A genre analysis of paid obituary announcements in selected Pakistani English newspapers

Newspaper paid obituary announcements are contextualized generic structures with religious and socio-cultural communicative functions. This generic structure reflects differences among people from various social strata to project their social status. The analysis in the Pakistani milieu was conducte...

Full description

Saved in:

Bibliographic Details
Main Author:	Chaudhry, Sajid Mahmood
Format:	Thesis
Language:	eng eng
Published:	2017
Subjects:	HF5001-6182 Business
Online Access:	https://etd.uum.edu.my/6796/1/s93642_01.pdf https://etd.uum.edu.my/6796/2/s93642_02.pdf
Tags:	Add Tag No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!

id	my-uum-etd.6796
record_format	uketd_dc
institution	Universiti Utara Malaysia
collection	UUM ETD
language	eng eng
advisor	Christopher, Anne Althea Hariharan, Krishnasamy
topic	HF5001-6182 Business
spellingShingle	HF5001-6182 Business Chaudhry, Sajid Mahmood A genre analysis of paid obituary announcements in selected Pakistani English newspapers
description	Newspaper paid obituary announcements are contextualized generic structures with religious and socio-cultural communicative functions. This generic structure reflects differences among people from various social strata to project their social status. The analysis in the Pakistani milieu was conducted due to a lack of studies which explore these announcements to determine local socio-cultural and socio-economic factors which influence their communicative intents. A genre analysis was conducted to determine the communicative purposes, stylistic devices, gender representation, content selection and non-linguistic features of this genre. Data were obtained by describing, investigating and analysing the discourse generic modes. The data comprises 601 printed paid obituaries selected from Pakistani English newspapers; The Dawn and The News International. A total of 30 respondents from various background were interviewed. A methodological framework of Al-Ali in 2005 which was an adapted form of Swales in 1990 moves analysis model, is used as a prototypical. Moves analysis and inductive reasoning lead towards the structural and informational understanding of these announcements. Procedural steps involving trilateral phases: identification, comprehension and validation have been adopted. The findings show a blend of similarities and dissimilarities with the similarly produced genre globally. It was also found that the communicational load of the textual moves of this genre is dependent on the contextualized societal and religious practices, and personalized intentions of the discourse community. The findings of this study could serve as an abstract model of guidance for the professional and unprofessional writers of this genre in Pakistan. It also helps to create awareness towards using appropriate linguistic forms among practitioners of English in Pakistan, and provides a theoretical model for future researches dealing with a similar subject matter
format	Thesis
qualification_name	other
qualification_level	Doctorate
author	Chaudhry, Sajid Mahmood
author_facet	Chaudhry, Sajid Mahmood
author_sort	Chaudhry, Sajid Mahmood
title	A genre analysis of paid obituary announcements in selected Pakistani English newspapers
title_short	A genre analysis of paid obituary announcements in selected Pakistani English newspapers
title_full	A genre analysis of paid obituary announcements in selected Pakistani English newspapers
title_fullStr	A genre analysis of paid obituary announcements in selected Pakistani English newspapers
title_full_unstemmed	A genre analysis of paid obituary announcements in selected Pakistani English newspapers
title_sort	genre analysis of paid obituary announcements in selected pakistani english newspapers
granting_institution	Universiti Utara Malaysia
granting_department	Awang Had Salleh Graduate School of Arts & Sciences
publishDate	2017
url	https://etd.uum.edu.my/6796/1/s93642_01.pdf https://etd.uum.edu.my/6796/2/s93642_02.pdf
_version_	1747828116848377856
spelling	my-uum-etd.67962021-05-02T03:40:08Z A genre analysis of paid obituary announcements in selected Pakistani English newspapers 2017 Chaudhry, Sajid Mahmood Christopher, Anne Althea Hariharan, Krishnasamy Awang Had Salleh Graduate School of Arts & Sciences Awang Had Salleh Graduate School of Arts and Sciences HF5001-6182 Business Newspaper paid obituary announcements are contextualized generic structures with religious and socio-cultural communicative functions. This generic structure reflects differences among people from various social strata to project their social status. The analysis in the Pakistani milieu was conducted due to a lack of studies which explore these announcements to determine local socio-cultural and socio-economic factors which influence their communicative intents. A genre analysis was conducted to determine the communicative purposes, stylistic devices, gender representation, content selection and non-linguistic features of this genre. Data were obtained by describing, investigating and analysing the discourse generic modes. The data comprises 601 printed paid obituaries selected from Pakistani English newspapers; The Dawn and The News International. A total of 30 respondents from various background were interviewed. A methodological framework of Al-Ali in 2005 which was an adapted form of Swales in 1990 moves analysis model, is used as a prototypical. Moves analysis and inductive reasoning lead towards the structural and informational understanding of these announcements. Procedural steps involving trilateral phases: identification, comprehension and validation have been adopted. The findings show a blend of similarities and dissimilarities with the similarly produced genre globally. It was also found that the communicational load of the textual moves of this genre is dependent on the contextualized societal and religious practices, and personalized intentions of the discourse community. The findings of this study could serve as an abstract model of guidance for the professional and unprofessional writers of this genre in Pakistan. It also helps to create awareness towards using appropriate linguistic forms among practitioners of English in Pakistan, and provides a theoretical model for future researches dealing with a similar subject matter 2017 Thesis https://etd.uum.edu.my/6796/ https://etd.uum.edu.my/6796/1/s93642_01.pdf text eng public https://etd.uum.edu.my/6796/2/s93642_02.pdf text eng public other doctoral Universiti Utara Malaysia Abbas, H. (2011). Pakistan 2020: A vision for building a better future: Asia society Pakistan 2020 study group report. Asian Society. Retrieved from http://asiasociety.org/policy/task-forces/ pakistan-2020-vision-buildingbetter-future Abdul Qadeer, M. (2006). Pakistan: social and cultural transformations in a Muslim nation. New York: Routledge. Adnan, M., Khan, A.S.A., Tariq, M., & Jabeen, S. (2015). Pakistani elite press and public agenda: The case of women social issues. New Media and Mass Communication, 35, 47-55. Afful, J. B. (2012). A genre analysis of death announcements in Ghanaian newspapers. Language Discourse & Society, 1(2), 118-136. Akram, A. & Mahmood, A. (2007). The status and teaching of English in Pakistan. Language in India, 7(12), 1-7. Alali, A. O. (1993). Obituary and in-memoriam advertisements in Nigerian newspapers. Omega Journal of Death and Dying, 28 (2), 113-124. Alali, A. O. (1994). The disposition of AIDS imagery in New York Times‟ obituaries. Omega Journal of Death and Dying, 29 (4), 273-289. Alali, A. O. & Adjaye, S. A. (1998). Personification of death in Ghanaian death notices. Psychological Reports, 82 (1), 223-226. Al-Ali, M. (2005). Communicating messages of solidarity, promotion and pride in death announcements genre in Jordanian newspapers. Discourse & Society, 16 (1), 5-31. Alam, A. (2011). Impact of gender discrimination on gender development and poverty alleviation. Sarhad J. Agric, 27(2), 330-331. Ali, T. S., Krantz, G., Gul, R., Asad, N., Johansson, E., & Mogren, I. (2011). Gender roles and their influence on life prospects for women in urban Karachi, Pakistan: a qualitative study. Global Health Action, 4, 1-9. Al-Kharabsheh, A. (2011). Arabic death discourse in translation: Euphemism and metaphorical conceptualization in Jordanian obituaries. Across Languages and Cultures, 12(1), 19-48. Al-Khatib, M. A. & Salem, Z. (2011). Obituary announcements in Jordanian and British newspapers: A cross-cultural overview. Acta Linguistica, 5 (2), 80-214 American Psychological Association. (2011). Education and socioeconomic status. Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/topics/socioeconomic-status/. Ansary, H. & Babaii, E. (2005). The generic integrity of English newspaper editorials: A systemic functional perspective. RELC Journal, 36 (3), 271-295. Àrnason, A., Hafsteinsson, S. B. & Grėtarsdóttir, T. (2003). Letters to the dead: obituaries and identity, memory and forgetting in Iceland. Mortality, 8 (3), 268-284. Aremu, M. A. (2011). A social pragmatic analysis of obituary announcements in English in Nigeria. Journal of the Nigeria English Studies Association, 14(2), 132-143. Asklidson, L. (2007). Discoursal and generic features of US army obituaries: A mini-corpus analysis of contemporary military death announcements. Journal of Language, Meaning and Society, 1, 77-106. Baker, T.L. (1994). Doing social research (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Inc. Bates, A., Monroe, I., Zhuang, M. (2009) The state of the American obituary. Northwestern University. Retrieved from http://obitresearch.com/wpcontent/uploads/ 2009/11/StateOfTheAmericanObituary_Nov2009.pdf Bawarshi, A. S. & Reiff, M. J. (2010). Genre: An introduction to history, theory, research, and pedagogy. West Lafayette, Indiana: Parlor Press LLC. Bazerman, C. (1997). The life of genre, the life in the classroom. In W. Bishop & H. Ostrom (Eds.), Genre and writing: Issues, arguments, alternatives (pp. 19-26). Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann. Belcher, D. (2004). Trends in teaching English for specific purposes. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 24, 165–186. Bereavement. (2008). In Microsoft Encarta Student Encyclopedia on DVD. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation. Berg, B. L. (2001). Qualitative research methods for the social sciences (4th ed.). Boston: Pearson. Berkenkotter, C. & Huckin, T. N. (1995). Genre knowledge in disciplinary communication: Cognition/culture/power. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Bhatia, V. K. (1993). Analyzing genre: Language use in professional settings. New York: Longman. Bhatia, V. K. (1997). Genre analysis today. Revue belge de philologie etd'histoir, 75 (3), 629-652. Bhatia, V. K. (2002). Applied genre analysis: A multi-perspective model. IBÉRICA, 4, 3-19. Biber, D., Connor, U. & Upton. T. A. (2007). Discourse on the move: Using corpus analysis to describe discourse structure. Philadelphia: John Benjamins publishing co. Bonsu, S. K. (2002). Advertising death and identity through obituaries in Ghana. Advances in Consumer Research, 29, 510. Brown, M. R. Jr. (2005) The rhetoric of self-promotion in personal statements. (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database (Document ID 3170141). Bytheway, B. & Johnson, J. (1996). Valuing lives? Obituaries and the life course. Mortality, 1(2), 219-234. Canagarajah, S. (2002). Multilingual writers and the academic community: Towards a critical relationship. Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 1(1), 29-44. Chapman, M. L. (1999). Situated, social, active: Rewriting genre in the elementary classroom. Written Communication, 16 (4), 469–490. Charney, D. H., & Carlson, R. A. (1995). Learning to write in a genre: What student writers take from model texts? Research in the Teaching of English, 88-125. Chaudhry, S. M., Christopher, & Krishnasamy, H. a/l. N. (2014). Gender discrimination in death reportage: reconnoitering disparities through a comparative analysis of male and female paid obituaries of Pakistani English newspapers. Advances in Language and Literary Studies, 5(2), 29-34. Cheng, A. (2008). Analyzing genre exemplars in preparation for writing: The case of an L2 graduate student in the ESP genre-based instructional framework of academic literacy. Applied Linguistics, 29 (1), 50-71. Cohen, R. (1986). History and genre. New Literary History, 17 (2), 203-218. Connor, U., & Mauranen A. (1999). Linguistic analysis of grant proposals: European Union research grants. English for Specific Purposes, 18, 47-62. Crossley, S. (2007). A chronotopic approach to genre analysis: An exploratory study. English for Specific Purposes. 26, 4-24. Danahay, M. A. (1996). Professional subjects: Prepackaging the academic C.V. In S. Smith & J. Watson (Eds.), Getting a life: Everyday uses of autobiography (pp. 351-368).Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Dean, D. (2008). Genre theory: Teaching, writing, and being. Illinois: National Council of Teachers of English. Derewianka, B. (2003). Trends and issues in genre-based approaches. RELC journal, 34(2), 133-154. Derrida, J. & Ronell, A. (1980). The law of genre. Critical Inquiry, 7(1), 55-81. De Vaus, D.A. (2002). Surveys in social research (5th ed.). New York: Routledge. Devitt, A. J. (1993). Generalizing about genre: New conceptions of an old concept. College Composition and Communication, 44 (4), 573-586. Devitt, A. J. (2000). Integrating rhetorical and literary theories of genre. College English, 62, 696-718. Devitt, A. J. (2004). Writing genres. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press. Dilevko, J. & Gottlieb, L. (2004). The portrayal of librarians in obituaries at the end of the twentieth century. Library Quarterly, 74 (2), 152-180. Ding, H. (2007). Genre analysis of personal statements: Analysis of moves in application essays to medical and dental schools. English for Specific Purposes, 26, 368–392. Dudley-Evans, T. & John, St. J. M. (1998). Developments in English for specific purposes: A multidisciplinary approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Eid, M. (2002). The world of obituaries: Gender across cultures and over time. Detroit, Michigan: Wayne State University Press. ElShiekh, A. A. (2012). The deontic and the epistemic in Egyptian and Jordanian obituaries: A comparative/contrastive study of religious minorities linguistic expression. Asian Social Science, 8 (2), 135-146. Ergin, M. (2009). Taking it to the grave: Gender, cultural capital, and ethnicity in Turkish death announcements. Omega Journal of Death and Dying, 60 (2), 175-197. Ergin, M. (2012). Religiosity and the construction of death in Turkish death announcements, 1970-2009. Death Studies, 36 (3), 270-291. Faber, B. (1996). Rhetoric in competition: The formation of organizational discourse in Conference on College Composition and Communication abstracts. Written Communication, 13, 355-84. Fereday, J., & Muir-Cochrane, E. (2006). Demonstrating rigor using thematic analysis: A hybrid approach of inductive and deductive coding and theme development. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 5 (1), 80-92. Fernández, E. C. (2006). The language of death: Euphemism and conceptual metaphorization in Victorian obituaries. SKY Journal of Linguistics, 19, 101-130. Fernández, E. C. (2007). Linguistic devices coping with death in Victorian obituaries. Revista Alicantina de Estudios Ingleses, 20, 7-21. Flowerdew, J. (2011). Action, content and identity in applied genre analysis for ESP. Language Teaching, 44(4), 516-528. Flowerdew, L. (2000). Using a genre-based framework to teach organizational structure in academic writing. ELT journal, 54(4), 369-378. Fowler, B. (2004). Mapping the obituary: Notes towards a Bourdieusian interpretation. The Sociological Review, 52(2), 148-171. Fowler, B. (2005). Collective memory and forgetting: Components for a study of obituaries. Theory, Culture & Society, 26 (6), 53-72. Fowler, B. (2007). The obituary as collective memory. New York: Routledge. Fowler, B. & Bielsa, E. (2007). The lives we choose to remember: A quantitative analysis of newspaper obituaries. The Sociological Review, 55 (2), 203-226. Freedman, A. & Medway, P. (1994). Introduction: New views of genre and their implication for education. In A. Freedman & P. Medway (Eds.), Learning and teaching genre (pp. 1-22). Portsmouth, NH: Boynton/Cook Publishers Inc. Fries, U. (1990a). Two hundred years of English death notices. In M. Bridges (Ed.), On strangeness (pp. 57-71). Tubingen, Germany: Gunter Naar Verlag. Fries, U. (1990b). A contrastive analysis of German and English death notices. In J. Fisiak (ed.), Further insights into contrastive analysis. (pp. 541-60). Amsterdam: Benjamins. Funeral Rites and Customs. (2008). In Microsoft Encarta Student Encyclopedia on DVD. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation. Gender Discrimination. (2016). In Cambridge online dictionary. Retrieved from http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/ english/gender-discrimination Gomaa, Y. A. & Abdel-Malak, A. G. (2010). Genre analysis of Egyptian Arabic written wedding invitation. Journal of the Faculty of Arts, 26, 75- 101. Gomaa, Y. A., & Shi, Y. (2012). Softboiled speech: A contrastive analysis of death euphemisms in Egyptian Arabic and Chinese. Global Journal of Human-Social Science Research, 12(8), 1-16. Gray, D. E. (2013). Doing research in the real world (3rd ed.). California: Sage Publications, Inc. Griffee, D. T. (2012). An introduction to second language research methods, design and data. Berkeley, California: TESL-EJ Publications. Grix, J. (2001). Demystifying postgraduate research: From MA to PhD. Birmingham: University of Birmingham Press. Grünenfelder, J. (2012). Negotiating gender relations: Muslim women and formal employment in Pakistan's rural development sector. Gender, Work & Organization, 20 (6), 1-17. Grünenfelder, J. (2013). Discourses of gender identities and gender roles in Pakistan: Women and non-domestic work in political representations. Women's Studies International Forum, 40, 68-77. Hakim, A., & Aziz, A. (1998). Socio-cultural, religious, and political aspects of the status of women in Pakistan. The Pakistan Development Review, 727-746. Halbur, B. & Vandagriff, M. (1987). Societal responses after death: A study of sex differences in newspaper death notices for Birmingham, Alabama, 1900-1985. Sex Roles, 17 (7/8), 421-436. Hendry, J. (1993). Wrapping culture. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Henry, A. & Roseberry, R. L. (2001). A narrow-angled corpus analysis of moves and strategies of the genre: Letter of application. English for Specific Purposes, 20, 153-167. Herat, M. (2014). Avoiding the reaper: notions of death in Sri Lankan obituaries. International Journal of Language Studies, 8(3), 117-144. Horowitz, V. & Sorensen, C. (2003). Only times will tell: A content analysis of New York Times obituaries from 1851-2003. Iowa: University of Iowa Press. Huda, A. R. U., & Ali, R. A. (2015). Portrayal of women in Pakistani media. International Journal of Academic Research and Reflection, 3(1), 12-18. Hume, J. (1997). Private lives, public virtues: Historic newspaper obituaries in a changing American culture. (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Thesis database (Document ID 9841302). Hume, J. (2000). Obituaries in American culture. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi. Hyland, K. (2002). Genre: Language, context and literacy. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 22, 113–135. Hyland, K. (2003). Dissertation acknowledgements: The anatomy of a Cinderella genre. Written Communication, 20, 242-268. Hyland, K. (2003). Genre-based pedagogies: A social response to process. Journal of Second Language Writing, 12(1), 17-29. Hyland, K. (2004). Genre and second language writing. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press. International Federation of Journalists. (2015). Country report: Media and gender in Pakistan. Retrieved from http://www.ifj.org/fileadmin/images/Asia_Pacific /IFJ_AP/reports-etc/Gender_and_Media_in_Pakistan Isik Tas, E. E. (2008). A corpus-based analysis of genre-specific discourse of research: The PhD. thesis and the research article in ELT. (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from https://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/ upload/3/ 12609375/index.pdf. Jalilifar, A. (2011). Genre analysis of enquiry letters across cultures: Perspectives on rhetorical structures. Concentric: Studies in Linguistics, 37 (2), 309-333. Jan, M., Riaz Raza, M., Siddiq, M., & Saleem, N. (2013). Print media on coverage of political parties in Pakistan: Treatment of opinion pages of the „Dawn‟ and „News‟. Gomal University Journal of Research, 29 (1), 118-128. Ji-yu, W. (2007). Genre analysis on business English correspondence. Sino-US English Teaching, 4 (12), 42-47. Johns, A. M. (1997). Text, role, and context: Developing academic literacies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 220 Johns, A. M. (2008). Genre Awareness for the novice academic student: An ongoing quest. Language Teaching, 41(2), 237-252. Johns, A. M., Paltridge, B. & Belcher, D. (2011). Introduction: New directions for ESP research (pp. 1-4). Michigan: University of Michigan press. Karlgren, J. (2010). Textual stylistic variation: Choices, genres and individuals In S. Argamon, K. Burns, & S. Dubnov (Eds.), The Structure of Style (pp. 129-142). Berlin Heidelberg: Springer. Kastenbaum, R., Peyton, S. & Kastenbaum, B. (1976). Sex discrimination after death. Omega, Journal of Death and Dying, 7 (4), 351-359. Kearl, M. C. (1986). Death as a measure of life: A research note on the Kastenbaum-Spilka strategy of obituary analyses. Omega, Journal of Death and Dying, 17 (1), 65-78. Khan, A. W., Ali, A., Adnan, M., & Jabeen, S. (2014). A comparative analysis of editorials of the Nation and the News: The case study of Pak-US relation issues duration: Sep 2001 to Sep 2003. IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Sciences, 19 (8), 66-71. Khan, M. A., & Safdar, A. (2010). Image of US in Pakistani elite newspaper editorials after 9/11 incident: A comparative study of The Dawn and Nawai- Waqt with special regard to media conformity theory. Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 30 (2), 325-339. Kidd, C. D. (2011). What we talk about when and where we talk about death: Some cultural and linguistic functions of obituaries in modern American culture. Indiana: Ball State University Press. Kolbe, R. H., & Burnett, M. S. (1991). Content analysis research: An examination of applications with directives for improving research reliability and objectivity. Journal of Consumer Research, 18, 243-250. Krippendorff, K. (2004). Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology. California: Sage Publications, Inc. Kuhi, D. (2008). An analysis of the move structure of textbook prefaces. The Asian ESP Journal, 4(2), 63-78. Larson, R. C. (1996). Distinction and deference at death: A study of the obituary in the eighteenth-century English-American colonies and the early United States. (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database (Document ID 9625924). Lee, D. YW. (2001). Genres, registers, text types, domains, and styles: Clarifying the concepts and navigating a path through the BNC jungle. Language 221 Learning and Technology, 5 (3), 37-72. Liu, X. (2010). Stylistic analysis of The Great Gatsby from lexical and grammatical category. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 1 (5), 662-667. Lombard, M., Snyder-Duch, J. & Bracken, C. C. (2002). Content analysis in mass communication: Assessment and reporting of inter coder reliability. Human Communication Research, 28 (4), 587-604. Long, G. L. (1987). Organization and identity: Obituaries 1856-1972. Social Forces, 65 (4), 964-1001. Lüders, M. , Prøitz, L. & Rasmussen, T. (2010). Emerging personal media genres. New Media & Society, 12 (6), 947-963. Mahboob, A. (2009). English as an Islamic language: A case study of Pakistani English. World Englishes, 28(2), 175-189. Malik, S. & Iqbal, Z. (2010) Construction of Taliban image in Pakistan: Discourse analysis of editorials of Dawn and The News. China Media Research Journal, 7(2), 46-56. Martin, J. R. (1985). Process and text: two aspects of human semiosis. In J. D. Benson, & W. S. Greaves, W. S. (Eds.), Systemic perspectives on discourse. Selected Theoretical Papers from the 9th International Systemic Workshop (pp. 248-274). Northwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing. Marzol, I. C. (2006a). Coming out of the closet „Six Feet Under‟: Textual silences and the social construction of the family stage in the obituary genres. Revista Alicantina de Estudios Ingleses, 19, 67-82. Marzol, I. C. (2006b). Dying for more: Generic functionality and the representation of social actors in British and Spanish obituaries headlines. In Actas del V Congreso Internacional AELFE (Asociación Europea de Lenguas para Fines Específicos) Proceedings of the 5th International AELFE Conference (pp.119-126). Retrieved from http://www.unizar.es/aelfe2006/ ALEFE06/1. discourse/17..pdf Matcha, D. A. (1994). Obituary analysis of early 20th century marriage and family patterns in northwest Ohio. Omega, Journal of Death and Dying, 30 (2), 121-130. Matcha, D. A. (1997). Location and timing of death among the elderly: An analysis of obituary notices. Omega, Journal of Death and Dying 35 (4), 393-403. Matiki, A. (2001). The pragmatics of obituary notices in Malawian newspapers. Language Matters, 32 (1), 29-52. 222 Mauranen, A. (1993). Cultural differences in American rhetoric. Frankfurt: Peter Lang. Maybury, K. K. (1995). Invisible lives: Women, men and obituaries. Omega, Journal of Death and Dying 32 (1), 27-37. Mcneill, L. (2004). Generic subjects: Reading Canadian death notices as life writing. Life Writing, 1 (2), 151-166. Mcneill, L. (2005). Writing lives in death: Canadian death notices as auto/biography. In J. Rak (ed.), Auto/biography in Canada: Theory, criticism, practice (pp. 256-281). Waterloo, ON: Wilfrid Laurier University Press. Miller, C. R. (1984). Genre as social action. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 70, 151- 167. Millar, D. (2011). Promoting genre awareness in the EFL classroom. English Teaching Forum, pp. 2-10. Retrieved from http://exchanges.state.gov/ englishteaching/forum/archives/docs/11-49- 2/49_2_2_millar.pdf Mittell, J. (2001). A cultural approach to television genre theory. Cinema Journal 40 (3), 3-24. Moremen, R. D. (2004). The obits. Generations, 28 (2), 59. Retrieved from http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=1&did=687007031&SrchMode= 1&sid= 2&Fmt=6&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName= PQD&TS =1320250602&clientId=45596. Moore, S. H. (2002). Disinterring ideology from a corpus of obituaries: A critical post mortem. Discourse & Society, 13 (4), 495-536. Moses, R. A. & Marelli, G. D. (2004). Obituaries and the discursive construction of dying and living. Texas Linguistic Forum, 47, 123-130. Retrieved from http://studentorgs.utexas.edu/salsa/proceedings/2003/moses& marelli.pdf Motta-Roth, D. (1998). Discourse analysis and academic book reviews: A study of text and disciplinary cultures. In I. Fortanet, et al. (Eds.), Genre studies in English for academic purposes (pp. 29-58). Castello, Spain: Universitat Jaume. Naz, A., & Chaudhry, H. U. R. (2012). Developing gender equality: An analytical study of socio-political and economic constraints in women‟s empowerment in Pakhtun society of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. Indian Journal of health and wellbeing, 2 (1), 259-266. 223 Neuendorf, K. A. (2002). The content analysis guide book. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage publications Inc. Nodoushan, M. A. (2011). The place of genre analysis in international communication. International Journal of Language Studies, 5 (1), 63-74. Nwogu, K. (1997). The medical research paper: Structure and functions. English for Specific Purpose, 16, 199-38. Nwoye, O. G. (1992). Obituary announcements as communicative events in Nigerian English. World Englishes, 11, 15-27. Obituary. (2008). In Microsoft Encarta Dictionary on DVD. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation. Ogletree, S. M., Figueroa, P. & Pena, D. (2005). A double standard in death? Gender differences in obituaries. Omega Journal of Death and Dying, 51(4), 337-342. Okigbo, C. (1987). Death and funeral ads in the Nigerian press. Journalism Quarterly, 64, 629-33. Oxford English Dictionary. (1992) 2nd ed. On CD-ROM. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Pakeeza, S., & Chishti, A. A. (2012). Role of religion in understanding norms and values. International Journal of Asian Social Science, 2 (10), 1851-1857. Paltridge, B. (2013). Genre and English for specific purposes. In B. Paltridge, & S. Starfield (Eds.), The handbook of English for specific purposes (pp. 347- 366). West Sussex, UK: John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Pandey, S., & Patnaik, S. (2014). Establishing reliability and validity in qualitative inquiry: a critical examination. Jharkhand Journal of Development and Management Studies, 12 (1), 5743-5753. Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research & evaluation methods (3rd ed.). California: Sage Publications, Inc. Peplau, L. A., Veniegas, R. C., Taylor, P. L., & DeBro, S. C. (1999). Sociocultural perspectives on the lives of women and men. Gender, culture, and ethnicity: Current research about women and men, 23-37. Phillips, J. B. (2007). The changing presentation of death in the obituary, 1899- 1999. Omega Journal of Death and Dying, 55 (4), 325-346. Precht, K. (1998). A cross-cultural comparison of letters of recommendation. English for Specific Purposes, 17, 241-265. 224 Rahman, B. H. (2012). Framing of Pakistani Muslim women in international media: Muslim feminist‟s perspective. American International Journal of Contemporary Research, 2 (1), 106-113. Rahman, T. (2006). Language policy, multilingualism and language vitality in Pakistan. Trends in Linguistics Studies and Monographs, 175, 73-104. Raza, M., & Akbar, M. (2012). Image of President Asif Ali Zardari as portrayed by Daily Dawn and News: A Discourse analysis of editorials. J Mass Communicat Journalism, 2, (4) 1-6. Ritchie, J., & Lewis, J. (2003). Qualitative research practice: A guide for social science students and researchers. London: SAGE Publications. Rodler, C., Kirchler, E. & Hôlzl, E. (2002). Gender stereotypes of leaders: An analysis of the contents of obituaries from 1974 to 1998. Sex Roles, 5 (11/12), 827- 843. Simpson, P. (2004). Stylistics: A resource book for students. London: Routledge. Saadia, M. H., Bano, S., & Tabassum, M. F. (2015). Stylistic analysis of a short story The happy prince. Sci. Int., 27 (2), 1539-1544. Spilka, B., Lacey, G. & Gelb, B. (1979). Sex discrimination after death: A replication, extension and a difference. Omega Journal of Death and Dying, 10 (3), 227-233. Starck, N. (2004). Writes of passage: A comparative study of newspaper obituary practice in Australia, Britain and the United States. (Doctoral dissertation, Flinders University, Australia). Retrieved from http://theses .flinders.edu.au/ uploads/approved/adtSFU20051205.171130/public/ 02whole.pdf Suhail, K., Jamil, N., Oyebode, J., & Ajmal, M. A. (2011). Continuing bonds in bereaved Pakistani Muslims: Effects of culture and religion. Death Studies, 35 (1), 22-41. Swales, J. M. (1990). Genre analysis: English in academic and research settings. Cambridge: Cambridge university press. Swales, J. M. & Askehave, I. (2001). Genre identification and communicative purpose: A problem and a possible solution. Applied Linguistics, 22 (2), 195-212. van Dijk, T. A. (1985). Structures of news in the press. In T.A. van Dijk (Ed.), Discourse and communication (pp. 69-93). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. 225 Wlodarski, T. (2008). Preliminary findings on the axiological potential of obituary headlines in the life contemporary British press. Studia Anglica Resoviensia Zeszyt, 51, (5) 154-167. Wolpert, S. A. (1984). Jinnah of Pakistan. New York: Oxford University Press. Yeibo, E. (2011). A discourse-stylistic analysis of mood structures in selected poems of JP Clark-Bekederemo. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 1 (16), 197-203. Zare-ee, A. (2009). The effects of teaching genre moves on EFL learners‟ performance in letter writing. Pazhuhesh-e-Zabanha-ye Khareji, 49, 43-64. Zhang, L. (2011). A study of functional units for information use of scholarly journal articles. (Doctoral dissertation, University of British Colombia, Vancouver, CA). Retrieved from https://circle.ubc.ca/bitstream/.../ubc_ 2011_spring_zhang_lei.pdf?...1 Zhang, Y., & Wildemuth, B. M. (2009). Qualitative analysis of content. Applications of social research methods to questions in information and library science, 308-319. Zheng, S. (2014). A stylistic analysis on “I Have a Dream”. Journal of Studies in Social Sciences, 9 (1), 123-134.

A genre analysis of paid obituary announcements in selected Pakistani English newspapers

Similar Items