Workplace bullying among nurses in the Jordanian private hospitals

Workplace bullying is a wide spread phenomenon that constitutes negative impact to individuals and organizations. Prior studies have proven the negative implications of bullying behaviors in workplaces on the health of the victims and the performance of organizations. This study aims to examine the...

Full description

Saved in:

Bibliographic Details
Main Author:	Abuseif, Sami Farhan Ahmad
Format:	Thesis
Language:	eng eng
Published:	2016
Subjects:	HD58.7 Organizational Behavior. R Medicine (General)
Online Access:	https://etd.uum.edu.my/6288/1/s95032_01.pdf https://etd.uum.edu.my/6288/2/s95032_02.pdf
Tags:	Add Tag No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!

id	my-uum-etd.6288
record_format	uketd_dc
institution	Universiti Utara Malaysia
collection	UUM ETD
language	eng eng
advisor	Abdullah, Nor Azimah Chew
topic	HD58.7 Organizational Behavior. R Medicine (General)
spellingShingle	HD58.7 Organizational Behavior. R Medicine (General) Abuseif, Sami Farhan Ahmad Workplace bullying among nurses in the Jordanian private hospitals
description	Workplace bullying is a wide spread phenomenon that constitutes negative impact to individuals and organizations. Prior studies have proven the negative implications of bullying behaviors in workplaces on the health of the victims and the performance of organizations. This study aims to examine the relationship between the perception of injustice, job insecurity, trait anger, and negative affectivity with workplace bullying among nurses in private hospitals in Jordan. The role of self-control as the moderating factor in this relationship is also examined. The study used a survey method and questionnaires were distributed to 500 nurses at five private hospitals in Amman, Jordan. The data then were analysed using Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) and it is found that there is a positive and significant relationship between the perception of distributive injustice, perception of interactional injustice, trait anger, negative affectivity and workplace bullying. On the contrary, it is discovered that there is no positive and significant relationship between perception of procedural injustice and workplace bullying; and perception of job insecurity and workplace bullying. However, it is discovered that self-control serves as moderator in the relationship between the perception of distributive injustice and workplace bullying; and between trait anger and workplace bullying. In general, these findings support the view that self-control can override predispositions of individuals to engage in workplace bullying. Theoretical and practical implications of this study are also discussed
format	Thesis
qualification_name	Ph.D.
qualification_level	Doctorate
author	Abuseif, Sami Farhan Ahmad
author_facet	Abuseif, Sami Farhan Ahmad
author_sort	Abuseif, Sami Farhan Ahmad
title	Workplace bullying among nurses in the Jordanian private hospitals
title_short	Workplace bullying among nurses in the Jordanian private hospitals
title_full	Workplace bullying among nurses in the Jordanian private hospitals
title_fullStr	Workplace bullying among nurses in the Jordanian private hospitals
title_full_unstemmed	Workplace bullying among nurses in the Jordanian private hospitals
title_sort	workplace bullying among nurses in the jordanian private hospitals
granting_institution	Universiti Utara Malaysia
granting_department	Othman Yeop Abdullah Graduate School of Business
publishDate	2016
url	https://etd.uum.edu.my/6288/1/s95032_01.pdf https://etd.uum.edu.my/6288/2/s95032_02.pdf
_version_	1747828052194230272
spelling	my-uum-etd.62882021-04-05T01:38:56Z Workplace bullying among nurses in the Jordanian private hospitals 2016 Abuseif, Sami Farhan Ahmad Abdullah, Nor Azimah Chew Othman Yeop Abdullah Graduate School of Business Othman Yeop Abdullah Graduate School of Business HD58.7 Organizational Behavior. R Medicine (General) Workplace bullying is a wide spread phenomenon that constitutes negative impact to individuals and organizations. Prior studies have proven the negative implications of bullying behaviors in workplaces on the health of the victims and the performance of organizations. This study aims to examine the relationship between the perception of injustice, job insecurity, trait anger, and negative affectivity with workplace bullying among nurses in private hospitals in Jordan. The role of self-control as the moderating factor in this relationship is also examined. The study used a survey method and questionnaires were distributed to 500 nurses at five private hospitals in Amman, Jordan. The data then were analysed using Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) and it is found that there is a positive and significant relationship between the perception of distributive injustice, perception of interactional injustice, trait anger, negative affectivity and workplace bullying. On the contrary, it is discovered that there is no positive and significant relationship between perception of procedural injustice and workplace bullying; and perception of job insecurity and workplace bullying. However, it is discovered that self-control serves as moderator in the relationship between the perception of distributive injustice and workplace bullying; and between trait anger and workplace bullying. In general, these findings support the view that self-control can override predispositions of individuals to engage in workplace bullying. Theoretical and practical implications of this study are also discussed 2016 Thesis https://etd.uum.edu.my/6288/ https://etd.uum.edu.my/6288/1/s95032_01.pdf text eng public https://etd.uum.edu.my/6288/2/s95032_02.pdf text eng public Ph.D. doctoral Universiti Utara Malaysia Abbas, R. A., & Selim, S. F. (2011). Workplace violence-A survey of diagnostic radiographers in Ismailia governorate hospitals, Egypt. Journal of American Science, 7(6), 1049-1058. AbuAlRub, R. F., & Al-Asmar, A. H. (2011). Physical violence in the workplace among Jordanian hospital nurses. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 22(2), 157-165. Adams, A., & Crawford, N. (1992). Bullying at Work: How to Comfort and Overcome It. London: Virago Press. Agervold, M. (2009). The significance of organizational factors for the incidence of bullying. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 50(3), 267-276. Agervold, M., & Mikkelsen, E. G. (2004). Relationships between bullying, psychosocial work environment and individual stress reactions. Work & Stress, 18(4), 336-351. Ahmed, A. S. (2012). Verbal and physical abuse against Jordanian nurses in the work environment. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, 18(4), 318. Ajlouni, M. (2011). Jordan Health System Profile: World Health Organization (WHO). Retrieved from http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/documents/s17239e/s17239e.pdf Albashtawy, M. (2013). Workplace violence against nurses in emergency departments in Jordan. International Nursing Review, 60(4), 550-555. Alhamwan, M., Mat, N. B., & Al Muala, I. (2015). The impact of organizational factors on nurses turnover intention behavior at public hospitals in Jordan. Journal of Management and Sustainability, 5(2), 154. Almuala, I. M. (2013). The moderating effect of personality in the relationship between job demand and job control on workplace bullying: A study among nurses in Jordan (PhD thesis, Universiti Utara Malaysia, Malaysia). Retrieved from http://etd.uum.edu.my/4788/ Amer, M. (2010). Assault on nurses in Altutanji hospital, Alghad. Retrieved from http://www.alghad.com/index.php/article/381802.html Anderson, C. A., & Bushman, B. J. (2002). Human aggression. Annual Review of Psychology, 53(1), 27-51. Anderson, C. A., & Huesmann, L. R. (2003). Human aggression: A social-cognitive view. Handbook of Social Psychology, 296-323. Andersson, L. M., & Pearson, C. M. (1999). Tit for tat? The spiraling effect of incivility in the workplace. Academy of Management Review, 24(3), 452-471. Aquino, K. (2000). Structural and individual determinants of workplace victimization: The effects of hierarchical status and conflict management style. Journal of Management, 26(2), 171-193. Aquino, K., Lewis, M. U., & Bradfield, M. (1999). Justice constructs, negative affectivity, and employee deviance: A proposed model and empirical test. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 20(7), 1073-1091. Archer, J., & Southall, N. (2009). Does cost–benefit analysis or self‐control predict involvement in bullying behavior by male prisoners? Aggressive behavior, 35(1), 31-40. Ariza-Montes, A., Muniz, N. M., Montero-Simó, M. J., & Araque-Padilla, R. A. (2013). Workplace bullying among healthcare workers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 10(8), 3121-3139. Armstrong, J. S., & Overton, T. S. (1977). Estimating nonresponse bias in mail surveys. Journal of Marketing Research 14, 396-402 Ashforth, B. (1994). Petty tyranny in organizations. Human Relations, 47(7), 755-778. Averill, J. R. (1983). Studies on anger and aggression: Implications for theories of emotion. American Psychologist, 38(11), 1145-1160. Awawdeh, A. (2007). Violence against women working in health sector (Doctoral dissertation, University of Jordan, Jordan). Retrieved from http://ju.edu.jo/Research/Lists/Research%20Centers/All_Centers.aspx Ayoko, O. B., Callan, V. J., & Hartel, C. E. J. (2003). Workplace conflict, bullying, and counterproductive behaviors. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 11(4), 283-301. Bagozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y. (1988). On the evaluation of structural equation models. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 16(1), 74-94. Baillien, E., Neyens, I., De Witte, H., & De Cuyper, N. (2009). A qualitative study on the development of workplace bullying: Towards a three way model. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 19(1), 1-16. Balducci, C., Cecchin, M., & Fraccaroli, F. (2012). The impact of role stressors on workplace bullying in both victims and perpetrators, controlling for personal vulnerability factors: A longitudinal analysis. Work & Stress, 26(3), 195-212. Barney, H. (2013). Job insecurity and workplace bullying behavior: The moderating effect of core self- evaluation (Doctoral dissertation, New Mexico State University, USA). Retrieved from http://www.usd.edu/faculty-and-staff/Chet-Barney Baron, R. A., & Richardson, D. R. (1994). Human aggression (2nd ed.). New York: Plenum. Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182. Baumeister, R. F., & Heatherton, T. F. (1996). Self-regulation failure: An overview. Psychological Inquiry, 7(1), 1-15. Bechtoldt, M. N., Welk, C., Zapf, D., & Hartig, J. (2007). Main and moderating effects of self-control, organizational justice, and emotional labour on bullying behaviour at work. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 16(4), 479-500. Bemmels, B. (1994). The determinants of grievance initiation. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 47, 285-301. Berkowitz, L. (1983). The experience of anger as a parallel process in the display of impulsive, "angry" aggression. Aggression: Theoretical and Empirical Reviews, 1, 103-133. Berkowitz, L. (1989). Frustration-aggression hypothesis: Examination and reformulation. Psychological Bulletin, 106(1), 59-73. Berkowitz, L. (1993). Aggression: Its causes, consequences, and control. New York, NY: Mc Graw-Hill Book. Berry, P. A., Gillespie, G. L., Gates, D., & Schafer, J. (2012). Novice nurse productivity following workplace bullying. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 44(1), 80-87. Bijrkqvist, K., Osterman, K., & Hielt-Bdck, M. (1994). Aggression among university employees. Aggressive Behavior, 20(3), 173-184. Bijttebier, P., Delva, D., Vanoost, S., Bobbaers, H., Lauwers, P., & Vertommen, H. (2000). Reliability and validity of the critical care family needs inventory in Dutch-speaking Belgian sample. Heart & Lung: The Journal of Acute and Critical Care, 29, 278-286. Blau, G., & Andersson, L. (2005). Testing a measure of instigated workplace incivility. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 78(4), 595-614. Bollen, K. A. (1989). Structural equation modeling with latent variables (2nd ed.). New York: Wiley. Bordia, P., Jones, E., Gallois, C., Callan, V. J., & DiFonzo, N. (2006). Management are aliens! Rumors and stress during organizational change. Group & Organization Management, 31(5), 601-621. Bosman, J., & Buitendach, J. H. (2005). Work locus of control and dispositional optimism as antecedents to job insecurity. Journal of Industrial Psychology, 31(4), 17. Bosworth, K., Espelage, D. L., & Simon, T. R. (1999). Factors associated with bullying behavior in middle school students. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 19(3), 341-362. Brees, J. R. (2012). The relationship between subordinates' individual differences and their perceptions of abusive supervision (Doctoral dissertation, Florida State University, USA). Retrieved from http://diginole.lib.fsu.edu/islandora/object/ fsu%3A182781/datastream/PDF Brousse, G., Fontana, L., Ouchchane, L., Boisson, C., Gerbaud, L., Bourguet, D., & Chamoux, A. (2008). Psychopathological features of a patient population of targets of workplace bullying. Occupational Medicine, 58(2), 122-128. Burns, N., & Grove, S. K. (2005). The practice of nursing research: Conduct, critique, and utilization. USA: Elsevier Saunders Bushman, B. J. (2002). Does venting anger feed or extinguish the flame? Catharsis, rumination, distraction, anger, and aggressive responding. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(6), 724-731. Bushman, B. J., & Bonacci, A. M. (2002). Violence and sex impair memory for television ads. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(3), 557-564. Buss, A. H. (1961). The psychology of aggression. New York: Wiley. Caprara, G. V., Regalia, C., & Bandura, A. (2002). Longitudinal impact of perceived self-regulatory efficacy on violent conduct. European Psychologist, 7(1), 63. Chambers, N. (1998). The experience of being the registered nurse on duty, managing a violent incident involving an elderly patient: A phenomenological study. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 27(2), 429-436. Chappell, D., & Di Martino, V. (2006). Violence at work at work (3rd ed.). Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office. Chatterjee, S., & Yilmaz, M. (1992). A Review of regression diagnostics for behavioral research. Applied Psychological Measurement, 16(3), 209-227. Chikoko, C. (2011). An investigation into violence against nurses in the southern region of Malawi (Doctoral dissertation, University of Cape Town, South Africa). Retrieved from https://open.uct.ac.za/bitstream/item/10386/thesis_hsf_2011_chikoko_c.pdf?sequence=1 Chin, W. (2010). How to write up and report PLS analyses. In V. Esposito Vinzi, W. W. Chin, J. Henseler & H. Wang (Eds.), Handbook of Partial Least Squares (pp. 655-690): Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Chin, W. W. (1998). The partial least squares approach to structural equation modeling. Modern Methods for Business Research, 295(2), 295-336. Chin, W. W., Marcolin, B. L., & Newsted, P. R. (2003). A partial least squares latent variable modeling approach for measuring interaction effects: Results from a Monte Carlo simulation study and an electronic-mail emotion/adoption study. Information Systems Research, 14(2), 189-217. Chui, W. H., & Chan, H. C. O. (2013). Association between self-control and school bullying behaviors among Macanese adolescents. Child Abuse and Neglect, 37(4), 237-242. Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (1995). Constructing validity: Basic issues in objective scale development. Psychological Assessment, 7(3), 309-319. Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Cohen-Charash, Y., & Mueller, J. S. (2007). Does perceived unfairness exacerbate or mitigate interpersonal counterproductive work behaviors related to envy? Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(3), 666-680. Cohen-Charash, Y., & Spector, P. E. (2001). The role of justice in organizations: A meta-analysis. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 86(2), 278-321. Colquitt, J. A. (2001). On the dimensionality of organizational justice: A construct validation of a measure. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(3), 386-400. Colquitt, J. A., Greenberg, J., & Zapata-Phelan, C. P. (2005). What is organizational justice? A historical overview. Handbook of Organizational Justice, 1, 3-58. Cooper, D. R., & Schindler, P. S. (2009). Business research methods. New York: McGraw-Hill. Cooper-Thomas, H., Gardner, D., O'Driscoll, M., Catley, B., Bentley, T., & Trenberth, L. (2013). Neutralizing workplace bullying: The buffering effects of contextual factors. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 28(4), 384-407. Cortina, L. M., Magley, V. J., Williams, J. H., & Langhout, R. D. (2001). Incivility in the workplace: Incidence and impact. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 6(1), 64. Cox, H. C. (1987). Verbal abuse in nursing: Report of a study: Research explores whether or not-and to what extent-verbal abuse affects nursing practice and turnover rates. Nursing Management, 18(11), 47. 158 Coyne, I., Seigne, E., & Randall, P. (2000). Predicting workplace victim status from personality. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 9(3), 335-349. Curran-Everett, D., Taylor, S., & Kafadar, K. (1998). Fundamental concepts in statistics: Elucidation and illustration. Journal of Applied Physiology, 85(3), 775-786. De Cuyper, N., & De Witte, H. (2005). Job insecurity: Mediator or moderator of the relationship between type of contract and various outcomes. Journal of Industrial Psychology, 31(4), 79. De Cuyper, N., Baillien, E., & De Witte, H. (2009). Job insecurity, perceived employability and targets' and perpetrators' experiences of workplace bullying. Work & Stress, 23(3), 206-224. De Witte, H. (2000). Work ethic and job insecurity: Measurement and consequences for well-being, satisfaction and performance (pp. 325-350). Leuven, Belgium: Garant. De Witte, H. D. (1999). Job insecurity and psychological well-being: Review of the literature and exploration of some unresolved issues. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 8(2), 155-177. Demir, D., & Rodwell, J. (2012). Psychosocial antecedents and consequences of workplace aggression for hospital nurses. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 44(4), 376-384. 159 Deniz, N., & Ertosun, O. G. (2010). The relationship between personality and being exposed to workplace bullying or mobbing. Journal of Global Strategic Management, 7, 129-142. Di Martino, V. (2003). Workplace violence in the health sector: Relationship between work stress and workplace violence in the health sector, Geneva. Retrieved November from http://www.ilo.org/public/english/dialogue/sector/papers/health/violenceccs. pdf Diaz, A. L., & McMillin, J. D. (1991). A definition and description of nurse abuse. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 13(1), 97–109. Diekmann, K. A., Samuels, S. M., Ross, L., & Bazerman, M. H. (1997). Self-interest and fairness in problems of resource allocation: Allocators versus recipients. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72(5), 1061-1074. Dietz, J., Robinson, S. L., Folger, R., Baron, R. A., & Schulz, M. (2003). The impact of community violence and an organization's procedural justice climate on workplace bullying. Academy of Management Journal, 46(3), 317-326. Dixon, W. J. (1980). Efficient analysis of experimental observations. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 20(1), 441-462. Djurkovic, N., McCormack, D., & Casimir, G. (2004). The physical and psychological effects of workplace bullying and their relationship to intention to leave: a test of the psychosomatic and disability hypotheses. International Journal of Organization Theory and Behavior, 7(4), 469–497. 160 Dörnyei, Z. (2007). Research methods in applied linguistics: Quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methodologies. England: Oxford University Press. DoS. (2011). Statistics Report, Department of Statistics in Jordan, Amman, Jordan. Retrieved from http://www.dos.gov.jo/sdb/dos_home/dos_home_e/main/index.htm Douglas, S. C., & Martinko, M. J. (2001). Exploring the role of individual differences in the prediction of workplace aggression. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(4), 547. Duffy, E. (1995). Horizontal violence: A conundrum for nursing. Journal of the Royal College of Nursing in Australia, 2(2), 5-17. Edwards, S. L., & O‘Connell, C. F. (2007). Exploring bullying: Implications for nurse educators. Nurse Education in Practice, 7(1), 26-35. Efe, S. Y., & Ayaz, S. (2010). Mobbing against nurses in the workplace in Turkey. International Nursing Review, 57(3), 328-334. Einarsen, S. (1996). Bullying and harassment at work: Epidemiological and psychosocial aspects. Univ., Department of Psychosocial Science, Faculty of Psychology. Einarsen, S. (1999). The nature and causes of bullying at work. International Journal of Manpower, 20(1/2), 16-27. Einarsen, S. (2000). Bullying and harassment at work: Unveiling an organisational taboo. Transcending Boundaries: Integrating People, Processes and Systems, 7-13. 161 Einarsen, S. & Hoel, H. (2001, May). The Negative Acts Questionnaire: Development, validation and revision of measure of bullying at work. Paper presented at the 9th European Congress of Work and Organisational Psychology, Prague, Czechoslovakia. Retrieved from https://www.uv.es/erasmuswop/news_eawop_09.htm Einarsen, S., & Mikkelsen, E. G. (2003). Individual effects of exposure to bullying at work. Bullying and Emotional Abuse in the Workplace: International Perspectives in Research and Practice, 127-144. Einarsen, S., & Raknes, B. I. (1997). Harassment in the workplace and the victimization of men. Violence and Victims, 12(3), 247-263. Einarsen, S., & Skogstad, A. (1996). Bullying at work: Epidemiological findings in public and private organizations. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 5(2), 185-201. Einarsen, S., Hoel, H., & Cooper, C. (Eds.). (2003). Bullying and emotional abuse in the workplace: International perspectives in research and practice (pp. 3- 30). London, England: Taylor & Francis. Einarsen, S., Raknes, B. R. I., & Matthiesen, S. B. (1994). Bullying and harassment at work and their relationships to work environment quality: An exploratory study. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 4(4), 381- 401. Elaph. (2012). Jordanian medical tourism revenues over a billion dollars in 2012, Elaph. Retrieved from 162 http://www.elaph.com/Web/Economics/2012/12/782603.html?entry=News- Jordan Elovainio, M., Kivimaki, M., & Vahtera, J. (2002). Organizational justice: Evidence of a new psychosocial predictor of health. American Journal of Public Health, 92(1), 105-108. Etienne, E. (2014). Exploring workplace bullying in nursing. Workplace Health & Safety, 62(1), 6–11. Falk, R. F., & Miller, N. B. (1992). A primer for soft modeling. Ohio: The University of Akron Press. Farrar, B. D. (2006). Race, gender, and bullying behavior: The role of perceived stereotypes (Master thesis, University of North Carolina, USA). Retrieved from http://repository.lib.ncsu.edu/ir/bitstream/1840.16/1125/1/etd.pdf Farrell, G. A. (2001). From tall poppies to squashed weeds: Why don‘t nurses pull together more? Journal of Advanced Nursing, 35(1), 26-33. Farrell, G. A., Bobrowski, C., & Bobrowski, P. (2006). Scoping workplace aggression in nursing: Findings from an Australian study. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 55(6), 778-787. Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A. G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39, 175-191. Field, A. (2009). Discovering Statistics using SPSS. London: Sage Publications. 163 Fitzgerald, L. F., Drasgow, F., Hulin, C. L., Gelfand, M. J., & Magley, V. J. (1997). Antecedents and consequences of sexual harassment in organizations: A test of an integrated model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82(4), 578-582. Flury, B. D., & Riedwyl, H. (1988). Multivariate statistics: A practical approach. London: Chapman and Hall. Folger, R.,& Skarlicki, D. 1998. A popcorn metaphor for employee aggression. In R.W. Griffin, A. O‘Leary-Kelly, & J. M. Collins (Eds.), Dysfunctional behavior in organizations: Non-violent dysfunctional behavior, 1, 43–81. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press. Fornell, C., & Bookstein, F. L. (1982). Two structural equation models: LISREL and PLS applied to consumer exit-voice theory. Journal of Marketing Research, 15, 440-452. Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating Structural Equation Models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18, 39-50. Fox, S., & Stallworth, L. E. (2005). Racial/ethnic bullying: Exploring links between bullying and racism in the US workplace. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 66(3), 438-456. Gates, D., Fitzwater, E., & Succop, P. (2003). Relationships of stressors, strain, and anger to caregiver assaults. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 24(8), 775-793. George, J. M. (1992). The role of personality in organizational life: Issues and evidence. Journal of Management, 18(2), 185-213. Giorgi, G. (2009). Workplace bullying risk assessment in 12 Italian organizations. International Journal of Workplace Health Management, 2(1), 34-47. Giorgi, G., Ando, M., Arenas, A., Shoss, M. K., & Leon-Perez, J. M. (2013). Exploring personal and organizational determinants of workplace bullying and its prevalence in a Japanese sample. Psychology of Violence, 3(2), 185- 197. Gitter, S. A. (2010). Shooting the shit: Profanity, self-control, and aggressive behavior (Doctoral dissertation, Florida State University, USA). Retrieved from http://diginole.lib.fsu.edu/islandora/object/fsu:182417/datastream/PDF/view Glomb, T. M., & Liao, H. (2003). Interpersonal aggression in work groups: Social influence, reciprocal, and individual effects. Academy of Management Journal, 46(4), 486-496. Gopalkrishnan, P. (2011). Workplace bullying and employee strain reactions: The moderating effects of perceived organizational support and job insecurity (Doctoral dissertation, Bowling Green State University, USA). Retrieved from https://etd.ohiolink.edu/rws_etd/document/get/bgsu1296163685/inline Gottfredson, M. R., & Hirschi, T. (1990). A general theory of crime. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. Greenberg, J. (1983). Overcoming egocentric bias in perceived fairness through selfawareness. Social Psychology Quarterly, 152-156. 165 Greenberg, J. (1987). Reactions to procedural injustice in payment distributions: Do the means justify the ends? Journal of Applied Psychology, 72(1), 55- 61. Greenberg, J. (1990). Organizational justice: Yesterday, today, and tomorrow. Journal of Management, 16(2), 399-432. Greenberg, J. (1993). Stealing in the name of justice: Informational and interpersonal moderators of theft reactions to underpayment inequity. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 54(1), 81-103. Greenberg, J. (1994). Using socially fair treatment to promote acceptance of a work site smoking ban. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79(2), 288. Greenberg, L., & Barling, J. (1999). Predicting employee aggression against coworkers, subordinates and supervisors: The roles of person behaviors and perceived workplace factors. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 20(6), 897-913. Greenhalgh, L., & Rosenblatt, Z. (1984). Job insecurity: Toward conceptual clarity. Academy of Management Review, 9(3), 438-448. Grover, S. L. (1991). Predicting the perceived fairness of parental leave policies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76(2), 247-255. Haffner, C. (2010). Workplace bullying: factors that influence a bystander's willingness to intervene (Master thesis, University of Saskatchewan, Canada). Retrieved from https://ecommons.usask.ca/handle/10388/etd-01062010-104505 166 Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2010). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2014). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications Hair, J. F., Money, A. H., Samouel, P., & Page, M. (2007). Research method for business. West Sussex, England: John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2011). PLS-SEM: Indeed a Silver Bullet. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 18, 139-152. Hansen, Å. M., Hogh, A., Persson, R., Karlson, B., Garde, A. H., & Ørbæk, P. (2006). Bullying at work, health outcomes, and physiological stress response. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 60(1), 63-72. Hauge, L. J., Skogstad, A., & Einarsen, S. (2009). Individual and situational predictors of workplace bullying: Why do perpetrators engage in the bullying of others? Work & Stress, 23(4), 349-358. Hauge, L., Skogstad, A., & Einarsen, S. (2007). Relationships between stressful work environments and bullying: Results of a large representative study. Work & Stress, 21(3), 220-242. Henseler, J., & Fassott, G. (2010). Testing Moderating Effects in PLS Path Models: An Illustration of Available Procedures. In V. Esposito Vinzi, W. W. Chin, J. Henseler & H. Wang (Eds.), Handbook of Partial Least Squares: Concepts, 167 Methods and Applications (pp. 713-735). Berlin, Germany: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sinkovics, R. R. (2009). The use of partial leasts Squares path modeling in international marketing. In R. R. Sinkovics & P. N. Ghauri (Eds.), Advances in International Marketing (pp. 277-320). Bingley: Emerald. Henseler, J., Wilson, B., Götz, O., & Hautvast, C. (2007). Investigating the moderating role of fit on sports sponsorship and brand equity. International Journal of Sports Marketing & Sponsorship, 8, 321-329. Hershcovis, M. S., Turner, N., Barling, J., Arnold, K. A., Dupré, K. E., Inness, M., & Sivanathan, N. (2007). Predicting workplace aggression: A metaanalysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(1), 228-238. Hoel, H., & Cooper, C. L. (2000). Destructive conflict and bullying at work. Manchester, UK: Manchester School of Management, UMIST. Hoel, H., Glasø, L., Hetland, J., Cooper, C. L., & Einarsen, S. (2010). Leadership styles as predictors of self‐reported and observed workplace bullying. British Journal of Management, 21(2), 453-468. Hoel, H., Sheehan, M. J., Cooper, C. L., & Einarsen, S. (2011). Organisational effects of workplace bullying. Bullying and Harassment in the Workplace: Developments in Theory, Research, and Practice, 129-149. Hui, M. K., Au, K., & Zhao, X. (2007). Interactional justice and the fair process effect: The role of outcome uncertainty. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43(2), 210-220. 168 Hulland, J. (1999). Use of partial least squares (PLS) in strategic management research: A review of four recent studies. Strategic Management Journal, 20, 195-204. Hutchinson, M., & Hurley, J. (2013). Exploring leadership capability and emotional intelligence as moderators of workplace bullying. Journal of Nursing Management, 21(3), 553-562. Hutchinson, M., Vickers, M. H., Jackson, D., & Wilkes, L. (2006). They stand you in a corner; you are not to speak: Nurses tell of abusive indoctrination in work teams dominated by bullies. Contemporary Nurse, 21(2), 228-238. Hutchinson, M., Wilkes, L., Jackson, D., & Vickers, M. H. (2010). Integrating individual, work group and organizational factors: Testing a multidimensional model of bullying in the nursing workplace. Journal of Nursing Management, 18(2), 173-181. Hynan, D. J., & Grush, J. E. (1986). Effects of impulsivity, depression, provocation, and time on aggressive behavior. Journal of Research in Personality, 20, 158–171. Ilies, R., Hauserman, N., Schwochau, S., & Stibal, J. (2003). Reported incidence rates of work-related sexual harassment in the United States: Using metaanalysis to explain reported rate disparities. Personnel Psychology, 56(3), 607-631. Inness, M., LeBlanc, M. M., & Barling, J. (2008). Psychosocial predictors of supervisor, peer, subordinate, and service provider-targeted aggression. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(6), 1401-1411. 169 International Council of Nurses. (2007). Guidelines on coping with violence in the workplace. Retrieved from http://www.icn.ch/images/stories/documents/publications/position_statement s/C01_Abuse_Violence_Nsg_Personnel.pdf Ismail, H. (2015). Organizational justice and citizenship behavior, the mediating role of trust. International Journal of Human Resource Studies, 5(1), 86-91. Jackson, D., Clare, J., & Mannix, J. (2002). Who would want to be a nurse? Violence in the workplace: A factor in recruitment and retention. Journal of Nursing Management, 10(1), 13-20. Jenkins, M. F., Zapf, D., Winefield, H., & Sarris, A. (2012). Bullying allegations from the accused bully's perspective. British Journal of Management, 23(4), 489-501. Johnson, S. (2009). International perspectives on workplace bullying among nurses: A review. International Nursing Review, 56(1), 34-40. Johnson, S. L., & Rea, R. E. (2009). Workplace bullying: Concerns for nurse leaders. Journal of Nursing Administration, 39(2), 84-90. Jones, J., & Lyneham, J. (2001). Violence: Part of the job for Australian nurses? Australian Emergency Nursing Journal, 4(1), 10-14. Keashly, L. (1997). Emotional abuse in the workplace: Conceptual and empirical issues. Journal of Emotional Abuse, 1(1), 85-117. Kelley, K., & Maxwell, S. E. (2003). Sample size for multiple regression: Obtaining regression coefficients that are accurate, not simply significant. Psychological Methods, 8, 305-321. 170 Kivimaki, M., Elovainio, M., & Vahtera, J. (2000). Workplace bullying and sickness absence in hospital staff. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 57(10), 656-660. Kivimäki, M., Virtanen, M., Vartia, M., Elovainio, M., Vahtera, J., & Keltikangas- Järvinen, L. (2003). Workplace bullying and the risk of cardiovascular disease and depression. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 60(10), 779-783. Konovsky, M. A. (2000). Understanding procedural justice and its impact on business organizations. Journal of Management, 26(3), 489-511. Krejcie, R. V., & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30(3), 607-610. Kumar, B. (2012). Theory of planned behaviour approach to understand the purchasing behaviour for environmentally sustainable products. (W.P. No. 2012-12-08). Retrieved from http://www.iimahd.ernet.in/assets/snippets/workingpaperpdf/1026062118201 2-12-08 Kwok, K. T. T., Li, K. E., Ng, Y. C., Cheung, M. H., Fung, V. K. P., Tong, J. M. K., & Leung, W. C. (2006). Prevalence of workplace violence against nurses in Hong Kong. Hong Kong Medical Journal, 12(1), 6-9. Laschinger, H. K. S., & Grau, A. L. (2012). The influence of personal dispositional factors and organizational resources on workplace violence, burnout, and health outcomes in new graduate nurses: A cross-sectional study. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 49(3), 282-291. 171 Lee, D. (2000). An analysis of workplace bullying in the UK. Personnel Review, 29(5), 593-610. Lench, H. C. (2004). Anger management: Diagnostic differences and treatment implications. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 23(4), 512-531. Lewis, D. (1999). Workplace bullying–interim findings of a study in further and higher education in Wales. International Journal of Manpower, 20(1/2), 106- 119. Lewis, S. E., & Orford, J. (2005). Women's experiences of workplace bullying: Changes in social relationships. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 15(1), 29-47. Leymann, H. (1990). Mobbing and psychological terror at workplaces. Violence and Victims, 5(2), 119-126. Leymann, H. (1993). Bullying-psycho-terror at work and how one might protect oneself . Rowolt, Germany: Reinbeck. Leymann, H. (1996). The content and development of mobbing at work. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 5(2), 165-184. Liefooghe, A. P. D., & Mac Davey, K. K. (2001). Accounts of workplace bullying: The role of the organization. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 10(4), 375‐392. Lutgen‐Sandvik, P., Tracy, S. J., & Alberts, J. K. (2007). Burned by bullying in the American workplace: Prevalence, perception, degree and impact. Journal of Management Studies, 44(6), 837-862. 172 Lyneham, J. (2001). Violence in New south wales emergency departments. Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing, 18(2), 8-20. MacIntosh, J., Wuest, J., Gray, M. M., & Cronkhite, M. (2010). Workplace bullying in health care affects the meaning of work. Qualitative Health Research, 20(8), 1128-1141. Madaan, S. (2012). Role of personal, family and school factors in school bullying. Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology, 38(3), 68- 75. Mangan, G. L., Quartermain, D., & Vaughan, G. M. (1960). Taylor MAS and group conformity pressure. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 61(1), 146-146. Martinko, M. J., Gundlach, M. J., & Douglas, S. C. (2002). Toward an integrative theory of counterproductive workplace behavior: A causal reasoning perspective. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 10(1‐2), 36- 50. Mashinchi, S., Yaghoubi, E., Ahmadi, E., Hadi, A., & Hamid, E. (2012). An analysis of correlation between organizational justice and job satisfaction. African Journal of Business Management, 6(3), 995-1002. Masterson, S. S., Lewis, K., Goldman, B. M., & Taylor, M. S. (2000). Integrating justice and social exchange: The differing effects of fair procedures and treatment on work relationships. Academy of Management Journal, 43(4), 738-748. 173 Matthiesen, S. B., & Einarsen, S. (2004). Psychiatric distress and symptoms of PTSD among victims of bullying at work. British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 32(3), 335-356. McGuckin, C., Lewis, C. A., & Shevlin, M. (2001, May). The impact of workplace bullying on the self-esteem of nurses. Paper presented at the 9th European Congress of Work and Organisational Psychology, Prague, Czechoslovakia. Retrieved from https://www.uv.es/erasmuswop/news_eawop_09.htm McMahon, L. (2000). Bullying and harassment in the workplace. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 12(6), 384-387. McNeice, C. L. (2013). The relationship between family to work conflict and instigated incivility at work: Exploring trait anger and negative affect as moderators (Master thesis, Saint Mary‘s University, Nova Scotia). Retrieved from http://library2.smu.ca/handle/01/25026#.V5G-mvl97IV Mikkelsen, E. G. E., & Einarsen, S. (2002). Basic assumptions and symptoms of post-traumatic stress among victims of bullying at work. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 11(1), 87-111. Moayed, F. A., Daraiseh, N., Shell, R., & Salem, S. (2006). Workplace bullying: A systematic review of risk factors and outcomes. Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science, 7(3), 311-327. MoH. (2010). Annual Statistical Report: Ministry of Health in Jordan (MoH). Retrieved from http://moh.gov.jo/MOH/Files/Publication/report2010_2.pdf 174 MoH. (2010). Overview of Healthcare sector in Jordan. Retrieved from http://www.moh.gov.jo/MOH/arabic/about.php MoH. (2013). Health sector Bodies: Ministry of Health In Jordan (MoH). Retrieved from http://moh.gov.jo/EN/HealthSectorBodies/Pages/Private-Hospitals.aspx Moon, B., & Alarid, L. F. (2014). School bullying, low self-control, and opportunity. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 30(5), 839–856. Moorman, R. H. (1991). Relationship between organizational justice and organizational citizenship behaviors: Do fairness perceptions influence employee citizenship. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76(6), 845-855. Moreno-Jiménez, B., Rodríguez-Muñoz, A., Moreno Y. & Garrosa E. (2006). The moderating role of assertiveness and social anxiety on workplace bullying: Two empirical studies. Revista de Psicologı´a del Trabajo y de las Organizaciones, 22, 363–380. Mullgn, E. A. (1997). Workplace violence: Cause for concern or the construction of a new category of fear. Journal of Industrial Relations, 39(1), 21-32. Muraven, M., Pogarsky, G., & Shmueli, D. (2006). Self-control depletion and the general theory of crime. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 22(3), 263- 277. Namie, G. (2003). Workplace bullying: Escalated incivility. Ivey Business Journal, 68(2), 1-6. Namie, G., & Namie, R. (2003). Anti-bullying advocacy: An unrealized EAP opportunity. Journal of Employee Assistance, 33(20), 9-14. 175 Neuman, J. H., & Baron, R. A. (2003). Social antecedents of bullying: Victims and perpetrators. Bullying and Emotional Abuse in the Workplace. London: Taylor & Francis, 185-202. Niedhammer, I., David, S., Degioanni, S., Drummond, A., & Philip, P. (2009). Workplace bullying and sleep disturbances: Findings from a large scale cross-sectional survey in the French working population. Sleep, 32(9), 1211- 9. Niehoff, B. P., & Moorman, R. H. (1993). Justice as a mediator of the relationship between methods of monitoring and organizational citizenship behavior. Academy of Management Journal, 36(3), 527-556. Notelaers, G., De Witte, H., & Einarsen, S. (2010). A job characteristics approach to explain workplace bullying. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 19(4), 478-504. Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric theory. New York: McGraw-Hill. Oladapo, V., & Banks, L. (2013). Management bullies: The effect on employees. Journal of Business Studies Quarterly, 4(4), 107-120. Osborne, J. W. (2010). Improving your data transformations: Applying the box-cox transformation. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, 15, 12, 1-9. Oweis, A., & Diabat, M. (2005). Jordanian nurses perception of physicians‘ verbal abuse: Findings from a questionnaire survey. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 42(8), 881-888. 176 Oxenstierna, G., Elofsson, S., Gjerde, M., Hanson, L. M., & Theorell, T. (2012). Workplace bullying, working environment and health. Industrial Health, 50 (3), 180-188. Pai, H. C., & Lee, S. (2011). Risk factors for workplace violence in clinical registered nurses in Taiwan. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 20(9‐10), 1405- 1412. Pallant, J. (2010). SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using SPSS. New York, NY: Open University Press. Patterson, K. E. (2007). The occurrence and outcome of workplace bullying among emerging adults (Doctoral dissertation, Carleton University Ottawa, Canada). Retrieved from https://curve.carleton.ca/system/files/etd/25860704-5323-424f-8841- ea0698230757/etd_pdf/644a1661d0cefa7bf81e5f21f765 Peterson, R. A., & Kim, Y. (2013). On the relationship between coefficient alpha and composite reliability. Journal of Applied Psychology, 98, 194-198. Petter, S., Straub, D., & Rai, A. (2007). Specifying formative constructs in information systems research. Mis Quarterly, 6, 623-656. Podsakoff, P. M., & Organ, D. W. (1986). Self-reports in organizational research: Problems and prospects. Journal of Management, 12, 531-544. Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2012). Sources of method bias in social science research and recommendations on how to control it. Annual Review of Psychology, 63, 539-569. 177 Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J.-Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 879-903. Pratt, T. C., & Cullen, F. T. (2000). The empirical status of Gottfredson and Hirschi‘s general theory of crime: A meta-analysis. Criminology, 38, 931– 964. Purpora, C. (2012). Horizontal violence and its relationship to quality of care. In G. L. Gillespie, & D. M. Gates (Eds.), Proceedings of the National Conference for Workplace Violence Prevention & Management in Healthcare Settings (pp. 11-19). USA: University of Cincinnati. Quine, L. (1999). Workplace bullying in NHS community trust: Staff questionnaire survey. British Medical Journal, 318(7178), 228-232. Quine, L. (2001). Workplace bullying in nurses. Journal of Health Psychology, 6(1), 73-84. Radzi, S. M., Ramley, S. Z. A., Salehuddin, M., & Othman, Z. (2009). An empirical assessment of hotel departmental managers turnover intentions: The impact of organizational justice. International Journal of Business and Management, 4(8), 173. Rayner, C. (1999). From research to implementation: Finding leverage for prevention. International Journal of Manpower, 20(1/2), 28-38. Rayner, C., Hoel, H., & Cooper, C. L. (2003). Workplace Bullying: What we know, who is to blame and what can we do. London, England: Taylor & Francis. 178 Reisel, W. D., Probst, T. M., Chia, S. L., Maloles, C. M., & König, C. J. (2010). The effects of job insecurity on job satisfaction, organizational citizenship behavior, deviant behavior, and negative emotions of employees. International Studies of Management and Organization, 40(1), 74-91. Restubog, S. L. D., Garcia, P. R. J. M., Wang, L., & Cheng, D. (2010). It‘s all about control: The role of self-control in buffering the effects of negative reciprocity beliefs and trait anger on workplace deviance. Journal of Research in Personality, 44(5), 655-660. Richman, J. A., Rospenda, K. M., Nawyn, S. J., Flaherty, J. A., Fendrich, M., Drum, L. (1999). Sexual harassment and generalized workplace abuse among university employees: Prevalence and mental health correlates. American Journal of Public Health, 89(3), 358-363. Rink, A. N. (2009). The influence of negative affectivity on depressive symptoms, perceived social support and marital satisfaction among African American women (Master thesis, Iowa State University, USA). Retrieved from http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1800&context=etd Roberts, K., & Young, W. (1997). Procedural fairness, return to work, and the decision to dispute in workers' compensation. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 10(3), 193-212. Rodríguez, M. A., Moreno, J. B., Baillien, E., Sanz, V. A., & Moreno, L. Y. (2011). The bullied who bullies: The reciprocal relationship between victim and aggressor in workplace bullying situations. Psicothema, 24(3), 358-363. 179 Rodwell, J., & Demir, D. (2012). Oppression and exposure as differentiating predictors of types of workplace violence for nurses. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 21(15), 2296-2305. Rothbaum, F. Weisz, J. R., & Snyder, S. S. (1982). Changing the world and changing the self: A two-process model of perceived control. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42(1), 5-37. Salin, D. (2003). Ways of explaining workplace bullying: A review of enabling, motivating and precipitating structures and processes in the work environment. Human Relations, 56(10), 1213-1232. Salin, D. (2008). Organisational responses to workplace harassment: An exploratory study. Personnel Review, 38(1), 26-44. Santinello, M., Vieno, A., & De Vogli, R. (2011). Bullying in Italian schools: The role of perceived teacher unfairness. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 26(2), 235-246. Sarchione, C. D., Cuttler, M. J., Muchinsky, P. M., & Nelson-Gray, R. O. (1998). Prediction of dysfunctional job behaviors among law enforcement officers. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83(6), 904-912 Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2010). Research methods for business: A skill building approach. UK: John Wiley & Sons. Shalvi, S., Eldar, O., & Bereby-Meyer, Y. (2012). Honesty requires time and lack of justifications. Psychological Science Journal, 23(10), 1264-1270. 180 Sharipova, M., Hogh, A., & Borg, V. (2010). Individual and organizational risk factors of work‐related violence in the Danish elder care. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 24(2), 332-340. Simon, S. (2008). Workplace bullying experienced by Massachusetts registered nurses and the relationship to intention to leave the organization. Advances in Nursing Science, 31(2), 48-59. Singleton, R. A., & Straits, B. C. (2005). Approaches to social research. New York: Oxford University Press. Skarlicki, D. P., Folger, R., & Tesluk, P. (1999). Personality as a moderator in the relationship between fairness and retaliation. Academy of Management Journal, 42(1), 100-108. Snijders, T. A. B. (2005). Power and sample size in multilevel linear models. Encyclopedia of statistics in behavioral science, 3, 1570-1573. Somani, R. K., & Khowaja, K. (2012). Workplace violence towards nurses: A reality from the Pakistani context. Journal of Nursing Education and Practice, 2(3), 148-154. Spector, P. E. (2006). Method variance in organizational research: Truth or urban legend. Organizational Research Methods, 9, 221-232. Speilberger, C. D. (1999). State-trait anger expression inventory-2: Professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources. Stevens, V., De Bourdeaudhuij, I., & Van Oost, P. (2002). Relationship of the family environment to children's involvement in bully/victim problems at school. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 31(6), 419-428. 181 Sutinen, R., Kivimaki, M., Elovainio, M., & Virtanen, M. (2002). Organizational fairness and psychological distress in hospital physicians. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 30(3), 209-215. Sverke, M., Hellgren, J., & Näswall, K. (2002). No security: A meta-analysis and review of job insecurity and its consequences. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 7(3), 242-264. Sweeney, P. D., & McFarlin, D. B. (1993). Workers′ evaluations of the ends and the means: An examination of four models of distributive and procedural justice. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 55(1), 23- 40. Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics. Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon/Pearson Education. Tangney, J. P., Baumeister, R. F., & Boone, A. L. (2004). High self‐control predicts good adjustment, less pathology, better grades, and interpersonal success. Journal of Personality, 72(2), 271-324. Tehrani, N. (2004). Bullying: A source of chronic post-traumatic stress. British Journal of Guidance and Counseling, 32, 358-366. Tepper, B. J., Duffy, M. K., Henle, C. A., & Lambert, L. S. (2006). Procedural injustice, victim precipitation, and abusive supervision. Personnel Psychology, 59(1), 101-123. Thibaut, J. W., & Walker, L. (1975). Procedural justice: A psychological analysis (pp. 1141-1160). New York, NY: Erlbaum Associates. 182 Tinuke. M., F. (2013). Managing workplace bullying, Journal of Human Resource Management, 1(3), 39-47. Tsuno, K., Kawakami, N., Inoue, A., & Abe, K. (2010). Measuring workplace bullying: Reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the negative acts questionnaire. Journal of Occupational Health, 52(4), 216-226. Unnever, J. D., & Cornell, D. G. (2003). Bullying, self-control, and ADHD. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 18(2), 129-147. UNRWA. (2011). United Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East, Statistics Report. Retrieved from http://www.unrwa.org/userfiles/2011120434013.pdf Vartia, M. (1996). The sources of bullying–psychological work environment and organizational climate. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 5(2), 203-214. Vartia, M. A. (2001). Consequences of workplace bullying with respect to the wellbeing of its targets and the observers of bullying. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment, & Health, 27(1), 63-69. Vartia, M., & Hyyti, J. (2002). Gender differences in workplace bullying among prison officers. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 11(1), 113-126. Vessey, J. A., DeMarco, R. F., Gaffney, D. A., & Budin, W. C. (2009). Bullying of staff registered nurses in the workplace: A preliminary study for developing personal and organizational strategies for the transformation of hostile to 183 healthy workplace environments. Journal of Professional Nursing, 25(5), 299-306. Vie, T. L., Glasø, L., & Einarsen, S. (2010). Does trait anger, trait anxiety or organisational position moderate the relationship between exposure to negative acts and self-labelling as a victim of workplace bullying? Nordic Psychology, 62(3), 67-79. Vink, J. M., & Boomsma, D. I. (2008). A comparison of early and late respondents in a twin-family survey study. Twin Research and Human Genetics, 11, 165- 173. Virkkunen, M., De Jong, J., Bartko, J., Goodwin, F. K., & Linnoila, M. (1989). Relationship of psychobiological variables to recidivism in violent offenders and impulsive fire setters: A follow-up study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 46(7), 600-603. Viswesvaran, C., & Ones, D. S. (2002). Examining the construct of organizational justice: A meta-analytic evaluation of relations with work attitudes and behaviors. Journal of Business Ethics, 38(3), 193-203. Warshaw, L. J., & Messite, J. (1996). Workplace violence: Preventive and interventive strategies. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 38(10), 993-1006. Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1984). Negative affectivity: The disposition to experience aversive emotional states. Psychological Bulletin, 96(3), 465-490. 184 Wei, F., & Si, S. (2013). Tit for tat? Abusive supervision and workplace bullying behaviors: The moderating effects of locus of control and perceived mobility. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 30(1), 281-296. Willness, C. R., Steel, P., & Lee, K. (2007). A meta-analysis of the antecedents and consequences of workplace sexual harassment. Personnel Psychology, 60(1), 127-162. World Bank. (2010). Health Expenditure per Capita. Retrieved from http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.XPD.PCAP Yildirim, A., & Yildirim, D. (2007). Mobbing in the workplace by peers and managers: Mobbing experienced by nurses working in healthcare facilities in Turkey and its effect on nurses. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 16(8), 1444- 1453. Ylipaavalniemi, J., Kivimaki, M., Elovainio, M., Virtanen, M., Keltikangas-Järvinen, L., & Vahtera, J. (2005). Psychosocial work characteristics and incidence of newly diagnosed depression: A prospective cohort study of three different models. Social Science & Medicine, 61(1), 111-122. Zapf, D. (1999). Organizational, work group related and personal causes of mobbing/bullying at work. International Journal of Manpower, 20(2), 70-85. Zapf, D., & Einarsen, S. (2001). Bullying in the workplace: Recent trends in research and practice. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 10(4), 369-373. 185 Zimmerman, B. J., Bandura, A., & Martinez-Pons, M. (1992). Self-motivation for academic attainment: The role of self-efficacy beliefs and personal goal setting. American Educational Research Journal, 29(3), 663-676. Zapf, D., & Gross, C. (2001). Conflict escalation and coping with workplace bullying: A replication and extension. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 10(4), 497-522. Zapf, D., & Warth, K. (1997). Mobbing: Subtile kriegsführung am arbeitsplatz. Psychologie Heute, 8, 20-26. Zapf, D., Einarsen, S., Hoel, H., Vartia, M., & Cooper, C. (2003). Empirical findings on bullying in the workplace. Bullying and Emotional Abuse in the: International Perspectives in Research and Practice, 103-126. Zapf, D., Knorz, C., & Kulla, M. (1996). On the relationship between mobbing factors, and job content, social work environment, and health outcomes. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 5(2), 215-237. Zikmund, W. G., Babin, B. J., Carr, J. C., & Griffin, M. (2010). Business research methods. South-Western, Canada: Cengage Learning. Zillmann, D. (1988). Cognition‐excitation interdependences in aggressive behavior. Aggressive Behavior, 14(1), 51-64.

Workplace bullying among nurses in the Jordanian private hospitals

Similar Items