The mediating effect of organizational commitment and moderating role of strategic implementation in the relationship between high performance work practices and organizational performance

Many studies on strategy and strategic human resource management have utilized resource-based view to explain the process through which organizations can gain sustainable competitive advantage and improve their performance. This viewpoint has overlooked the important role of managers in structuring,...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Muhammad, Ibrahim Garba
Format: Thesis
Language:eng
eng
Published: 2017
Subjects:
Online Access:https://etd.uum.edu.my/7136/1/s95938_01.pdf
https://etd.uum.edu.my/7136/2/s95938_02.pdf
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
id my-uum-etd.7136
record_format uketd_dc
institution Universiti Utara Malaysia
collection UUM ETD
language eng
eng
advisor Abdullah, Haim Hilman
Kaliappen, Narentheren
topic HD58.7 Organizational Behavior.
spellingShingle HD58.7 Organizational Behavior.
Muhammad, Ibrahim Garba
The mediating effect of organizational commitment and moderating role of strategic implementation in the relationship between high performance work practices and organizational performance
description Many studies on strategy and strategic human resource management have utilized resource-based view to explain the process through which organizations can gain sustainable competitive advantage and improve their performance. This viewpoint has overlooked the important role of managers in structuring, bundling and leveraging organizational resources to create superior value for owners and customers. However, there is still limited attention to how such role can be utilized to determine the performance of banks in Nigeria. Specifically, the study investigated the mediating role of organizational commitment and the moderating role of strategic implementation on the effect of high-performance work practices on the performance of Nigerian banks. The study employed a cross-sectional design to collect data from 400 participants using mail and personally administered questionnaires. A total of 258 usable questionnaires were retrieved to test five hypotheses. The results of Partial least square structural equation modelling analysis revealed that extensive training and development, recruitment and selection, organizational commitment, and strategic implementation had a direct and significant effect on bank performance in Nigeria. The study did not show a direct effect of job security, empowerment, compensation, and performance appraisal. Furthermore, the study demonstrated an indirect effect of extensive training and development, compensation, recruitment and selection and performance appraisal through the mediating role of organizational commitment. In line with scholarly suggestion for incorporating a moderator in the organizational level relationship between organizational commitment and organizational performance, this study confirmed the moderating role of strategic implementation. The study also contributes to the literature on how resource management model contributes to resource-based view by integrating the role of managers. Finally, the study addresses a call for a reflective-formative assessment of organizational performance as a multifaceted construct, discusses the implications and limitations, and suggests areas for future research.
format Thesis
qualification_name other
qualification_level Doctorate
author Muhammad, Ibrahim Garba
author_facet Muhammad, Ibrahim Garba
author_sort Muhammad, Ibrahim Garba
title The mediating effect of organizational commitment and moderating role of strategic implementation in the relationship between high performance work practices and organizational performance
title_short The mediating effect of organizational commitment and moderating role of strategic implementation in the relationship between high performance work practices and organizational performance
title_full The mediating effect of organizational commitment and moderating role of strategic implementation in the relationship between high performance work practices and organizational performance
title_fullStr The mediating effect of organizational commitment and moderating role of strategic implementation in the relationship between high performance work practices and organizational performance
title_full_unstemmed The mediating effect of organizational commitment and moderating role of strategic implementation in the relationship between high performance work practices and organizational performance
title_sort mediating effect of organizational commitment and moderating role of strategic implementation in the relationship between high performance work practices and organizational performance
granting_institution Universiti Utara Malaysia
granting_department School of Business Management
publishDate 2017
url https://etd.uum.edu.my/7136/1/s95938_01.pdf
https://etd.uum.edu.my/7136/2/s95938_02.pdf
_version_ 1747828159372328960
spelling my-uum-etd.71362021-05-10T06:55:57Z The mediating effect of organizational commitment and moderating role of strategic implementation in the relationship between high performance work practices and organizational performance 2017 Muhammad, Ibrahim Garba Abdullah, Haim Hilman Kaliappen, Narentheren School of Business Management School of Business Management HD58.7 Organizational Behavior. Many studies on strategy and strategic human resource management have utilized resource-based view to explain the process through which organizations can gain sustainable competitive advantage and improve their performance. This viewpoint has overlooked the important role of managers in structuring, bundling and leveraging organizational resources to create superior value for owners and customers. However, there is still limited attention to how such role can be utilized to determine the performance of banks in Nigeria. Specifically, the study investigated the mediating role of organizational commitment and the moderating role of strategic implementation on the effect of high-performance work practices on the performance of Nigerian banks. The study employed a cross-sectional design to collect data from 400 participants using mail and personally administered questionnaires. A total of 258 usable questionnaires were retrieved to test five hypotheses. The results of Partial least square structural equation modelling analysis revealed that extensive training and development, recruitment and selection, organizational commitment, and strategic implementation had a direct and significant effect on bank performance in Nigeria. The study did not show a direct effect of job security, empowerment, compensation, and performance appraisal. Furthermore, the study demonstrated an indirect effect of extensive training and development, compensation, recruitment and selection and performance appraisal through the mediating role of organizational commitment. In line with scholarly suggestion for incorporating a moderator in the organizational level relationship between organizational commitment and organizational performance, this study confirmed the moderating role of strategic implementation. The study also contributes to the literature on how resource management model contributes to resource-based view by integrating the role of managers. Finally, the study addresses a call for a reflective-formative assessment of organizational performance as a multifaceted construct, discusses the implications and limitations, and suggests areas for future research. 2017 Thesis https://etd.uum.edu.my/7136/ https://etd.uum.edu.my/7136/1/s95938_01.pdf text eng public https://etd.uum.edu.my/7136/2/s95938_02.pdf text eng public other doctoral Universiti Utara Malaysia Abd Aziz, M. I., & Abdullah, D. (2014). Finding the next “wave” in internationalization of higher education: focus on Malaysia. Asia Pacific Education Review, 15(3), 493–502. Abdul, D., Alias, F., Lim, D., Tat, H., Lee, J., & Hock, H. I. N. (n.d.). Group President & Chief Executive Officer. Abdullah, Z., Ahsan, N., & Alam, S. S. (2009). The Effect of Human Resource Management Practices on Business Performance among Private Companies in Malaysia. International Journal of Business and Management, 4(6), 65–72. Abegglen, J. C. (1958). The Japanese factory: Aspects of its social organization. BOOK, Free Press. Abramis, D. . (1994). Relationship of job stressors to job performance: Linear or an inverted-U? Psychological Reports, 75, 547–558. Adegbaju, A. A., & Olokoyo, F. O. (2008). Recapitalization and banks’ performance: a case study of Nigerian banks. African Economic and Business Review, 6(1), 22–41. Adeniji, A. A., Osibanjo, O. A., & Abiodun, A. J. (2013). Organizational change and human resource management interventions: an investigation of the Nigerian banking industry. Serbian Journal of Management, 8(2), 139–153. Adenugba, A. A., & Odunayo, O. (2012). Job insecurity in selected banks in Ibadan southwest Nigeria. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 3(2), 47–60. Adeyemi, K. S. (2006). Banking sector consolidation in Nigeria: Issues and Challenges. Union Digest, 9(3). Agbonifoh, B. ., & Yomere, G. . (1999). Reseaerch methodology in the management and social sciences. Nigeria: Uniben Press, Benin. Agha, S., Alrubaiee, L., & Jamhour, M. (2011). Effect of core competence on competitive advantage and organizational performance. International Journal of Business and Management, 7(1), 192–204. Aguinis, H., Joo, H., & Gottfredson, R. K. (2011). Why we hate performance management-And why we should love it. Business Horizons, 54(6), 503–507. Agwu, M. O., & Ogiriki, T. (2014). Human resource development and organizational performance in the nigeria liquefied natural gas company limited, Bonny. Journal of Management and Sustainability, 4(4), 134–146. Ahearne, M., Mathieu, J., & Rapp, A. (2005). To empower or not to empower your sales force? An empirical examination of the influence of leadership empowerment behavior on customer satisfaction and performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(5), 945. Ahiauzu, A., & Asawo, S. P. (2012). Impact of clear and compelling vision on workers’ commitment in nigerian organizations: an examination of workplace spirituality. Journal of Leadership, Accountability and Ethics, 9(6), 113–124. Ahmad, S., & Schroeder, R. G. (2002). The importance of recruitment and selection process for sustainability of total quality management. International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management, 19(5), 540–550. Ajani, O. A., & Adisa, A. L. (2015). Declining job security level and workers’ perfomance in selected banks, South Western Nigeria.,. African Sociological Review/Revue Africaine de Sociologie, 17(2), 55–70. Ajayi, M. (2005). Banking sector reforms and bank consolidation: conceptual framework. CBN Bullion, 29(2), 2–15. Akhtar, N., Azeem, S. M., & Mustafa Mir, G. (2014). Impact of HRM practices on perceived organizational performance. International Journal of Academic Research, 6(5), 112–124. Akhtar, S., Ding, D. Z., & Ge, G. L. (2008). Strategic HRM practices and their impact on company performance in Chinese enterprises. Human resource management, 47(1), 15-32. Alagaraja, M., & Egan, T. (2013). The strategic value of HRD in lean strategy implementation. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 24(1), 1–27. Alfes, K., Truss, C., Soane, E. C., Rees, C., & Gatenby, M. (2013). The relationship between line manager behavior, perceived HRM practices, and individual performance: examining the mediating role of engagement. Human Resource Management, 52(6), 839–859. Ali, I., Rehman, K., & Ali, S. (2010). Corporate social responsibility influences, employee commitment and organizational performance. African Journal of Business Management, 4(12), 2796–2801. Allen, N. J., & Meyer, J. P. (1990). The measurement and antecedents of affective, continuance and normative commitment to the organization. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 63, 1–18. Alliger, G. ., Tannenbaum, S. ., Bennett, W., Traver, H., & Shotland, A. (1997). A meta-analysis of the relations among training criteria. Personnel Psychology, 50(2), 341–358. Almazari, A. A. (2012). Financial Performance Analysis of the Jordanian Arab Bank by Using the DuPont System of Financial Analysis. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 4(4), 86–94. Alnıaçık, Ü., Alnıaçık, E., Akçin, K., & Erat, S. (2012). Relationships between career motivation, affective commitment and job satisfaction. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 58, 355–362. Alniacik, U., Cigerim, E., Akcin, K., & Bayram, O. (2011). Independent and joint effects of perceived corporate reputation, affective commitment and job satisfaction on turnover intentions. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 24, 1177–1189. Alsughayir, A. (2014). Human resource strategies as a mediator between leadership and organizational performance. International Business Research, 7(3), 91– 100. Ambler, T., Kokkinaki, F., & Puntoni, S. (2004). Assessing marketing performance: Reasons for metrics selection. Journal of Marketing Management, 20(3–4), 475–498. Amin, M., Ismail, W. K. W., Rasid, S. Z. A., & Selemani, R. D. A. (2014). The impact of human resource management practices on performance: Evidence from a Public University. The TQM Journal, 26(2), 125–142. Amugo, K. (2015). Liquidity stress test (Vol. 31/10/2015). Retrieved from www.today.ng Angle, H. L., & Perry, J. L. (1981). An empirical assessment of organizational commitment and organizational effectiveness. Administrative Science Quarterly, 26, 1–14. Anvari, R., Abu Mansor, N. N., Siti Aisyah, P. A., Abdull Rahman, R. H., & Chermahini, S. H. (2014). Mediating effects of affective organizational commitment and psychological contract in the relationship between strategic compensation practices and knowledge sharing. In Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 129, 111 – 118. Apospori, E., Nikandrou, I., Brewster, C., & Papalexandris, N. (2008). HRM and organizational performance in northern and Southern Europe. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 19(7), 1187–1207. App, S., Merk, J., & Büttgen, M. (2012). Employer branding: Sustainable HRM as a competitive advantage in the market for high-quality employees. Management Review, 23(3), 262–278. Appelbaum, E., Bailey, T., Berg, P., & Kalleberg, A. (2000). Manufacturing Advantage: Why High-Performance Work Systems Pay Off. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Argote, L., McEvily, B., & Reagans, R. (2003). Managing knowledge in organizations: An integrative framework and review of emerging themes. Management Science, 49, 571–582. Argote, L., & Ingram, P. (2000). Knowledge Transfer: A basis for competitive advantage in firms. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 82(1), 150–169. Argyris, C. (1957). Personality and organization; the conflict between system and the individual. JOUR. Armstrong, J. S., & Overton, T. S. (1977). Estimating nonresponse bias in mail surveys. Journal of Marketing Research, 14, 396–402. Armstrong, M. (2000). Strategic human resource management: a guide to action. London: Kogan. Arnold, J. A., Arad, S., Rhoades, J. A., & Drasgow, F. (2000). The empowering leadership questionnaire: The construction and validation of a new scale for measuring leader behaviors. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21(3), 249– 269. Arthur, J. B. (1994). Effects of human resource systems on manufacturing performance and turnover. Academy of Management Journal, 37(3), 670–687. Ashford, S. ., Lee, C., & Bobko, P. (1989). Content, causes, and consequences of job insecurity: A theory-based measure and substantive test. Academy of Management Journal, 32, 803–829. Ashford, S. ., Lee, C., & Bobko, P. (1989). Content, causes, and consequences of job insecurity: A theory-based measure and substantive test. Academy of Management Journal, 32, 803–829. Asikhia, O. U. (2010). Banks market orientation and performance relationship in Nigeria. Journal of Management and Society, 1(2), 1–8. Ayanda, O. J., & Danlami S., A. (2011). Strategic human resource management and organizational performance in the nigerian manufacturing sector: An empirical investigation. International Journal of Business and Management, 6(9), 46–56. Babbie, E. (2007). The practice of social research (11th ed.). Belmont California: Wadsworth. Bacon, N., & Hoque, K. (2005). HRM in the SME sector: valuable employees and coercive networks. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 16(11), 1976–1999. Bae, J., & Lawler, J. . (2000). Organizational and HRM strategies in Korea: impact on firm performance in an emerging economy. Academy of Management Journal, 43, 502–517. Bagozzi, R., & Yi, Y. (1988). On the evaluation of structural equation models. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 16, 74–94. Bailey, T. (1993). Discretionary effort and the organization of work: employee participation and work reform since Hawthorne. Teachers College. Columbia University, mimeo. Bakshi, S., Pradesh, M., Pradesh, M., Pradesh, M., Kalyankar, D., & Pradesh, M. (2014). Strategic human resource management approaches and practices and organizational performance. Abhinav International Monthly Refereed Journal of Research in Management & Technology, 3(5), 86–92. Balogun, A. G., Adetula, G. A., & Olowodunoye, S. A. (2013). Job Conditions , Psychological Climate , and Affective Commitment as Predictors of Intention to Quit among Two Groups of Bank Employees in Nigeria. Romanian Journal of Applied Psychology, 15(1), 9–19. Balogun, A. G., Adetula, G. A., & Olowodunoye, S. A. (2013). Job Conditions , Psychological Climate , and Affective Commitment as Predictors of Intention to Quit among Two Groups of Bank Employees in Nigeria. Romanian Journal of Applied Psychology, 15(1), 9–19. Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. BOOK, Prentice-Hall, Inc. Banker, R. D., Potter, G., & Srinivasan, D. (2005). Association of nonfinancial performance measures with the financial performance of a lodging chain. Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 46(4), 394–412. Barba Aragón, M. I., Jiménez Jiménez, D., & Sanz Valle, R. (2014). Training and performance: The mediating role of organizational learning. BRQ Business Research Quarterly, 17(3), 161–173. Barber, A. E. (1998). Recruiting employees: Individual and organizational perspectives (Vol. 8). BOOK, Sage Publications. Barclay, D., Higgins, C., & Thompson, R. (1995). The partial least square (PLS) approach to causal modelling: Personal computer adoption and use as an illustration. Technology Studies, 2(2), 285–309. Barnett, V., & Lewis, T. (1986). Outliers in statistical data (2nd ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Barney, J. (1991). Firm Resources and Competitive Advantage. Journal of Management, 17(1), 99–120. Barney, J. (1995). Information Technology and Sustained Competitive Advantage: A Analysis IT and Competitive Advantage. MIS Quarterly, 19(4), 487–505. Barney, J. (2010). Gaining and sustaining competitive advantage (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall. Barney, J. B. (1986). Organizational culture: can it be a source of sustained competitive advantage?. Academy of management review, 11(3), 656-665. Barney, J. B. (1986). Strategic factor markets: Expectations, luck, and business strategy. Management science, 32(10), 1231-1241. Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The Moderator-Mediator variable distinction in social psychological research : conceptual , strategic , and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173– 1182. Barrick, M. R., Thurgood, G. R., Smith, T. A., & Courtright, S. H. (2015). Collective organizational engagement: Linking motivational antecedents, strategic Implementation, and firm performance. Academy of Management Journal, 58(1), 111–135. Barrick, M. R., Thurgood, G. R., Smith, T. A., & Courtright, S. H. (2015). Collective organizational engagement: Linking motivational antecedents, strategic Implementation, and firm performance. Academy of Management Journal, 58(1), 111–135. Bartel, A. P., Freeman, R. B., Ichniowski, C., & Kleiner, M. M. (2011). Can a workplace have an attitude problem? Workplace effects on employee attitudes and organizational performance. Labour Economics, 18(4), 411–423. Barlett, J. E., Kotrlik, J. W., & Higgins, C. C. (2001). Organizational research: Determining appropriate sample size in survey research. Information Technology, Learning, And Performance Journal, 19(1), 43-50. Batt, R., & Colvin, A. J. S. (2011). An employment systems approach to turnover: Human resources practices, quits, dismissals, and performance. Academy of Management Journal, 54(4), 695–717. Batt, R., & Lee, J. E. (2014). Human Resource Practices , Turnover , and Customer Service in the Restaurant Industry. (Doctoral dissertation, School of International & Public Affairs, Columbia University). Baumgartner, H., & Weijters, B. (2012). Commentary on "common method bias in marketing: causes, mechanisms and procedural remedies. Journal of Retailing, 88(4), 556–562. Beardwell, I., Holden, L., & Claydon, T. (2004). Human Resource Management – a contemporary perspective (4th ed.). Pearson Education Limited, Edinburgh. Becker, B. E., & Huselid, M. A. (2006). Strategic human resources management: where do we go from here? Journal of Management, 32(6), 898–925. Becker, J.-M., Klein, K., & Wetzels, M. (2012). Hierarchical latent variable models in PLS-SEM: Guidelines for using reflective-formative type models. Long Range Planning, 45(5–6), 359–394. Benjamin, A. (2012). Human resource development climate as a predictor of citizenship behavior and voluntary turnover intentions in the banking sector. International Business Research, 5(1), 110–121. Benjamin, A. (2012a). The influence of affective commitment on citizenship behavior and intention to quit among commercial banks’ employees in Nigeria. Journal of Management and Sustainability, 2(2), 54–68. Benjamin, A., & David, I. (2012). Human resource development climate and employee commitment in recapitalized Nigerian banks. International Journal of Business and Management, 7(5), 91–99. Bentes, A. V., Carneiro, J., da Silva, J. F., & Kimura, H. (2012). Multidimensional assessment of organizational performance: Integrating BSC and AHP. Journal of Business Research, 65(12), 1790–1799. Bernard, A., & Michael, C. . O. (2014). Nigerian bank recapitalisation reforms: Effect on the banks and the economy (2000 – 2012). International Journal of Managerial Studies and Research, 2(2), 48–56. Bhatti, M. A., Hee, H. C., & Sundram, V. P. (2012). Data analysis using SPSS and Amos: A guide for beginners. Kuala Lumpur: Peason Malaysia Sdn Bhd. Bhuian, S. N., & Islam, M. S. (1996). Continuance commitment and extrinsic job satisfaction among a novel multicultural expatriate workforce. The Mid- Atlantic Journal of Business, 32(1), 35. Binney, W., Hall, J., & Oppenheim, P. (2006). The nature and influence of motivation within the MOA framework: Implications for social marketing. International Journal of Nonprofit & Voluntary Sector Marketing, 11(4), 289– 301. Birkeland, M., Tangen, T., Idsoe, T., Berge, S., & Magerøy, N. (2015). Post- traumatic stress disorder as a consequence of bullying at work and at school. A literature review and meta-analysis. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 21, 17– 24. Biswas, S., Bhatnagar, J. (2013). Mediator Analysis of Employee Engagement: Role of Perceived Organizational Support, P-O Fit, Organizational Commitment and Job Satisfaction. Vikalpa, 38(1), 27–41. Blau, P. (1964). Exchange and power in social life. New York: Wiley. Blau, P. (1964). Justice in social science. Sociol Inq, 34, 193–206. Blumberg, M., & Pringle, C. . (1982). The missing opportunity in organizational research: some implications for a theory of work performance. Academy of Management Review, 7(4), 560–569. Bolanle, A. B., & Olanrewaju, A. S. (2012). Corporate Social Responsibility and Profitability of Nigeria Banks - A Causal Relationship. Research Journal of Finance and Accounting, 3(1), 6–18. Bollen, K., & Lennox, R. (1991). Conventional wisdom on measurement: A structural equation perspective. Psychological Bulletin, 110(2), 305. Bonavia, T., & Marin-Garcia, J. a. (2011). Integrating human resource management into lean production and their impact on organizational performance. International Journal of Manpower, 32(8), 923–938. Bonoma, T. V. (1984). Making your Marketing Strategy Work. Harvard Business Review, 62(2), 69–76. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct= true&db=buh&AN=3921737&site=ehost-live Borg, I., & Elizur, D. (1992). Job insecurity: Correlates, moderators and measurement. International Journal of Manpower, 13(2), 13-26. Borman, W. C., & Motowidlo, S. M. (1993). Expanding the criterion domain to include elements of contextual performance. Personnel Selection in Organizations; San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 71. Boselie, P. ‘. (2010). High Performance Work Practices in the Health Care Sector: A Dutch Case Study. International Journal of Manpower, 31(1), 42–58. Boselie, P., Dietz, G., & Boon, C. (2005). Commonalities and contradictions in HRM and performance research. Human Resource Management Journal, 15(3), 67–94. Bossidy, L., & Charan, R. (2002). Execution: The discipline of getting things done. New York: Crown Business. Boudreau, J. W., & Rynes, S. L. (1985). Role of recruitment in staffing utility analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 70(2), 354. Boudreau, J., Hopp, W., McClain, J. ., & Thomas, L. . (2003). On the interface between operations and human resources management. Manufacturing & Service Operations Management, 5(4), 179–203. Bourgeois, L. J., & Brodwin, D. R. (1984). Strategic implementation: Five approaches to an elusive phenomenon. Strategic Management Journal, 5(3), 241–264. Bowen, D. E., & Ostroff, C. (2004). Understanding HRM-firm performance linkages: The role of the strength of the HRM system. Academy of Management Review, 29, 203–221. Bowman, C., & Ambrosini, V. (1997). Perceptions of strategic priorities, consensus and firm performance. Journal of Management Studies, 34(2), 241–258. Boxall, P. (1996). The strategic HRM debate and the resource‐based view of the firm. Human Resource Management Journal, 6(3), 59–75. Boxall, P., & Steeneveld, M. (1999). Human resource strategy and competitive advantage: A longitudinal study of engineering consultancies. Journal of Management Studies, 36(4), 443–463. Boyer, K. K., & McDermott, C. (1999). Strategic consensus in operations strategy. Journal of Operations Management, 17(3), 289–305. Braam, G. J. M., & Nijssen, E. J. (2004). Performance effects of using the Balanced Scorecard: a note on the Dutch experience. Long Range Planning, 37(4), 335– 349. Brass, D. J., Galaskiewicz, J., Greve, H. R., & Tsai, W. (2004). Taking stock of networks and organizations: A multilevel perspective. Academy of Management Journal, 47(6), 795–817. Brockner, J., Grover, S., Reed, T. F., & Dewitt, R. L. (1992). Layoffs, job insecurity, and survivors’ work effort: Evidence of an inverted-U relationship. Academy of Management Journal, 35(2), 413–425. Brown, M., & Benson, J. (2005). Managing to overload? Work overload and performance appraisal processes. Group & Organization Management, 30(1), 99–124. Brown, P. J., Matolcsy, Z., & Wells, P. (2014). Group versus individual compensation schemes for senior executives and firm performance: Some evidence based on archival data. Journal of Contemporary Accounting & Economics, 10(2), 100–114. Brown, T. C., & Warren, A. M. (2011). Performance management in unionized settings. Human Resource Management Review, 21(2), 96–106. Buller, P. F., & Mcevoy, G. M. (2012). Human resource management review strategy , human resource management and performance : Sharpening line of sight. Human Resource Management Review, 22(1), 43–56. Burgess, N., & Currie, G. (2013). The knowledge brokering role of the hybrid middle level manager: the case of healthcare. British Journal of Management, 24(S1), S132–S142. Byars, L. L., & Rue, W. L. (2004). Human Resource Management: Recruiting Employees. GEN, The McGraw-Hill Education. Cabello-Medina, C., López-Cabrales, Á., & Valle-Cabrera, R. (2011). Leveraging the innovative performance of human capital through HRM and social capital in Spanish firms. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 22(04), 807-828. Caldwell, C., Truong, D. X., Linh, P. T., & Tuan, A. (2011). Strategic Human Resource Management as Ethical Stewardship. Journal of Business Ethics, 98(1), 171–182. Cameron, K. (1986). Effectiveness as paradox: consensus and con flict in conceptions of organi- zational effectiveness. Management Science, 32(5), 539–553. Campion, M. A., Cheraskin, L., & Stevens, M. J. (1994). Career-related antecedents and outcomes of job rotation. Academy of Management Journal, 37(6), 1518– 1542. Camps, J., & Luna-Arocas, R. (2012). A matter of learning: How human resources affect organizational performance. British Journal of Management, 23(1), 1– 21. Cardy, R. L., & Selvarajan, T. T. (2004). Assessing ethical behavior: Development of a behaviorally anchored rating scale. In 47th Midwest Academy of Management Meeting. CONF. Carmeli, A., & Tishler, A. (2004). The relationships between intangible organizational elements and organizational performance. Strategic Management Journal, 25(13), 1257–1278. Carmeli, A., Schaubroeck, J., & Tishler, A. (2011). How CEO empowering leadership shapes top management team processes: Implications for firm performance. Leadership Quarterly, 22(2), 399–411. Castanias, R. P., & Helfat, C. E. (2001). The managerial rents model: Theory and empirical analysis. Journal of Management, 27(6), 661–678. Caudron, S. (2002). Just say no to training fads. Personnel Management, 56(6) 38– 44. Chadwick, C., & Flinchbaugh, C. (2013). The Effects of Part- Time Workers on Establishment Financial Performance. Journal of Management, 41(11), 1–28. Chadwick, C., Janice, S. F., & Kwon, K. (2015). Resource orchestration in practice: CEO emphasis on shrm,commitment-based hr systems, and firm performance. Strategic Management Journal, 36(3), 360–376. Chahal, H., Jyoti, J., & Rani, A. (2016). The Effect of Perceived High-performance Human Resource Practices on Business Performance: Role of Organizational Learning. Global Business Review, 17(3S), 1S–25S. Chakravarthy, B. S. (1986). Measuring strategic performance. Strategic management journal, 7(5), 437-458. Chandler, A. (1962). Strategy and structure: chapters in the history of the American industrial enterprise. USA: Beard Books. Chandler, A. D., Hikino, T., & Chandler, A. D. (2009). Scale and scope: The dynamics of industrial capitalism. Harvard University Press. Chatterjee, S., & Yilmaz, M. (1992). A review of regression diagnostics for behavioral research. Applied Psychological Measurement, 16(3), 209-227. Chen, C.-J., & Huang, J.-W. (2009). Strategic human resource practices and innovation performance — The mediating role of knowledge management capacity. Journal of Business Research, 62(1), 104–114. Cheng, G. H., & Chan, D. K. (2008). Who suffers more from job insecurity? A meta‐ analytic review. Applied Psychology, 57(2), 272–303. Chernick, M. R. (2008). Bootstrap methods. A guide for practitioners and researchers (2nd ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Chiang, Y., Shih, H., & Hsu, C. (2014). High commitment work system , transactive memory system , and new product performance. Journal of Business Research, 67(4), 631–640. Chiang, F., & Birtch, T. A. (2012). The performance implications of financial and non-financial rewards: An Asian nordic comparison. Journal of Management Studies, 49, 538–570. Child, J. (1972). Organizational structure, environment and performance: the role of strategic choice. Sociology (Oxford), 1(6), 1–22. Chin, W. W. (1998). The partial least squares approach to structural equation modeling. Modern methods for business research, 295(2), 295-336. Chin, W. W. (2010). How to write up and report PLS analyses. In Esposito, V., et al. (eds.), Handbook of Partial Least Squares. New York: Springer- Verlag. Chin, W. W., Marcolin, B. L., & Newsted, P. R. (2003). A partial least squares latent variable modeling approach for measuring interaction effects: Results from a Monte Carlo simulation study and an electronic-mail emotion/adoption study. Information Systems Research, 14(2), 189–217. Chuang, C. H., & Liao, H. (2010). Strategic human resource management in service context: Taking care of business by taking care of employees and customers. Personnel Psychology, 63(1), 153–196. Chytas, P., Glykas, M., & Valiris, G. (2011). A proactive balance scorecard. International Journal of Information Management, 31(5), 460–468. CISKO, Š., & KLIEŠTIK, T. (2009). Finančný manažment podniku I. Žilina: EDIS. 2009. 508 s (RPRT). ISBN 978-80-554-0076-1. Cohen, A. (2003). Multiple commitments in the workplace an integrative approach. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Combs, J., Liu, Y., Hall, A., & Ketchen, D. (2006). How much do high-performance work practices matter? A meta-analysis of their effects on organizational performance. Personnel Psychology, 59(3), 501–528. Conant, J. S., Mokwa, M. P., & Varadarajan, P. R. (1990). Strategic types, distinctive marketing competencies and organizational performance: a multiple measures‐based study. Strategic Management Journal, 11(5), 365–383. Conchas, E. (2000). Company profits tied to employee commitment. Dallas Business Journal, 2(29), 37–48. Conger, J. A., & Kanungo, R. N. (1988). The empowerment process: Integrating theory and practice. Academy of Management Review, 13(3), 471–482. Conger, J. A., & Kanungo, R. N. (1988). The empowerment process: Integrating theory and practice. Academy of Management Review, 13(3), 471–482. Conner, K. R. (1991). A historical comparison of resource-based theory and five schools of thought within industrial organization economics: do we have a new theory of the firm? Journal of Management, 17(1), 121–154. Conway, J., & Lance, C. (2010). What reviewers should expect from authors regarding common method bias in organizational research. Journal of Business and Psychology, 25, 325–334. Conway, N., & Briner, R. B. (2013). Investigating the effect of collective organizational commitment on unit-level performance and absence. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 85(3), 472–486. Cook, K. S., Molm, L. D., & Yamagishi, T. (1993). Exchange relations and exchange networks: Recent developments in social exchange theory. Theoretical Research Programs: Studies in Theory Growth, 296–322. Cooper, D. R., & Schindler, P. S. (2003). Business Research Method. (8th ed., Ed.). New York, USA: McGraw Hill. Cristini, A., Eriksson, T., & Pozzoli, D. (2013). High-performance management practices and employee outcomes in Denmark. Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 60(3), 232–266. Cropanzano, R., & Mitchell, M. S. (2005). Social exchange theory: An interdisciplinary review. Journal of Management, 31(6), 874–900. Daniel Anifowose, B., Genty, K. I., & Sulaiman Atiku, O. (2011). The Post Consolidation of Banks: Human Resources Management Challenges and Prospects in Nigeria Banking Sector. International Journal of Business and Management, 6(11), 67–75. Danna, K., & Griffin, R. W. (1999). Health and well-being in the workplace: A review and synthesis of the literature. Journal of Management, 25(3), 357–384. Datta, D. K., Guthrie, J. P., & Wright, P. M. (2005). Human resource management and labor productivity: does industry matter? Academy of Management Journal, 48(1), 135–145. Davy, J. A., Kinicki, A. J., & Scheck, C. L. (1991). Developing and testing a model of survivor responses to layoffs. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 38(3), 302– 317. Dawes, J. (2008). Do data characteristics change according to the number of scale points used? An experiment using 5-point, 7-point and 10-point scales. International Journal of Market Research, 50(1), 61–77. De Cuyper, N., & De Witte, H. (2006). The impact of job insecurity and contract type on attitudes, well-being and behavioural reports: A psychological contract perspective. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 79(3), 395–409. De Saá-Pérez, P. & García-Falcón, J. M. (2002). A resource-based view of human resource management and organizational capabilities development. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 13, 123–140. De Witte, H., & De Cuyper, N. (2007). Exploring the new psychological contract among temporary and permanent workers: Associations with attitudes, behavioural intentions and well-being. Deery, S., Walsh, J., & Guest, D. (2011). Workplace aggression: the effects of harassment on job burnout and turnover intentions. Work, Employment & Society, 25(4), 742–759. Delaney, J. T., & Huselid, M. A. (1996). The impact of human resource management practices on perceptions of organizational performance. Academy of Management Journal, 39(4), 949–969. Delaney, J. T., & Huselid, M. A. (1996). The impact of human resource management practices on perceptions of organizational performance. Academy Of Management Journal, 39(4), 949-969. Delaney, M. L., Subramony, M. V, & Durik, A. M. (2014). The Joint Effects of Climates for Empowerment and Rewards on Organizational Performance. In Academy of Management Proceedings (Vol. 2014, p. 16398). CONF, Academy of Management. Delen, D., Kuzey, C., & Uyar, A. (2013). Measuring firm performance using financial ratios: A decision tree approach. Expert Systems with Applications, 40(10), 3970–3983. Delery, J. E. (1998). Issues of fit in strategic human resource management: implications for research. Human Resource Management Review, 8(3), 289– 309.. Delery, J. E., & Doty, D. H. (1996). Modes of Theorizing in Strategic Human Resource Management: Tests of Universalistic, Contingency, and Configurational Performance Predictions. Academy of Management Journal, 39, 802–835. Delery, J. E., & Shaw, J. D. (2001). The strategic management of people in work organizations: Review, synthesis, and extension. Delery, J., & Gupta, N. (2016). Human resource management practices and organizational effectiveness: internal fit matters. Journal of Organizational Effectiveness: People and Performance, 3(2), 139–163. Demo, G., Neiva, E. R., Nunes, I., & Rozzett, K. (2012). Human resources management policies and practices scale (HRMPPS): exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. BAR-Brazilian Administration Review, 9(4), 395– 420. DeNisi, A. S., & Griffin, R. W. (2001). Human resource management. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Derous, E., van der Velde, M. E., & Born, M. P. (2011). Terug van nooit weggeweest. Inleiding op de nieuwe reeks' Werving en Selectie'. Gedrag en Organisatie, (24), 3-17. Dessler, G. (2004). A framework for human resource management (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education. Dhar, R. L. (2015). Service quality and the training of employees: The mediating role of organizational commitment. Tourism Management, 46, 419–430. Diamantopoulos, A. (1999). Viewpoint-Export performance measurement: Reflective versus formative indicators. International Marketing Review, 16(6), 444–457. Diamantopoulos, A., Riefler, P., & Roth, K. P. (2008). Advancing formative measurement models. Journal of Business Research, 61, 1203–1218. Dixit, D. V., & Bhati, M. M. (2012). A Study about Employee Commitment and its impact on Sustained Productivity in Indian Auto-Component Industry. European Journal of Business and Social Sciences, 1(6), 34–51. Dossi, A., & Patelli, L. (2010). You learn from what you measure: Financial and non-financial performance measures in multinational companies. Long Range Planning, 43(4), 498–526. Ebimobowei, A., & Sophia, J. M. (2011). Mergers and acquisition in the Nigerian banking industry: An explorative investigation. Pakistan Journal of Social Science, 8(3), 135–141. Edwards, J. R., & Bagozzi, R. P. (2000). On the nature and direction of relationships between constructs and measures. Phychological Methods, 5, 155–174. Egwuatu, P. (2016, April 25). Profits of 5 banks drop by N10.52bn in first quarter. Vanguard. Retrieved from http://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/ 04/profits-5-banks-drop-n10-52bn-first-quarter/ Elliott, A. C., & Woodward, W. A. (2007). Statistical analysis: Quick reference guidebook with SPSS examples. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Elnaga, A., & Imran, A. (2013). The Effect of Training on Employee Performance. European Journal of Business and Management, 5(4), 137–147. Emerson, R. M. (1976). Social exchange theory. Annual Review of Sociology, 335– 362. Esposito Vinzi, V., Trinchera, L., & Amato, S. (2010). PLS path modeling: From foundations to recent developments and open issues for model assessment and improvement. In V. Esposito Vinzi, W. W. Chin, J. Henseler, & H. Wang (Eds.), Handbook of partial least squares: Concepts, methods and applications (pp. 47–82). Berlin Heidelberg: Springer. Etzioni, A. (1964). Winning without war. Evans, W. R., & Davis, W. D. (2005). High-performance work systems and organizational performance: The mediating role of internal social structure. Journal of Management, 31, 758–775. F. Hair Jr, J., Sarstedt, M., Hopkins, L., & G. Kuppelwieser, V. (2014). Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) An emerging tool in business research. European Business Review, 26(2), 106-121. Fajana, S. (2002). Human resource management: An introduction. Lagos: Labofin and Company. Falk, R. F., & Miller, N. B. (1992). A primer for soft modeling. Ohio: The University of Akron Press. Fapohunda, T. M. (2012). The human resource management challenges of post consolidation mergers and acquisitions in Nigeria’s banking industry. International Business Management, 6(1), 68–74. Farouk, S., Abu Elanain, H. M., Obeidat, S. M., Al-Nahyan, M., & Singh, S. (2016). HRM Practices and Organizational Performance in the UAE Banking Sector: the Mediating Role of Organizational Innovation. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 65(6). Faul, F., ErdFelder, E., Buchner, A., & Lang, A. G. (2007). G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral and biomedical sciences. Behavioral Research Methods, 39(2), 175–191. Ferguson, K. L., & Reio Jr, T. G. (2010). Human resource management systems and firm performance. Journal of Management Development, 29(5), 471-494.. Fernandez, K., Raja, V., & Whalley, A. (2006). Lessons from implementing balance scorecard in a small and medium size manufacturing organization. Technovation, 26(5–6), 623–634. Fernandez, S., & Moldogaziev, T. (2013). Employee empowerment, employee attitudes, and performance: Testing a causal model. Public Administration Review, 73(3), 490-506. Fernandez, S., & Moldogaziev, T. (2011). A Causal Model of the Empowerment Process: Exploring the Links between Empowerment Practices, Employee Cognitions, and Behavioral Outcomes. In Paper presented at the 11th National Public Management Research Conference, Maxwell School, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, June 2-4, 2011. Fernandez, S., & Moldogaziev, T. (2011). Empowering Public Sector Employees to Improve Performance: Does It Work? The American Review of Public Administration. Fernandez, S., & Moldogaziev, T. (2013). Employee empowerment, employee attitudes, and performance: Testing a causal model. Public Administration Review, 73(3), 490–506. Ferris, G. R., Arthur, M. M., Berkson, H. M., Kaplan, D. M., Harrell-Cook, G., & Frink, D. D. (1998). Toward a social context theory of the human resource management-organization effectiveness relationship. Human Resource Management Review, 8(3), 235–264. Field, A. (2009). Discovering Statistics using SPSS (3rd ed.). London: SAGE Publications. Fisher, C. D., Schoenfeldt, L. F., & Shaw, J. B. (2007). Human Resourse management. Biztantra, 760–766. Flynn, B. ., Sakakibara, S., Schroeder, R. ., Bates, K. ., & Flynn, E. . (1990). Empirical research methods in operations management. Journal of Operations Management, 9(2), 250–284. Follett, M. P. (1926). Giving of Orders. In In Scientific Foundations of Business Administration edited by Henry C. Metcalf. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins. Fornell, C., & Lacker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39–50. Franco-Santos, M., Kennerley, M., Micheli, P., Martinez, V., Mason, S., Marr, B., ... & Neely, A. (2007). Towards a definition of a business performance measurement system. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 27(8), 784–801. Frankfort-Nachmias, C., & Nachmias, D. (2007). Study guide for research methods in the social sciences. Macmillan. Frankfort-Nachmias, C., & Nachmias, D. (2007). Study guide for research methods in the social sciences. Macmillan. Fu, W., & Deshpande, S. P. (2014). The impact of caring climate, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment on job performance of employees in a China’s insurance company. Journal of Business Ethics, 124(2), 339-349. Furaker, B., & Berglund, T. (2014). Job Insecurity and Organizational Commitment. RIO: Revista Internacional de Organizaciones, 13, 163–186. Gabriel, J. M., Gabriel, O., & Nwaeke, L. I. (2015). Reappraising Human Resource Management Practices as Predictor of Employees ’ Performance in the Nigerian Banking Industry. European Journal of Business and Management, 7(24), 186–209. Gallie, D., White, M., Cheng, Y., & Tomlinson, M. (1998). Restructuring the employment relationship Oxford University Press. Gamage, A. S. (2014). Recruitment and selection practices in manufacturing SMEs in Japan: An analysis of the link with business performance. Ruhuna Journal of Management and Finance, 1(1), 37-52. García-Morales, V. J., Jiménez-Barrionuevo, M. M., & Gutiérrez-Gutiérrez, L. (2012). Transformational leadership influence on organizational performance through organizational learning and innovation. Journal of Business Research, 65(7), 1040–1050. Gardner, T. M., Moynihan, L. M., Park, H. J., & Wright, P. M. (2001). Beginning to unlock the black box in the HR firm performance relationship: the impact of HR practices on employee attitudes and employee outcomes. CAHRS Working Paper Series, 75. Gardner, T. M., Wright, P. M., & Moynihan, L. M. (2011). The impact of motivation, empowerment, and skill-enhancing practices on aggregate voluntary turnover: The mediating effect of collective affective commitment. Personnel Psychology, 64(2), 315–350. Gavino, M. C., Wayne, S. J., & Erdogan, B. (2012). Discretionary and transactional human resource practices and employee outcomes: The role of perceived organizational support. Human Resource Management, 51(5), 665–686. Gberevbie, D. E. (2012). Impact of Human Resource Development and Organizational Commitment on Financial Sector Employees in Nigeria. Annals of the Alexandru Ioan Cuza University - Economics, 59(2), 29–41. Geisser, S. (1974). A predictive approach to the random effect model. Biometrika, 61, 101–107. Geladi, P., & Kowalski, B. (1996). Partial Least Square Regression: A tutorial. Analytica Chimica Acta, 185, 1–7. Georgiadis, A., & Pitelis, C. N. (2012). Human resources and SME performance in services: empirical evidence from the UK. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 23(4), 808–825. Giauque, D., Anderfuhren-Biget, S., & Varone, F. (2013). HRM Practices, Intrinsic Motivators, and Organizational Performance in the Public Sector. Public Personnel Management, 42(2), 123–150. Gibbs, T., & Ashill, N. J. (2013). The effects of high performance work practices on job outcomes: Evidence from frontline employees in Russia. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 31(4), 305–326. Gilboa, S., Shirom, A., Fried, Y., & Cooper, C. (2008). A meta‐analysis of work demand stressors and job performance: examining main and moderating effects. Personnel Psychology, 61(2), 227–271. Gill, H., Meyer, J. P., Lee, K., Shin, K. H., & Yoon, C. Y. (2011). Affective and continuance commitment and their relations with deviant workplace behaviors in Korea. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 28(3), 595–607. Gillis, L. R. (2008). A network perspective of multiple social exchange relationships. ProQuest. Gomes, E., Angwin, D., & Peter, E. (2012). HRM issues and outcomes in African mergers and acquisitions : a study of the Nigerian banking sector. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 23(14), 2874–2900. Gong, Y., Chang, S., & Cheung, S. (2010). High performance work system and collective OCB: A collective social exchange perspective. Human Resource Management Journal, 20, 119–137. Gong, Y., Chang, S., & Cheung, S. (2010). High performance work system and collective OCB: A collective social exchange perspective. Human Resource Management Journal, 20, 119–137. Goromonzi, W. O. (2016). Organizational Culture, Strategy Implementation and Commercial Bank Performance in Zimbabwe. International Review of Management and Marketing, 6(2), 307–316. Gould-Williams, J. S. and Mohamed, R. B. 2010. A Comparative Study of the Effects of Best Practice HRM on Worker Outcomes in Malaysia and England Local Government. International Journal of Human Resource Management 21(5): 653–75. Grant, R. M. (1991). The resource-based theory of competitive advantage: implications for strategy formulation. Knowledge and Strategy, 33(3), 3–23. Gratton, L., & Truss, C. (2003). The three-dimensional people strategy: Putting human resources policies into action. The Academy of Management Executive, 17(3), 74–86. Green Jr, K. W., Zelbst, P. J., Bhadauria, V. S., & Meacham. (2012). Do environmental collaboration and monitoring enhance organizational performance?. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 112(2), 186–205. Greenhalgh, L., & Rosenblatt, Z. (1984). Job insecurity: Toward conceptual clarity. Academy of Management Review, 9(3), 438–448. Gregory, G. D., & Richard, B. R. (1984). Measuring organizational performance in the absence of objective measures: The case of the privately-held firm and conglomerate business unit. Strategic Management Journal, 5, 265–273. Griffin, J. (2000). Corporate social performance: Research directions for the 21st century. Business & Society, 39(4), 479–491. Griffin, J. J., & Mahon, J. F. (1997). The corporate social performance and corporate financial performance debate twenty-five years of incomparable research. Business & Society, 36(1), 5–31. Grooves, R. M. (2006). Non response rate and non-response bias in household surveys. Public Opinion Quarterly, 70(5), 646–675. Grover, S., & Crooker, K. (1995). “Who appreciates family-responsive human resource policies: The impact of family-friendly policies on organizational attachment”. Personnel Psychology, 48, 271–288. Grubbs, F. E. (1974). Procedures for detecting outlying observations in samples. In Ballistic Research Laboratories, 11, 1–21. Retrieved from Maryland ballistic Research Laboratories, Aberdeen Proving Ground Maryland Gruman, J. a., & Saks, A. M. (2011). Performance management and employee engagement. Human Resource Management Review, 21(2), 123–136. Gudergan, S. P., Devinney, T., Richter, N. F., & Ellis, R. S. (2012). Strategic implications for (non-equity) alliance performance. Long Range Planning, 45(5–6), 451–476. Guest, D. E. (1997). Human resource management and performance: a review and research agenda. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 8(3), 263–276. Guest, D. E. (2011). Human resource management and performance: still searching for some answers. Journal of Management, 21(1), 3–13. Guest, D. E., Michie, J., Conway, N., & Sheehan, M. (2003). Human resource management and corporate performance in the UK. British Journal of Industrial Relations, 41(2), 291–314. Gupta, N., & Shaw, J. D. (2013). Employee compensation: The neglected area of HRM research. Human Resource Management Review, 24(1), 1–4. Gurbuz, S., & Mert, I. S. (2011). Impact of the strategic human resource management on organizational performance: evidence from Turkey. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 22(8), 1803–1822. Guthrie, J. P. (2001). High-involvement work practices, turnover, and productivity: Evidence from New Zealand. Academy of Management Journal, 44(1), 180– 190. Haenlein, M., & Kaplan, A. M. (2004). A beginner’s guide to partial least squares analysis. Understanding Statistics, 3(4), 283–297. Hair Jr, J. F., Sarstedt, M., Hopkins, L., & Kuppelwieser, V. G. (2014). Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM): An emerging tool in business research. European Business Review, 26(2), 106–121. Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. C. (1998). Multivariate Data Analysis. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.02.019 Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2006). Multivariate data analysis (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall. Hair, J. F., Hult, J. G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2014). Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling ( Pls-Sem). Hair, J. F., J., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Andersen, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2010). Multivariate data analysis. (7th Ed., Ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. Hair, J. F., J., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2014). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM). Sage Publications. Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2011). PLS-SEM: Indeed a Silver Bullet. The Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 19(2), 139–152. Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2011b). The Use of Partial Least Squares (PLS) to Address Marketing Management Topics: From the Special Issue Guest Editors . Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 18(2), 135–138. Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2012). Partial Least Squares: The Better Approach to Structural Equation Modeling? Long Range Planning, 45(5–6), 312–319. Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2013). Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling: Rigorous Applications, Better Results and Higher Acceptance. Long Range Planning, 46(1–2), 1–12. Hair, J. F., Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C. M., & Mena, J. A. (2012). An assessment of the use of partial least squares structural equation modeling in marketing research. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 40(3), 414–433. Hakkak, M., & Ghodsi, M. (2015). Development of a sustainable competitive advantage model based on balance scorecard. International Journal of Asian Social Science, 5(5), 298–308. Hall, D. ., & Mansfield, R. (1971). Organizational and individual response to external stress. Administrative Science Quarterly, 16, 533–547. Hamann, P. M., Schiemann, F., Bellora, L., & Guenther, T. W. (2013). Exploring the Dimensions of Organizational Performance A Construct Validity Study. Organizational Research Methods, 16(1), 67–87. Hansen, N. K., Alewell, D., & Hauff, S. (2014). High-Performance Work Systems and Firm Performance: A Multiple Mediation-Model. In Academy of Management Proceedings (Vol. 2014, p. 15429). CONF, Academy of Management. Harney, B., & Jordan, C. (2008). Unlocking the black box: line managers and HRM- performance in a call centre context. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 57(4), 275–296. Harris, C. M., & McMahan, G. C. (2015). The Influence of Compensation on Leader Human Capital and Unit Performance. SAM. Advanced Management Journal, 80(1), 33–42. Harter, J. K., Schmidt, F. L., & Hayes, T. L. (2002). Business-unit-level relationship between employee satisfaction, employee engagement, and business outcomes: a meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(2), 235–268. Hartley, J., Jacobson, D., Klandermans, B., & Van Vuuren, T. (1990). Job insecurity: Coping with jobs at risk. Sage Publications Ltd. Den Hartog, D. N., Boon, C., Verburg, R. M., & Croon, M. A. (2013). HRM, communication, satisfaction, and perceived performance a cross-level test. Journal of Management, 39(6), 1637-1665. Hauff, S., Alewell, D., & Hansen, N. K. (2014). HRM systems between control and commitment: occurrence, characteristics and effects on HRM outcomes and firm performance. Human Resource Management Journal, 24(4), 424–441. Hawkins, D. F. (1975). Estimations of non response bias. International Research Institute, 36(3), 102–116. Hayes, A. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis. New York, NY: Guilford, 3–4. Hayes, A. F. (2009). Beyond Baron and Kenny: Statistical Mediation Analysis in the New Millennium. Communication Monographs, 76(4), 408–420. Hayes, A. F., & Hayes, A. F. (2009). Beyond Baron and Kenny : Statistical Mediation Analysis in the New Millennium Beyond Baron and Kenny : Statistical Mediation Analysis in the New Millennium, (January 2015), 37–41. Hayes, A. F., & Preacher, K. J. (2010). Quantifying and Testing Indirect Effects in Simple Mediation Models When the Constituent Paths Are Nonlinear. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 45(4), 627–660. Helfat, C. E., & Peteraf, M. a. (2003). The dynamic resource-based view: Capability lifecycles. Strategic Management Journal, 24(10 SPEC ISS.), 997–1010. Henry, G. T. (1990). Practical sampling (21st ed.). London: SAGE Publications. Henry, O., & Temtime, Z. (2010). Recruitment and selection practices in SMEs: Empirical evidence from a developing country perspective. Advances in Management. Henseler, J., & Fassott, G. (2010). Testing Moderating Effects in PLS Path Models: An Illustration of Available Procedures. In J. H. & H. W. V. Esposito Vinzi, W. W. Chin (Ed.), Handbook of partial least squares: Concepts, methods and applications (pp. 713–735). Berlin et al.: Springer. Henseler, J., & Fassott, G. (2010). Testing Moderating Effects in PLS Path Models: An Illustration of Available Procedures. Handbook of Partial Least Squares, 713–735. Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sinkovics, R. R. (2009). The use of partial least squares path modeling in international marketing. New Challenges to International Marketing Advances in International Marketing, 20, 277–319. Henseler, J., Wilson, B., Götz, O., & Hautvast, C. (2007). Investigating the moderating role of fit on sports sponsorship and brand equity. International Journal of Sports Marketing & Sponsorship, 8, 321–329. Herold, D. M., Fedor, D. B., & Caldwell, S. D. (2007). Beyond change management: a multilevel investigation of contextual and personal influences on employees’ commitment to change. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(4), 942. Herzberg, E., Mausner, B., & Snyderman, B. (1959). The Motivatvion to Work. Wiley, New York, NY. Herzberg, F. (1987). One more time: how do you motivate employees? Harvard Business Review, 65(5). Hewitt, A. (2009). Managing performance with incentive pay. Journal of Personnel Management. 7(1), 20–31. Highhouse, S., Stierwalt, S. L., Bachiochi, P., Elder, A. E., & Fisher, G. (1999). Effects of advertised human resource management practices on attraction of African American applicants. Personnel Psychology, 52(2), 425. Hitt, M. A., Keats, B. W., & DeMarie, S. M. (1998). Navigating in the new competitive landscape: Building strategic flexibility and competitive advantage in the 21st century. The Academy of Management Executive, 12(4), 22-42. Hodge, V., & Austin, J. (2004). A survey of outlier detection methodologies. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 13(18), 85–126. Homans, G. . (1958). Social behavior as exchange. American Journal of Sociology, 63(6), 597–606. Homans, G. . (1961). Social behavior: Its elementary forms. New York: Harcourt Brace and World. Hornsby, J. S., & Kuratko, D. F. (2003). Human resource management in US small businesses: A replication and extension. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 8(1), 73. Huang, C.-C., You, C.-S., & Tsai, M.-T. (2012). A multidimensional analysis of ethical climate, job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and organizational citizenship behaviors. Nursing Ethics, 19(4), 513–529. Hui, C., & Lee, C. (2000). Moderating effects of organization-based self-esteem on organizational uncertainty: Employee response relationships. Journal of Management, 26(2), 215–232. Hulland, J. (1999). Use of Partial Least Squares (PLS) in strategic management research: A review of four recent studies. Strategic Management Journal, 20(2), 195–204. Huselid, M. A. (1995). The impact of human resource management practices on turnover, productivity, and corporate financial performance. Academy of Management Journal, 38(3), 635–672. Husin, S., Chelladurai, P., & Musa, G. (2012). HRM practices, organizational citizenship behaviors, and perceived service quality in golf courses. Journal of Sport Management, 26(2), 143–158. Hyde, P., Sparrow, P., Boaden, R., & Harris, C. (2013). High performance HRM: NHS employee perspectives. Journal of Health Organization and Management, 27(3), 296–311. Ibrahim, M. (2015). Investigating the use of four perspectives of balance scorecard (BSC) as technique for assessing performance by Nigerian banks. Journal of Accounting and Taxation, 7(4), 67–70. Ihoza, A. (2007). Structural effects of banking industry consolidation in Nigerian Journal of Banking Regulation, 8, 159–176. Ihuoma, O., & Obienusi, E. A. (2015). Banking Reforms and the Nigerian Economy, 1990 – 2007 . Historical Research Letter, 21, 17–42. Imran, H., Arif, I., Cheema, S., & Azeem, M. (2014). Relationship between job satisfaction, job performance, attitude towards work, and organizational commitment. Journal, of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management, 2(2), 135–144. Ireland, R. D., Hitt, M. A., & Sirmon, D. G. (2003). A model of strategic entrepreneurship: The construct and its dimensions. Journal of Management, 29(6), 963–989 Jackson, R. D. (2011). Perceptions of strategic planning, organizational alignment, and talent: A multiple site case study of selected small businesses in Pennsylvania. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences. Retrievedfrom http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct= true&db=psyh&AN=2011-99050-437&site=ehost-live& scope=site Jain, A. K., Giga, S. I., & Cooper, C. L. (2013). Stress, health and well-being: The mediating role of employee and organizational commitment. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 10(10), 4907–4924. Jaiswal, D., Dhar, R. L., & Burgess, T. (2015). Impact of perceived organizational support, psychological empowerment and leader member exchange on commitment and its subsequent impact on service quality. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 65(1). Jaja, S. A., & Okpu, T. (2013). Internal attitude survey and workers commitment in Nigerian Banking Industry. Research Journal of Finance and Accounting, 4(19), 94 Jaja, S. A., & Okpu, T. (2013b). Suggestion Scheme and Workers Commitment in Nigerian Banking Industry. The International Journal of Engineering and Science, 2(11), 43–51. Jaros, S. J. (1995). an Assessment of Meyer and Allen’S (1991) Three-Component Model of Organizational Commitment and Turnover Intentions. Academy of Management Best Papers Proceedings, 8(1), 317–321. Jehanzeb, K., Rasheed, A., & Rasheed, M. F. (2013). Organizational Commitment and Turnover Intentions: Impact of Employee’s Training in Private Sector of Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Business and Management, 8(8), 79–91. Jensen, J. M., Patel, P. C., & Messersmith, J. G. (2011). High-Performance Work Systems and Job Control: Consequences for Anxiety, Role Overload, and Turnover Intentions. Journal of Management, 39(6), 1699–1724. Jeroh, E., & Okoye, E. (2015). Impact Assessment of Bank Consolidation on the Performance of Commercial Banks in Nigeria. Acta Universitatis Danubius. Œconomica, 11(5). Jiang, J. Y., & Liu, C.-W. (2015). High performance work systems and organizational effectiveness: The mediating role of social capital. Human Resource Management Review, 25(1), 126–137. Jiang, K., Lepak, D. P., Han, K., Hong, Y., Kim, A., & Winkler, A. (2012). Human Resource Management Review Clarifying the construct of human resource systems : Relating human resource management to employee performance. Human Resource Management Review, 22(2), 73–85. Jiang, K., Lepak, D. P., Hu, J., & Baer, J. C. (2012). How does human resource management influence organizational outcomes? A meta-analytic investigation of mediating mechanisms. Academy of Management Journal, 55(6), 1264– 1294. Jiménez-Jiménez, D., & Sanz-Valle, R. (2011). Innovation, organizational learning, and performance. Journal of Business Research, 64(4), 408–417. John, K., & Qian, Y. (2003). Incentive features in CEO compensation in the banking industry. Economic Policy Review, 9(1). Joseph, K. E., & Dai, C. (2009). HRM practices and organizational performance: An empirical analysis. International Journal of Business and Management, 4(8), p117. Jung, H. S., & Yoon, H. H. (2014). Antecedents and consequences of employees’ job stress in a foodservice industry: Focused on emotional labor and turnover intent. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 38, 84–88. Kahn, W. a. (1990). Psychological Conditions of Personal Engagement and Disengagement At Work. Academy of Management Journal, 33(4), 692–724. Kalkavan, S., & Katrinli, A. (2014). The Effects of Managerial Coaching Behaviors on the Employees’ Perception of Job Satisfaction, Organisational Commitment, and Job Performance: Case Study on Insurance Industry in Turkey. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 150, 1137–1147. Kanter, R. M. (1979). Power Failures in Management Circuits. Harvard Business Review, 57(4), 65–75. Kaplan, R. S., & Norton, D. P. (1992). The Balanced Scorecard – Measures That Drive Performance. Harvard Business Review, 70(1), 71–79. Kaplan, R. S., & Norton, D. P. (2001). The strategy-focused organization. Strategy and Leadership, 29(3), 41–42. JOUR. Kaplan, R., & Norton, D. (1996). The Balanced Scorecard: translating strategy into action. Boston: Harvard Business Press. Kaplan, R., & Norton, D. (2001). Transforming the Balanced Scorecard from Performance Measurement to Strategic Management : Part II. Accounting Horizons, 15(2), 147–160. Karami, A., Sahebalzamani, S., & Sarabi, B. (2015). The Influence of HR Practices on Business Strategy and Firm Performance: The Case of Banking Industry in Iran. IUP Journal of Management Research, 14(1), 30–53. Karatepe, O. M. (2013). High-performance work practices and hotel employee performance: The mediation of work engagement. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 32(1), 132–140. Karavardar, G. (2014). Perceived Organizational Support, Psychological Empowerment, Organizational Citizenship Behavior, Job Performance and Job Embeddedness: A Research on the Fast Food Industry in Istanbul, Turkey. International Journal of Business and Management, 9(4), 131–140. Katou, A. A., & Budhwar, P. S. (2006). Human resource management systems and organizational performance: a test of a mediating model in the Greek manufacturing context. The international journal of human resource management, 17(7), 1223-1253. Kaufman, B. E. (2012). Strategic human resource management research in the United States: A failing grade after 30 years?. The Academy of Management Perspectives, 26(2), 12-36. Kazanjian, R. K., Drazin, R., & Glynn, M. A. (2002). Implementing strategies for corporate entrepreneurship: A knowledge- based perspective. In In M. A. Hitt, R. D. Ireland, S. M. Camp, & D. L. Sexton (Eds.), Strategic entrepreneurship: Creating a new mindset (pp. 173–199). Oxford: Blackwell. Kearney, S. P. (2010). Understanding the Need for Induction Programmes for Beginning Teachers in Independent Catholic Secondary Schools in New South Wales. Kehoe, R. R., & Wright, P. M. (2013). The Impact of High-Performance Human Resource Practices on Employees’ Attitudes and Behaviors. Journal of Management, 39(2), 366–391. Kennerley, M., & Neely, A. (2002). A framework of the factors affecting the evolution of performance measurement systems. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 22(11), 1222–1245. Kepes, S., & Delery, J. . (2007). HRM systems and the problem of internal fit. In The Oxford Handbook of Human Resource Management (pp. 385–404). Oxford University Press, New York, NY. Khan, M. A. (2010). Effects of Human Resource Management Practices on Organizational Performance – An Empirical Study of Oil and Gas Industry in Pakistan, 24(24), 17–26. Khanin, D. (2013). How to reduce turnover intentions in the family business: Managing centripetal and centrifugal forces. Business Horizons, 56(1), 63–73. Kidder, L., & Judd, C. (1986). Research methods in social science. GEN, Holt, Rinehart & Winston. Kim, H., & Sung-Choon, K. (2013). Strategic HR functions and firm performance: The moderating effects of high-involvement work practices. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 30(1), 91–113. Kim, H., Sutton, K. L., & Gong, Y. (2013). Group-based pay-for-performance plans and firm performance: The moderating role of empowerment practices. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 30(1), 31–52. Kim, S. (2005). Individual-level factors and organisational performance in government organisations. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 15(2), 245–261. Kim, W. G., & Brymer, R. A. (2011). The effects of ethical leadership on manager job satisfaction, commitment, behavioral outcomes, and firm performance. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 30(4), 1020–1026. Kim, Y., & Ployhart, R. E. (2014). The effects of staffing and training on firm productivity and profit growth before, during, and after the Great Recession. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 99(3), 361–89. King, E., Dawson, J. ., West, M., Gilrane, V., Peddie, C., & Bastin, L. (2011). Why organizational and community diversity matter: The emergence of incivility and organizational performance, 54(6), 1103–1118. King-Kauanui, S., Ngoc, S. D., & Ashley-Cotleur, C. (2006). Impact of human resource management: SME performance in Vietnam. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 11(1), 79–95. Kleiman, L. S. (2000). Human Resource Management: A Tool for Competitive Advantage (2nd ed.). Minneapolis: West Publishing. . Ko, J., & Smith-Walter, A. (2013). The Relationship between HRM Practices and Organizational Performance in the Public Sector: Focusing on Mediating Roles of Work Attitudes. International Review of Public Administration, 18(3), 209– 231. Konovsky, M. A. (2000). Understanding procedural justice and its impact on business organizations. Journal of Management, 26(3), 489–511. Koys, D. J. (2001). The effects of employee satisfaction, organizational citizenship behavior, and turnover on organizational effectiveness: A unit‐level, longitudinal study. Personnel Psychology, 54(1), 101–114. Kraiger, K. (2003). Perspectives on training and development. In W. . Borman, D. . Ilgen, R. . Klimoski, & I. B. Weiner (Eds.), Handbook of Psychology (pp. 171– 192). John Wiley &Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. Kraiger, K., McLinden, D., & Casper, W. . (2004). Collaborative planning for training impact. Human Resource Management, 43(4), 337–351. Krejcie, R. V, & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Table for determining sample size from a given population. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30(3), 607– 610. Kronhauser, W. (1965). The Interdependence of Professions and Organizations’ Professionalism. In In Vollmer, H. and Mills, D. (eds). Englewood Cliffs, HJ: Prenticehall. Kroon, B., Van De Voorde, K., & Timmers, J. (2013). High performance work practices in small firms: A resource-poverty and strategic decision-making perspective. Small Business Economics, 41(1), 71–91. Kwon, K., Bae, J., & Lawler, J. J. (2010). High commitment HR practices and top performers: Impacts on organizational commitment. Management International Review, 50(1), 57–80.