). Determinants of foreign direct investment in developed economies: A comparison between European and non-European countries, Contributions to Political Economy, 29(1), 111-128. Ponce, A. F. (2006). Openness and Foreign Direct Investment: The Role of Free Trade Agreements in Latin America. Portugal , Manuel Ferreira, Hélder Costa Carreira, Dan Li & Fernando Ribeiro Serra. (2013). How Corruption Matters on FDI Flows: Home and Host Country Effects, ENANPAD,1-16. Pournarakis, M. and Axarloglou, K. (2007). Do all foreign direct investment inflows benefit the local economy?, The World Economy, 30, 424-45. Pradhan, A. K., & Kelkar, S. (2014). Macroeconomic Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment in India: An Empirical Investigation (1991–2012). Journal of Commerce and Management Thought, 5(4), 530-544. 229 Quazi, R. (2005). Economic Freedom and Foreign Direct Investment in East Asia, College of Business, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, Texas 77446. USA International Academy of Business and Public Administration Disciplines (IABPAD) Meetings. Quazi, R., Vemuri, V., & Soliman, M. (2014). Impact of Corruption on Foreign Direct Investment in Africa. International Business Research, 7(4),1. Rajana, R. S., Rongalab, S., & Ghoshc, R. (2008). Attracting Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) to India: World Scientific Press. Rehman, C. A., Ilyas, M., Mobeen Alam, H., & Akram, M. (2011). The Impact of Infrastructure on Foreign Direct Investment: The Case of Pakistan. International Journal of Business and Management, 6(5), 268. Reinhardt, D., & Dell'Erba, S. (2013). Not all capital waves are alike: a sectorlevel examination of surges in FDI inflows (No. 474). Bank of England. Richard Spencer. (2015). Saudi Leads Ten-nation Sunni Coalition in Bombing Yemen's Shia Rebels,” The Telegraph, March 26, 2015. Sadni-Jallab, M., Gbakou, M., & Sandretto, R. P. (2008). Foreign direct investment, macroeconomic instability and economic growth in MENA countries. Said, S. E., & Dickey, D. A. (1984). Testing for unit roots in autoregressivemoving average models of unknown order. Biometrika, 71(3), 599-607. Salman, A., & Feng, H. X. (2010). FDI in Pakistan: Impact on GNP and capital financial account. In Financial Theory and Engineering (ICFTE), 2010 pp. 241-244. Salmoni, B. A., Loidolt, B., & Wells, M. (2010). Regime and Periphery in Northern Yemen: The Huthi Phenomenon. Rand Corporation 230 Samanta, S. K. (2011). Corruption, Religion and Economic Performance in OPEC Countries: An Analysis. International Journal of Economics, Management and Accounting, 19(2). Sayek, S. (1999). FDI and inflation: Theory and Evidence. Duke University, Advisor. Sayek, S., & Köymen, S. (2009). The Role of Human Capital in Productivity Spillovers from FDI: An Empirical Analysis for Turkish Manufacturing Firms (No. 919). Society for Economic Dynamics. Seim, L. T. (2009). FDI and Openness: Differences in Response across Countries. Serge, R. E. Y. (2006). Effective Exchange Rate Volatility and MENA Countries’exports to the Eu. Journal of Economic Development, 23. Sekkat, K., & Veganzonesa Varoudakis, M. A. (2007). Openness, investment climate, and fdi in developing countries. Review of Development Economics,11(4), 607-620. Shahbaz, M. and Rahman, M.M. (2010).Foreign capital inflows-growth nexus and role of domestic financial sector: an ARDL co-integration approach for Pakistan, Journal of Economic Research, 15, 207-31. Shapiro, R. J. (2011). Foreign Direct Investments in Developing Nations: Issues in Telecommunications and the Modernization of Poland. CEIS. Retrieved, 27. Shahzad, A., Mithani, D. A., Al-Swidi, A. K., & Fadzil, F. H. (2012). Political Stability and the Foreign Direct Investment Inflows in Pakistan, British Journal of Arts and Social Sciences, 9(2) 199-213. Shahzad, A., & Kaid Al-Swidi, A. (2013). Effect of Macroeconomic Variables 231 on the FDI inflows: The Moderating Role of Political Stability: An Evidence from Pakistan. Asian Social Science, 9(9). Sharma, K., & Bandara, Y. (2010).Trends, Patterns and Determinants of Australian Foreign Direct Investment. Journal of Economic Issues, 44(3), 661-676. Shiferaw-Mitiku, T. (2014). International Trade with Special Emphasis to FDI Issues in Africa. Bonfring International Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management Science, 4(1), 08-13. Sinani, E., & Meyer, K. E. (2004). Spillovers of technology transfer from FDI: the case of Estonia. Journal of comparative economics, 32(3), 445-466. Smarzynska, B. and Wei, S. (2000), Corruption and composition of foreign direct investment: firm-level evidence, NBER Working Paper No. 7969, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA. Solomon, B., & Ruiz, I. (2012). Political risk, macroeconomic uncertainty, and the patterns of foreign direct investment. International Trade Journal, 26(2), 181-198. Solow, R. M. (1956). A contribution to the theory of economic growth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 70(1), 65-94. Srinivasan, P. (2011). Determinants of foreign direct investment in SAARC nations: An econometric investigation. IUP Journal of Managerial Economics,9(3), 26 Stasavage, D. (2002). Private investment and political institution, Economic and Politics, 14 (1),. 41-63. Stephen W. Day. (2012). Regionalism and Rebellion in Yemen A Troubled National Union. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 34 -43. 232 Stevens, J. P. (2009). Applied multivariate statistics for the social sciences (5th ed.). New York, NY: Routledge. Subasat, T., & Bellos, S. (2011). Economic Freedom and Foreign Direct Investment in Latin America: A Panel Gravity Model Approach. Economics Bulletin, 31(3), 2053-2065. Sultan, N and Weir, D. (2010). Hadhramis: The Great Entrepreneurial Leaders of Arabia, the European Academy of Management, EURAM, 19–22 May 2010, Rome, Italy. Sultan, N and Weir, D. (2010). Reflections on the Entrepreneurial and Servant Leadership Qualities of Hadhramis (Yemen’s Most Successful Class of Businessmen), Symposium entitled: ’Servant-Leadership: Higher Educational Needs and Challenges in a Global Perspective’ organised by the Servant Leadership Centre for Research and Education (SERVUS), 22 November 2010, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Tabachnick, B. G., Fidell, L. S. (1996). Using Multivariate Statistics (3rd ed.). New York: Harper Collins College Publishers. Tachiwou, A. M. (2014). Corruption and Economic Development in West African Economic and Monetary Union (UEMOA). Journal of US-China Public Administration, 11(6), 522-531. Tang, C. F., Yip, C. Y., & Ozturk, I. (2014). The determinants of foreign direct investment in Malaysia: A case for electrical and electronic industry. Economic Modelling, 43, 287-292. Temiz, D., & Gokmen, A. (2014). FDI inflow as an international business operation by MNCs and economic growth: an empirical study on 233 Turkey.International Business Review, 23(1), 145-154. The Arms Control Association (ACA) http://armscontrolnow.org/2011/04/06/arms-sales-to-yemen/ Thorpe, M., & Leitão, N. C. (2014). Economic growth in Australia: globalisation, trade and foreign direct investment. Global Business and Economics Review, 16(1), 75-86. Todaro & Smith. (2011). Economic development todaro smith 11th edition,44 Torrisi, C. R., & Corbett, A. (2014). US FDI in the European Union: The Experience of the United Kingdom. Journal of Applied Business and Economics, 16(1), 57. Tuman, J. P., & Emmert, C. F. (2004). The political economy of US foreign direct investment in Latin America: a reappraisal. Latin American Research Review, 39(3), 9-28. Uppenberg, K., & Riess, A. (2004). Determinants and growth effects of foreign direct investment. EIB papers. UNCTAD. (2000). World Investment Report. United Nations, New York. UNCTAD. (2005). World Investment Report. United Nations, New York. UNCTAD. (2007). World Investment Report 2007: Transnational corporations, extractive industries and development. New York and Geneva: United Nations. UNCTAD. (2008). World Investment Report. United Nations, New York. UNCTAD. (2009). World Investment Report. United Nations, New York. UNCTAD. (2010). World Investment Report. United Nations, New York. UNCTAD. (2011). World Investment Report. United Nations, New York. UNCTAD. (2012). Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), available at: 234 http://www.unctad.org/en/Pages/DIAE/Foreign-Direct-Investment- (FDI).aspx. (accessed 18 March 2012). UNCTAD. (2013). World Investment Report 2013: Transnational corporations, extractive industries and development. New York and Geneva: United Nations. UNCTAD. (2014). World Investment Report. United Nations, New York. Udenze,Onyinye. (2014).The Effect of Corruption on Foreign Direct Investments in Developing Countries, The Park Place Economist, 22(1),78-95. Saqib, Usman (2014). Higher Education, Infrastructure and Foreign Direct Investment in Pakistan, IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) 15( 6) 54-59. Vijayakumar, N., Sridharan, P., & Rao, K. C. S. (2010). Determinants of FDI in BRICS Countries: A panel analysis. International Journal of Business Science and Applied Management, 5(3), 1-13. Villaverde, O. R. (2010) A Macroeconomic Approach To Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Inflow From The People’s Republic Of China To Cuba. Voyer, P. & Beamish, P. (2004). The effect of corruption on Japanese foreign direct investment, Journal of Business Ethics, 50(3),211-224. Wafure, O.G. and A. Nurudeen. (2010). Determinants of foreign direct investment in Nigeria: An empirical analysis. Global Journal of Human Social Science, 10(1),26-34. Wang, Z. Q., & Swain, N. J. (1995). The determinants of foreign direct investment in transforming economies: empirical evidence from Hungary and China. Review of World Economics, 131(2), 359-382. 235 Wang, M. and Wong, M.C.S. (2009). What drives economic growth? The case of cross-border M & A and greenfield FDI activities, KYKLOS, 62 (2), 316-30. Wang, M. (2009). Manufacturing FDI and economic growth: evidence from Asian economies. Applied Economics, 41(8), 991-1002. Wei, Shang-Jin (2000), How Taxing is Corruption on International Investors?, Review of Economics and Statistics, 82,(1), 1-11. Wei, Y., & Liu, X. (2001). Foreign direct investment in China: Determinants and impact: Edward Elgar Pub. Wernick, D. A., Haar, J., & Sharma, L. (2014). The Impact of Governing Institutions on Foreign Direct Investment Flows: Evidence from African Nations. International Journal of Business Administration, 5(2),1. Wheeler, D., & Mody, A. (1996). International investment location decisions: The case of US firms. Journal of international economics, 33(1-2), 57- 76. Wijeweera, A., Villano, R., & Dollery, B. (2010). Economic growth and FDI inflows: A stochastic frontier analysis. Journal of Developing Areas, 43(2), 143-158. Williamson, O. E., & Masten, S. E. (1995). Transaction cost economics (Vol. 1): Edward Elgar Pub. Woodward, D. P., Rolfe, R. J., Guimarães, P. and Doupnik, T. (2000). Taxation and the location of foreign direct investment in central europe, in Fatemi, K. (ed.), The New World Order: Internationalism and the Multinational Corporations, Pergamon Press (Elsevier Science) 46,192–203. Wooldridge, J. M. (2003). Cluster-sample methods in applied 236 econometrics.American Economic Review, 133-138. World Bank. (2013). Country Data: Link to Foreign Direct Investment definitionhttp://devdata.worldbank.org/external/CPProfile.asp?SelectedCo untry=YEM&CCODE=YEM&CNAME=Yemen2C+Rep.&PTYPE=CP. World Bank Report. (2006). United State, New York. World Bank.(2008).Country Data:Link to Foreign Direct Investment definitionhttp://devdata.worldbank.org/external/CPProfile.asp?SelectedCo untry=YEM&CCODE=YEM&CNAME=Yemen2C+Rep.&PTYPE=CP. World Bank Report. (2011). United State, New York. World Bank Report. (2014). United State, New York. Xu, D., and Shenkar, O. (2002). Institutional Distance and the Multinational Enterprise. The Academy of Management Review,27(4), 608-618. Xu, X., & Liu, S. (2013). Does Host Countries’ Institutional Environment Affect China’s Foreign Direct Investment?. 2nd International Conference on Science and Social Research (ICSSR 2013),217-220. Xu, Z., & Yeh, A. (2013). Origin Effects, Spatial Dynamics and Redistribution of FDI In Guangdong, China. Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie, 104(4), 439-455. Yasuda, N., & Watanabe, N. (2014). Macro and Micro Perspectives on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI): Effects of FDI, and Competitive Advantage of MNEs. (19), 37-64. Yemen country specific information. US Department of State (April 22, 2009). Younis, M. Lin, X., & Sharahili, Y. (2008). Political Stability and Economic Growth in Asia. American Journal of Applied Sciences, 5 (3): 203-208. Yulek, M. (2014). Smart FDI Policies. Yung, J. (2014). Can interest rate factors explain exchange rate fluctuations?. Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas Globalization and Monetary Policy Institute Working Paper, (207). Zafar, M. (2013). The determinants of