The credibility of the news on social networking sites among Jordanian journalists

Social Networking Site (SNS) has become an important source of news for journalists in the process of obtaining information and publishing news and articles. Hence, the credibility of the news published on SNS is an important subject for study because journalists are competing with citizens in the d...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Safori, Amjad Omar Ali
Format: Thesis
Language:eng
eng
Published: 2017
Subjects:
Online Access:https://etd.uum.edu.my/7143/1/s900546_01.pdf
https://etd.uum.edu.my/7143/2/s900546_02.pdf
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
id my-uum-etd.7143
record_format uketd_dc
institution Universiti Utara Malaysia
collection UUM ETD
language eng
eng
advisor Mohammed, Rosli
Abdul Rahman, Nik Adzrieman
topic PN Literature (General)
spellingShingle PN Literature (General)
Safori, Amjad Omar Ali
The credibility of the news on social networking sites among Jordanian journalists
description Social Networking Site (SNS) has become an important source of news for journalists in the process of obtaining information and publishing news and articles. Hence, the credibility of the news published on SNS is an important subject for study because journalists are competing with citizens in the dissemination of news. The validity of information on SNS is questionable. The focus of this research is identifying the concept of credibility and the prominent credibility standards that must apply in publishing of news. This study examined the relationship between traditional factors in media, acceptance to use of technology, interactive media, quality of news source, exposure to SNS, and scoop with the credibility of news. The questionnaire was distributed to 375 respondents from 1042 registered journalists in the Jordan Press Association (JPA) using simple random sampling. The data were analyzed using Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) to verify the relationships between the variables. The findings of the study largely support the hypothesized relationships proposed in the study model. The factors used in traditional media, such as journalism ethics, editorial policy rules and laws, demonstrates a positive association with the credibility of news published on SNS to maintain its standards. Reliance on media technology adversely affect the credibility of news. Interactive media and quality of source were found to have a positive relationship with the credibility of news, thus increasing the level of credibility when journalists use SNS as a source of news. The findings have implications for knowledge of theories in understanding the relationship between using SNS as a news source and its credibility. The practical contribution of this study will assist journalists in dealing with news on SNS, in order to develop the best journalism practices, and makes recommendation for future research directions.
format Thesis
qualification_name Ph.D.
qualification_level Doctorate
author Safori, Amjad Omar Ali
author_facet Safori, Amjad Omar Ali
author_sort Safori, Amjad Omar Ali
title The credibility of the news on social networking sites among Jordanian journalists
title_short The credibility of the news on social networking sites among Jordanian journalists
title_full The credibility of the news on social networking sites among Jordanian journalists
title_fullStr The credibility of the news on social networking sites among Jordanian journalists
title_full_unstemmed The credibility of the news on social networking sites among Jordanian journalists
title_sort credibility of the news on social networking sites among jordanian journalists
granting_institution Universiti Utara Malaysia
granting_department Awang Had Salleh Graduate School of Arts & Sciences
publishDate 2017
url https://etd.uum.edu.my/7143/1/s900546_01.pdf
https://etd.uum.edu.my/7143/2/s900546_02.pdf
_version_ 1747828161192656896
spelling my-uum-etd.71432021-08-18T06:41:55Z The credibility of the news on social networking sites among Jordanian journalists 2017 Safori, Amjad Omar Ali Mohammed, Rosli Abdul Rahman, Nik Adzrieman Awang Had Salleh Graduate School of Arts & Sciences Awang Had Salleh Graduate School of Arts and Sciences PN Literature (General) Social Networking Site (SNS) has become an important source of news for journalists in the process of obtaining information and publishing news and articles. Hence, the credibility of the news published on SNS is an important subject for study because journalists are competing with citizens in the dissemination of news. The validity of information on SNS is questionable. The focus of this research is identifying the concept of credibility and the prominent credibility standards that must apply in publishing of news. This study examined the relationship between traditional factors in media, acceptance to use of technology, interactive media, quality of news source, exposure to SNS, and scoop with the credibility of news. The questionnaire was distributed to 375 respondents from 1042 registered journalists in the Jordan Press Association (JPA) using simple random sampling. The data were analyzed using Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) to verify the relationships between the variables. The findings of the study largely support the hypothesized relationships proposed in the study model. The factors used in traditional media, such as journalism ethics, editorial policy rules and laws, demonstrates a positive association with the credibility of news published on SNS to maintain its standards. Reliance on media technology adversely affect the credibility of news. Interactive media and quality of source were found to have a positive relationship with the credibility of news, thus increasing the level of credibility when journalists use SNS as a source of news. The findings have implications for knowledge of theories in understanding the relationship between using SNS as a news source and its credibility. The practical contribution of this study will assist journalists in dealing with news on SNS, in order to develop the best journalism practices, and makes recommendation for future research directions. 2017 Thesis https://etd.uum.edu.my/7143/ https://etd.uum.edu.my/7143/1/s900546_01.pdf text eng public https://etd.uum.edu.my/7143/2/s900546_02.pdf text eng public Ph.D. doctoral Universiti Utara Malaysia Abbasi, M. A., & Liu, H. (2013). Measuring user credibility in social media. Social Computing, Behavioral-Cultural Modeling and Prediction, 441-448. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Adeyanju, A. (2015). Comparative Study of Social Media, Television and Newspapers’ News Credibility. Paper presented at the International Conference on Communication, Media, Technology and Design, Dubai – United Arab Emirates. Agichtein, E., Castillo, C., Donato, D., Gionis, A., & Mishne, G. (2008). Finding high- quality content in social media. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 2008 International Conference on Web Search and Data Mining, Palo Alto, California, USA Ahmad, A. N. (2010). Is Twitter a useful tool for journalists? Journal of Media Practice, 11(2), 145-155. Akagi, K., & Linning, S. (2013). Crowdsourcing done right. Retrieved 18/12/2015, from Columbia Journalism Review http://www.cjr.org/data_points/crowdsourcing_done_right.php Al-Quds, C. (2009). Impact of Soft Containment On Freedom of Journalism and Independence of the Media in Jordan (Vol. 3). Amman: Al-Quds Center for Political Studies. Alazzam, A. (2013). The Credibility of Jordanian Television News Among the Members of Jordan Press Association. (Master), Yarmouk University, Jordan. Albaum, G. (1997). The Likert scale revisited: an alternate version. Journal of the Market Research Society, 39(2), 331-332. Albers, S. (2010). PLS and success factor studies in marketing. In V. E. Vinzi, W. W. Chin, J. Henseler, & H. Wang (Eds.), Handbook of Partial least squares (pp. 409-425). Heidelberg: Springer. Alejandro, J. (2010). Journalism in the age of social media. University of Oxford: Reuters Institute Aliaga, M., & Gunderson, B. (1999). Interactive Statistics. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Alqudsi-ghabra, T. M., Al-Bannai, T., & Al-Bahrani, M. (2011). The internet in the Arab Gulf Cooperation Council (AGCC): vehicle of change. International Journal of Internet Science, 6(1), 44-67. Anderson, C. W. (2013). Towards a sociology of computational and algorithmic journalism. New Media & Society, 15(7), 1005-1021. Andersen, K., & Clevenger Jr, T. (1963). A summary of experimental research in ethos. Communications Monographs, 30(2), 59-78. Anderson, N. H. (1971). Integration theory and attitude change. Psychological Review, 78(3), 171-206. Aral, S., Dellarocas, C., & Godes, D. (2013). Introduction to the special issue-social media and business transformation: A framework for research. Information Systems Research, 24(1), 3-13. Ardèvol-Abreu, A., & Gil de Zúñiga, H. (2016). Effects of Editorial Media Bias Perception and Media Trust on the Use of Traditional, Citizen, and Social Media News. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 93(2), 1-22. Armbrust, W. (2012). A history of new media in the Arab Middle East. Journal for cultural research, 16(2-3), 155-174. Armstrong, C. L., & Nelson, M. R. (2005). How newspaper sources trigger gender stereotypes. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 82(4), 820-837. Armstrong, J. S., & Overton, T. S. (1977). Estimating Nonresponse Bias in Mail Surveys. Journal of Marketing Research, XIV(August), 396–402. Asemah, K. S. (2011). Selected mass media themes. Jos Jos University Press. ASMR. (2015). The Arab Social Media Report 2015. UAE: the Dubai School of Government’s Governance and Innovation Program. Asough, A. (2012). Social Media and Ethics: The Impact of Social Media on Journalism Ethics. In A. Babe (Ed.), Center for International Media Ethics (CIME), Fellowship For Ethics Leadership 2012. Avery, E., Lariscy, R., & Sweetser, K. D. (2010). Social media and shared—or divergent—uses? A coorientation analysis of public relations practitioners and journalists. International Journal of Strategic Communication, 4(3), 189-205. Azza, A. (2006). The credibility of the Arab media (concepts - standards). Cairo: The Arab Publishing and Distribution. Baker, T. L., & Risley, A. J. (1994). Doing social research (3rd Ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Inc. Barroso, C., Carrión, G. C., & Roldán, J. L. (2010). Applying maximum likelihood and PLS on different sample sizes: studies on SERVQUAL model and employee behavior model. In V. E. Vinzi, W. W. Chin, J. Henseler, & H. Wang (Eds.), Handbook of partial least squares (pp. 427-447). Heidelberg: Springer. Becker, H. S. (1966). Whose side are we on. Social Problems, 14(3), 239. Beckett, C. (2011). Supermedia: saving journalism so it can save the world. U.S.: John Wiley & Sons. Bélanger, É., & Meguid, B. M. (2008). Issue salience, issue ownership, and issue- based vote choice. Electoral Studies, 27(3), 477-491. Benkler, Y. (2006). The wealth of networks: How social production transforms markets and freedom. New Haven: Yale University Press. Berlo, D. K., Lemert, J. B., & Mertz, R. J. (1969). Dimensions for evaluating the acceptability of message sources. Public opinion quarterly, 33(4), 563-576. Berrington, E., & Jemphrey, A. (2003). Pressures on the Press Reflections on Reporting Tragedy. Journalism, 4(2), 225-248. Bezjian-Avery, A., Calder, B., & Iacobucci, D. (1998). New media interactive advertising vs. traditional advertising. Journal of advertising research, 38, 23- 32. Blasingame, D. (2011). Twitter first: changing TV news 140 characters at a time. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 12th international symposium on online journalism, San Marcos, Texas. Boczkowski, P. J. (2010). News at work: Imitation in an age of information abundance. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Bollen, K. A. (1989). A new incremental fit index for general structural equation models. Sociological Methods & Research, 17(3), 303-316. Bourdieu, P. (2005). The Political Field, the Social Science Field, and the Journalistic Field. In R. Benson & E. Neveu (Eds.), Bourdieu and the Journalistic Field (pp. 29-47). Cambridge, UK: Polity. Bowman, S., & Willis, C. (2003). We media: How audiences are shaping the future of news and information. U.S.A.: The Media Center at the American Press Institute Boyd, D. M., & Ellison, N. B. (2007). Social network sites: Definition, history, and scholarship. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 13(1), 210-230. Bracken, C. C. (2006). Perceived source credibility of local television news: The impact of television form and presence. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 50(4), 723-741. Bright, L. F., Kleiser, S. B., & Grau, S. L. (2015). Too much Facebook? An exploratory examination of social media fatigue. Computers in Human Behavior, 44, 148-155. Brislin, R. W. (1970). Back-translation for cross-cultural research. Journal of cross- cultural psychology, 1(3), 185-216. Bro, P., & Wallberg, F. (2014). Digital Gatekeeping: News media versus social media. Digital Journalism, 2(3), 446-454. Broersma, M., & Graham, T. (2012). Social media as beat: tweets as a news source during the 2010 British and Dutch elections. Journalism Practice, 6(3), 403- 419. Brown, J. K., Mutch, R. W., Spoon, C. W., & Wakimoto, R. H. (1996). Proceedings: Symposium on Fire in Wilderness and Park Management. U.S: DIANE Publishing. Bruns, A. (2008). The Active Audience: Transforming Journalism from Gatekeeping to Gatewatching. In C. Paterson & D. Domingo (Eds.), Making online news: The ethnography of new media production. New York: Peter Lang. Bruns, A. (2009). News blogs and citizen journalism: New directions for e-journalism. In K. Prasad (Ed.), e-Journalism: New Media and News Media (pp. 101-126). Delhi, India: BR Publishing. Bucy, E. P. (2003). Media credibility reconsidered: Synergy effects between on-air and online news. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 80(2), 247- 264. Burgoon, J. K., & Hale, J. L. (1984). The fundamental topoi of relational communication. Communication Monographs, 51(3), 193-214. Burton, G. (2010). Media And Society: Critical Perspectives (2nd Ed.). UK: McGraw- Hill Education. Butler, P. (2009). Journalism Ethics: The Global Debate. USA: International Center for Journalists. Byrne, B. M. (2010). Structural Equation Modeling with AMOS: Basic Concepts, Applications, and Programming (2nd Ed., p. 418). Taylor & Francis Group, New York, London. Caldelli, R., Amerini, I., Picchioni, F., & Innocenti, M. (2010). Fast image clustering of unknown source images. Paper presented at the IEEE International Workshop on Information Forensics and Security, Seattle, WA, USA. Callison, C. (2001). Do PR practitioners have a PR problem?: The effect of associating a source with public relations and client-negative news on audience perception of credibility. Journal of Public Relations Research, 13(3), 219-234. Callison, C. (2003). Media relations and the Internet: How Fortune 500 company Web sites assist journalists in news gathering. Public Relations Review, 29(1), 29- 41. Canter, L. (2013). The interactive spectrum The use of social media in UK regional newspapers. Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies, 19(4), 472-495. Casella, P. A. (2013). Breaking news or broken news? Reporters and news directors clash on “black hole” live shots. Journalism Practice, 7(3), 362-376. Cassidy, W. P. (2007). Online news credibility: An examination of the perceptions of newspaper journalists. Journal of Computer‐Mediated Communication, 12(2), 478-498. Castillo, C., Mendoza, M., & Poblete, B. (2011). Information credibility on twitter. In Proceedings of the 20th international conference on World wide web, Hyderabad, India, 675-684. Castillo, C., Mendoza, M., & Poblete, B. (2013). Predicting information credibility in time-sensitive social media. Internet Research, 23(5), 560-588. CDFJ. (2011). Impunity: Media Freedom Status in Jordan, 2011. Amman: Center for Defending Freedom of Journalists. CDFJ. (2015). Behind Bars: Media Freedom Status in Jordan 2015. Amman: Center for Defending the Freedom of Journalism. CDFJ. (2016). Media Freedom Status in Arab World. Amman: Center for Defending the Freedom of Journalism. Chebat, J.-C., Filiatrault, P., & Perrien, J. (1990). Limits of credibility: The case of political persuasion. The Journal of Social Psychology, 130(2), 157-167. Chen, G.-M. (2012). The impact of new media on intercultural communication in global context. China Media Research, 8(2), 1-10. Chen, J. V., Yen, D. C., & Chen, K. (2009). The acceptance and diffusion of the innovative smart phone use: A case study of a delivery service company in logistics. Information & Management, 46(4), 241-248. Cheung, G., Florencio, D., Callet, P. L., Lin, C. W., & Magli, E. (2016). Introduction to the Issue on Interactive Media Processing for Immersive Communication. IEEE Journal Of Selected Topics In Signal Processing, 9(3), 381-383. Chin, W. (1998). Issues and opinions on structural equation modelling. MIS Quarterly, 22(1), 7-16. Chin, W. W. (2010). How to write up and report PLS analyses. In: Vinzi, V.E., Chin, W. W., Henseler, J. & Wang, H. (Eds.), Handbook of Partial Least Squares (655-690). Berlin: Springer. Cho, J., Kwon, K., & Park, Y. (2009). Q-rater: A collaborative reputation system based on source credibility theory. Expert Systems with Applications, 36(2), 3751- 3760. Choi, J. H., Watt, J. H., & Lynch, M. (2006). Perceptions of news credibility about the war in Iraq: Why war opponents perceived the Internet as the most credible medium. Journal of Computer‐Mediated Communication, 12(1), 209-229. Choi, M., Panek, E. T., Nardis, Y., & Toma, C. L. (2015). When social media isn’t social: Friends’ responsiveness to narcissists on Facebook. Personality and Individual Differences, 77, 209-214. Christians, C. (1998). Media ethics and the technological society. Journal of Mass Media Ethics, 13(2), 67-70. Christians, C. G., Fackler, M., Richardson, K., Kreshel, P., & Woods, R. H. (2015). Media ethics: Cases and moral reasoning. New York: Routledge. Chung, C. J., Kim, H., & Hyun Kim, J. (2010). An anatomy of the credibility of online newspapers. Online Information Review, 34(5), 669-685. Chung, C. J., Nam, Y., & Stefanone, M. A. (2012). Exploring online news credibility: The relative influence of traditional and technological factors. Journal of Computer‐Mediated Communication, 17(2), 171-186. Chung, D. S. (2008). Interactive features of online newspapers: Identifying patterns and predicting use of engaged readers. Journal of Computer‐Mediated Communication, 13(3), 658-679. Church, K., & Oliveira, R. D. (2013). What's up with whatsapp?: comparing mobile instant messaging behaviors with traditional SMS. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 15th international conference on Human-computer interaction with mobile devices and services, Germany, 352-361. Coakes, S. J. & Steed, L. G. (2003). SPSS: analysis without anguish: version 11.0 for Windows. Brisbane: Jacaranda Wiley. Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (2nd Ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsale. Comrey, A. L., & Lee, H. B. (2013). A first course in factor analysis. New York: Psychology Press. Corder, G., & Foreman, D. (2008). Nonparametric statistics for non-statisticians: a step-by-step approach. New Jersey: Wiley. Connelly, L. (2008). Pilot studies. Medsurg nursing: official journal of the Academy of Medical-Surgical Nurses, 17(6), 411. Connery, T. (2015). Considering Ethics of Media, but not Media Ethics. Journal of Media Ethics, 30(3), 226-228. Correa, D., Silva, L. A., Mondal, M., Benevenuto, F., & Gummadi, K. P. (2015). The many shades of anonymity: Characterizing anonymous social media content. Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence, 15, 71-80. Couldry, N., Madianou, M., & Pinchevski, A. (2013). Ethics of Media: An Introduction. In N. Couldry, M. Madianou & A. Pinchevski (Eds.), Ethics of Media (pp. 1-18). UK: Palgrave Macmillan Cover, R. (2006). Audience inter/active Interactive media, narrative control and reconceiving audience history. New Media & Society, 8(1), 139-158. Cozma, R., & Chen, K.-J. (2013). What's in a tweet? Foreign correspondents' use of social media. Journalism Practice, 7(1), 33-46. Creswell, J. W. (2009). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (3rd Ed.). London: SAGE Publications. Creswell, J. W. (2013). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (4th Ed.). London: SAGE publications. Cronkhite, G., & Liska, J. (1976). A critique of factor analytic approaches to the study of credibility. Communications Monographs, 43(2), 91-107. D'Arcy, D. L. (2012). TV Journalists and Social Media Use, Adaptation to New Media. Paper presented at the 34th Annual Research Symposium, College of Communication and Information, University of Tennessee, USA. Davis, F. D. (1989). Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology. MIS quarterly, 13(3), 319-340. Davis, F. D., Bagozzi, R. P., & Warshaw, P. R. (1989). User acceptance of computer technology: a comparison of two theoretical models. Management science, 35(8), 982-1003. Davis, L. L. (1992). Instrument review: Getting the most from a panel of experts. Applied nursing research, 5(4), 194-197. De Keyser, J., & Raeymaeckers, K. (2012). The printed rise of the common man: How Web 2.0 has changed the representation of ordinary people in newspapers. Journalism Studies, 13(5-6), 825-835. De Vaus, D. (2013). Surveys in social research (6th Ed.). london and new york: Routledge. Deuze, M. (1999). Journalism and the Web An Analysis of Skills and Standards in an Online Environment. International Communication Gazette, 61(5), 373-390. Deuze, M. (2005). What is journalism? Professional identity and ideology of journalists reconsidered. Journalism, 6(4), 442-464. Deuze, M., & Yeshua, D. (2001). Online journalists face new ethical dilemmas: Lessons from the Netherlands. Journal of Mass Media Ethics, 16(4), 273-292. Diakopoulos, N., De Choudhury, M., & Naaman, M. (2012). Finding and assessing social media information sources in the context of journalism. Paper presented at the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Austin, Texas, USA. Dimitrova, D. V., Connolly-Ahern, C., Williams, A. P., Kaid, L. L., & Reid, A. (2003). Hyperlinking as gatekeeping: Online newspaper coverage of the execution of an American terrorist. Journalism Studies, 4(3), 401-414. Dochterman, M. A., & Stamp, G. H. (2010). The Determination of Web Credibility: A Thematic Analysis of Web User's Judgments. Qualitative Research Reports in Communication, 11(1), 37-43. Downes, E. J., & McMillan, S. J. (2000). Defining interactivity a qualitative identification of key dimensions. New Media & Society, 2(2), 157-179. Duggan, M., & Brenner, J. (2013). The demographics of social media users, 2012 (Vol. 14). Washington, DC: Pew Research Center's Internet & American Life Project Duggan, M., & Smith, A. (2013). Social media update 2013. Washington, DC: Pew Research Center's Internet & American Life Project Dutta-Bergman, M. J. (2004). Complementarity in consumption of news types across traditional and new media. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 48(1), 41-60. Dyikuk, J. J. (2015). The Nigerian Media Space and the Cost of a Bribe New Media and Mass Communication, 40(2015), 13-22. Eastin, M. S. (2001). Credibility assessments of online health information: The effects of source expertise and knowledge of content. Journal of Computer‐Mediated Communication, 6(4). Retrieved March 23, 2015, from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2001.tb00126.x/full Eisend, M. (2006). Source credibility dimensions in marketing communication–A generalized solution. Journal of Empirical Generalizations in Marketing, 10(2), 1-33. Elananza, A. (2004). Freedom of Expression in Jordan. (PhD), Dublin City University, Northern Ireland. Elsaeßer, C., Madanat, P., & Pies, J. (2011). New Media–Old Problems. Finland: Journalism Research and Development Centre, University of Tampere. England, E., & Finney, A. (2002). Interactive Media—What’s that? Who’s involved?. UK: ATSF White Paper—Interactive Media. Erskine, H. (1970). The polls: Opinion of the news media. Public opinion quarterly, 34(4), 630-643. Eysenbach, G., & Köhler, C. (2002). How do consumers search for and appraise health information on the world wide web? British Medical Journal, 324(7337), 573- 577. Feighery, G. (2011). Conversation and credibility: Broadening journalism criticism through public engagement. Journal of Mass Media Ethics, 26(2), 158-175. Fellows, N. (2013). Breaking News! The Geology and Health Division, 6(1), 1-9. Filzmoser, P. (2005). Identification of multivariate outliers: a performance study. Austrian Journal of Statistics, 34(2), 127-138. Flanagin, A. J., & Metzger, M. J. (2000). Perceptions of Internet information credibility. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 77(3), 515-540. Flanagin, A. J., & Metzger, M. J. (2003). The perceived credibility of personal Web page information as influenced by the sex of the source. Computers in Human Behavior, 19(6), 683-701. Flanagin, A. J., & Metzger, M. J. (2007). The role of site features, user attributes, and information verification behaviors on the perceived credibility of web-based information. New Media & Society, 9(2), 319-342. Flanagin, A., & Metzger, M. J. (2014). Digital Media and Perceptions of Source Credibility in Political Communication. In K. Kenski & K. H. Jamieson (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Political Communication. UK: Oxford University Press. Flick, U. (2009). An introduction to qualitative research (4th Ed.). London: SAGE Publications. Fogg, B. J. (2003). Persuasive technology: using computers to change what we think and do. San Francisco, CA: Morgan Kaufmann Publishers. Fogg, B., Marshall, J., Laraki, O., Osipovich, A., Varma, C., Fang, N., . . . Swani, P. (2001). What makes Web sites credible?: a report on a large quantitative study. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems, New York, USA, 61-68. Fogg, B., & Tseng, H. (1999). The elements of computer credibility. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, New York, USA, 80-87. Fornell, C., & Bookstein, F. L. (1982). Two structural equation models: LISREL and PLS applied to consumer exit-voice theory. Journal of Marketing research, 19(4), 440-452. Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of marketing research, 18(1), 39-50. Fornell, C., & Cha, J. (1994). Partial least squares. In R. P. Bagozzi (Ed.), advanced methods of marketing research (pp. 52–78). Cambridge: Blackwell. Franklin, B., & Carlson, M. (2011). Journalists, sources, and credibility: New perspectives. New York: Routledge. FreedomHouse. (2012). Freedom on the Net 2012, Jordan. Washington and New York: Freedom House. FreedomHouse. (2014). Freedom on the Net 2014, Jordan. Washington and New York: Freedom House. FreedomHouse. (2015). Freedom on the Net 2015, Jordan. Washington and New York: Freedom House. Fritch, J. W., & Cromwell, R. L. (2002). Delving deeper into evaluation: Exploring cognitive authority on the Internet. Reference Services Review, 30(3), 242-254. Gallon, R. (2010). Media behaviour: towards the transformation society. Technoetic Arts, 8(1), 115-122. Gamson, W. A., Croteau, D., Hoynes, W., & Sasson, T. (1992). Media images and the social construction of reality. Annual review of sociology, 18, 373-393. Garrison, B. (2003). The perceived credibility of electronic mail in newspaper newsgathering. Paper presented at the Proceedings of communication technology and policy division, Association for Educational in Journalism and Mass Communication Midwinter Conference, Kansas City, Missouri. Gass, R. H., & Seiter, J. S. (2013). Persuasion: Social influence and compliance gaining (5th Ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Gaziano, C. (1988). How credible is the credibility crisis? Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 65(2), 267-278. Gaziano, C., & McGrath, K. (1986). Measuring the concept of credibility. Journalism Quarterly, 63(3), 451-462. Geary, D. L. (2005). The decline of media credibility and its impact on public relations. Public Relations Quarterly, 50(3), 8-12. Gehlbach, S., & Sonin, K. (2014). Government control of the media. Journal of Public Economics, 118(October 2014), 163-171. Gentzkow, M. (2007). Valuing new goods in a model with complementarity: Online newspapers. The American Economic Review, 97(3), 713-744. Giudice, K. D. (2010). Crowdsourcing credibility: The impact of audience feedback on Web page credibility. Proceedings of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 47(1), 1-9. Gliem, R. R., & Gliem, J. A. (2003). Calculating, interpreting, and reporting Cronbach’s alpha reliability coefficient for Likert-type scales. Paper presented at the Conference in Adult, Continuing, and Community Education, Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University. Golan, G. J. (2010). New perspectives on media credibility research. American behavioral scientist, 54(1), 3-7. Golbeck, J. (2008). Computing with social trust. USA: Springer Science & Business Media. Goode, L. (2009). Social news, citizen journalism and democracy. New Media & Society, 11(8), 1-19. Gordon, R. (2009). Social media: The ground shifts. Nieman Reports, 63(3), 7-9. Gottfried, J., & Shearer, E. (2016). News Use Across Social Media Platforms 2016. Washington, DC: Pew Research Center's Internet & American Life Project. Gotz, O., Liehr-Gobbers, K., & Krafft, M. (2010). Evaluation of Structural Equation Models Using the Partial Least Squares (PLS) Approach. In J. E. Gentle, W. K. Härdle, & Y. Mori (Eds.), Partial Least Squares: Concept, Methods and Applications (p. 691-711). Springeer. Greenwood, D. N. (2013). Fame, Facebook, and Twitter: How attitudes about fame predict frequency and nature of social media use. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 2(4), 222-236. Gronke, P., & Cook, T. E. (2007). Disdaining the media: The American public's changing attitudes toward the news. Political Communication, 24(3), 259-281. Gunter, B., Campbell, V., Touri, M., & Gibson, R. (2009). Blogs, news and credibility. Aslib Proceedings: New Information Perspectives, 61(2), 185-204. Gunther, A. C. (1992). Biased press or biased public? Attitudes toward media coverage of social groups. Public opinion quarterly, 56(2), 147-167. Gustafsson, A., & Johnson, M. D. (2004). Determining attribute importance in a service satisfaction model. Journal of Service Research, 7(2), 124-141. Harper, C. (2005). Journalism in a digital age. Health, 34(27), 1-9. Hassan, A. J. (2009). The impact of networks of social relations, interactive Internet messages and satellite TV on social. Egypt: Cairo University. Hayes, A. S., Singer, J. B., & Ceppos, J. (2007). Shifting roles, enduring values: The credible journalist in a digital age. Journal of Mass Media Ethics, 22(4), 262- 279. Haynes, S. N., Richard, D., & Kubany, E. S. (1995). Content validity in psychological assessment: A functional approach to concepts and methods. Psychological assessment, 7(3), 238-247. Haythornthwaite, C. (2005). Social networks and Internet connectivity effects. Information, Community & Society, 8(2), 125-147. Heeter, C. (1989). Implications of New Interactive Technologies for Conceptualizing Communication. In J. L. Salvaggio & J. Bryant (Eds.), Media use in the information age: Emerging patterns of adoption and consumer use (pp. 217- 235). Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Heikkilä, H., Domingo, D., Pies, J., Glowacki, M., Kus, M., & Baisnée, O. (2012). Media accountability goes online: A transnational study on emerging practices and innovations. Finland: Journalism Research and Development Centre, University of Tampere. Heikkilä, H., Kunelius, R., & Ahva, L. (2010). FROM CREDIBILITY TO RELEVANCE: Towards a sociology of journalism's “added value”. Journalism Practice, 4(3), 274-284. Heinrich, A. (2012). Foreign reporting in the sphere of network journalism. Journalism Practice, 6(5-6), 766-775. Henseler, J., & Sarstedt, M. (2013). Goodness-of-fit indices for partial least squares path modeling. Computational Statistics, 28(2), 565-580. Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sinkovics, R. R. (2009). The Use of Partial Least Squares Path Modeling in International Marketing. Advances in International Marketing, 20(1), 277-320. Hermida, A. (2010). Twittering the news: The emergence of ambient journalism. Journalism Practice, 4(3), 297-308. Hermida, A. (2012). Social journalism: exploring how social media is shaping journalism. The handbook of global online journalism, 309-328. Hermida, A. (2013). # Journalism: Reconfiguring journalism research about Twitter, one tweet at a time. Digital Journalism, 1(3), 295-313. Hermida, A., Fletcher, F., Korell, D., & Logan, D. (2012). Share, like, recommend: Decoding the social media news consumer. Journalism Studies, 13(5-6), 815- 824. Hermida, A., Lewis, S. C., & Zamith, R. (2014). Sourcing the Arab Spring: A case study of Andy Carvin's sources on Twitter during the Tunisian and Egyptian Revolutions. Journal of Computer‐Mediated Communication, 19(3), 479-499. Hill, R. (1998). What sample size is “enough” in internet survey research. Interpersonal Computing and Technology: An electronic journal for the 21st century, 6(3-4), 1-10. Himelboim, I. (2010). The international network structure of news media: An analysis of hyperlinks usage in news Web sites. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 54(3), 373-390. Himelboim, I., & Limor, Y. (2010). Media institutions, news organizations, and the journalistic social role worldwide: A cross-national and cross-organizational study of codes of ethics. Mass Communication and Society, 14(1), 71-92. Holbert, R. L., & Zubric, S. J. (2000). A comparative analysis: Objective & public journalism techniques. Newspaper Research Journal, 21(4), 50. Holcomb, J., Gottfried, J., & Mitchell, A. (2013). News use across social media platforms. Washington, DC: Pew Research Journalism Project. Hovland, C. I., Janis, I. L., & Kelley, H. H. (1953). Communication and persuasion; psychological studies of opinion change. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Hovland, C. I., & Weiss, W. (1951). The influence of source credibility on communication effectiveness. Public opinion quarterly, 15(4), 635-650. Iacobucci, D., Saldanha, N., & Deng, X. (2007). A meditation on mediation: Evidence that structural equations models perform better than regressions. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 17(2), 139-153. Iggers, J. (1998). Good News, Bad News: Journalism Ethics and the Public Interest. Boulder, CO: Westview. Ilgen, D. R., Fisher, C. D., & Taylor, M. S. (1979). Consequences of individual feedback on behavior in organizations. Journal of applied psychology, 64(4), 349-371. Imran, M., Castillo, C., Diaz, F., & Vieweg, S. (2015). Processing social media messages in mass emergency: a survey. ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR), 47(4), 67:61-38. Jacobson, H. K. (1969). Mass media believability: A study of receiver judgments. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 46(1), 20-28. Jagadish, J., & Nagendra. (2016). The Impact of New Media onTraditional Mainstream Mass Media. Indian Journal of Applied Research, 6(1), 411-414. Jarrah, S. (2009). Civil society and public freedom in Jordan: The path of democratic reform. Washington, D.C: The Saban Center at The Brookings Institution. Jensen, J. F. (2005). Interactive television: new genres, new format, new content. Paper presented at the Second Australasian conference on Interactive entertainment, Sydney, Australia. Johnson, K. A., & Wiedenbeck, S. (2009). Enhancing perceived credibility of citizen journalism web sites. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 86(2), 332-348. Johnson, T., & Kaye, B. (1998). Cruising is believing?: Comparing Internet and traditional sources on media credibility measures. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 75(2), 325-340. Johnson, T., & Kaye, B. (2002). Webelievability: A path model examining how convenience and reliance predict online credibility. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 79(3), 619-642. Johnson, T., & Kaye, B. (2004). Wag the blog: How reliance on traditional media and the Internet influence credibility perceptions of weblogs among blog users. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 81(3), 622-642. Johnson, T., & Kaye, B. (2010a). Still cruising and believing? An analysis of online credibility across three presidential campaigns. American behavioral scientist, 54(1), 57-77. Johnson, T., & Kaye, B. (2010b). Choosing is believing? How Web gratifications and reliance affect Internet credibility among politically interested users. Atlantic Journal of Communication, 18(1), 1-21. Johnson, T., & Kaye, B. (2015). Reasons to believe: Influence of credibility on motivations for using social networks. Computers in Human Behavior, 50, 544-555. Johnson, T., Kaye, B., Bichard, S., & Wong, W. J. (2008). Every Blog Has Its Day: Politically‐interested Internet Users’ Perceptions of Blog Credibility. Journal of Computer‐Mediated Communication, 13(1), 100-122. Jøsang, A., Ismail, R., & Boyd, C. (2007). A survey of trust and reputation systems for online service provision. Decision Support Systems, 43(2), 618-644. JPA. (2014a). The law of the Journalists' Associations 2014. Retrieved [9-5-2015], from Jordan Press Association http://www.jpa.jo/Inner.aspx?lng=2&pa=Details&Type=12&ID=322 JPA. (2014b). Press and media freedoms in Jordan. Amman: Jordan Press Association. JPA. (2015). Members of the Jordan Press Association. Amman: Jordan Press Association. Judd, C. M., Smith, E. R., & Kidder, L. H. (1991). Research methods in social relations (6th Ed.). Fort Worth: Holt, Rinehart and Winston Kaplan, A. M., & Haenlein, M. (2010). Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of Social Media. Business horizons, 53(1), 59-68. Kietzmann, J. H., Hermkens, K., McCarthy, I. P., & Silvestre, B. S. (2011). Social media? Get serious! Understanding the functional building blocks of social media. Business horizons, 54(3), 241-251. Kim, D., & Johnson, T. J. (2009). A Shift in Media Credibility Comparing Internet and Traditional News Sources in South Korea. International Communication Gazette, 71(4), 283-302. Kim, J. Y., & Masiclat, S. (2010). Perceived Credibility of Online News Media: A study of Social Significance, Personal Significance, and Interactivity Factors. University of Florida U.S. Kiousis, S. (2001). Public trust or mistrust? Perceptions of media credibility in the information age. Mass communication & society, 4(4), 381-403. Klimmt, C., Vorderer, P., & Ritterfeld, U. (2007). Interactivity and Generalizability: New Media, New Challenges. Communication Methods And Measures, 1(3), 169-179. Kline, R. B. (1998). Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling. New York: The Guilford Press. Knight, M., & Cook, C. (2013). Social media for journalists: Principles and practice. London: SAGE Publications. Koetsenruijter, A. W. M. (2011). Using Numbers in News Increases Story Credibility. Newspaper Research Journal, 32(2), 74. Kohring, M., & Matthes, J. (2007). Trust in news media development and validation of a multidimensional scale. Communication Research, 34(2), 231-252. Konrath, S. H., O'Brien, E. H., & Hsing, C. (2010). Changes in dispositional empathy in American college students over time: A meta-analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 15, 190-198. Kopper, G. G., Kolthoff, A., & Czepek, A. (2000). Research Review: Online Journalism-a report on current and continuing research and major questions in the international discussion. Journalism Studies, 1(3), 499-512. Kothari, C. (2009). Research methodology: Methods and techniques. New Delhi: New Age International Publishers. Kovach, B., & Rosenstiel, T. (1999). Warp Speed: America in the Age of Mixed Media. New York: Century Foundation Press. Kraemer, H. C., Mintz, J., Noda, A., Tinklenberg, J., & Yesavage, J. A. (2006). Caution regarding the use of pilot studies to guide power calculations for study proposals. Archives of General Psychiatry, 63(5), 484-489. Krejcie, R. V., & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educ Psychol Meas, 30(3), 607-610. Kutner, M. H., Nachtsheim, C. J., & Neter, J. (2004). Applied Linear Regression Models (4th Ed.). New York: McGraw Hill. Kwak, H., Lee, C., Park, H., & Moon, S. (2010). What is Twitter, a social network or a news media?. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 19th international conference on World wide web. Raleigh, NC, USA. Lancaster, G. A., Dodd, S., & Williamson, P. R. (2004). Design and analysis of pilot studies: recommendations for good practice. Journal of evaluation in clinical practice, 10(2), 307-312. Lankes, R. D. (2008). Credibility on the internet: shifting from authority to reliability. Journal of Documentation, 64(5), 667-686. LaRose, R., Mastro, D., & Eastin, M. S. (2001). Understanding Internet usage a social- cognitive approach to uses and gratifications. Social Science Computer Review, 19(4), 395-413. Lasorsa, D. L., Lewis, S. C., & Holton, A. E. (2012). Normalizing Twitter: Journalism practice in an emerging communication space. Journalism Studies, 13(1), 19- 36. Lawrence, N. W. (2007). The basics of Social Research. Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. Boston: Pearson Education. Lazarsfeld, P. F., Berelson, B., & Gaudet, H. (1968). The peoples choice: how the voter makes up his mind in a presidential campaign (3rd Ed.). New York: Columbia University Press. Lee, H., Park, S.-A., Lee, Y., & Cameron, G. T. (2010). Assessment of motion media on believability and credibility: An exploratory study. Public Relations Review, 36(3), 310-312. Lee, J. (2015). The Double‐Edged Sword: The Effects of Journalists' Social Media Activities on Audience Perceptions of Journalists and Their News Products. Journal of Computer‐Mediated Communication, 20(3), 312-329. Lee, R. S. (1978). Credibility of newspaper and TV news. Journalism Quarterly, 55(2), 282-287. Levinson, M. H. (1998). Journalism Ethics: Philosophical Foundations for News Media. et Cetera, 54(4), 500. Levinson, P. (2009). New new media. Boston,: Allyn & Bacon Boston. Lin, T.-B., Li, J.-Y., Deng, F., & Lee, L. (2013). Understanding new media literacy: An explorative theoretical framework. Journal of Educational Technology & Society, 16(4), 160-170. Liu, Y. (2003). Developing a scale to measure the interactivity of websites. Journal of advertising research, 43(02), 207-216. Loke, J. (2011). Amplifying a public's voice: online news readers' comments impact on journalism and its role as the new public space. (PhD) The University of Texas, Austin. Lowrey, W., Brozana, A., & Mackay, J. B. (2008). Toward a measure of community journalism. Mass Communication and Society, 11(3), 275-299. Lowry, P. B., Wilson, D. W., & Haig, W. L. (2014). A picture is worth a thousand words: Source credibility theory applied to logo and website design for heightened credibility and consumer trust. International Journal of Human- Computer Interaction, 30(1), 63-93. Lu, H.-Y., & Andrews, J. E. (2006). College students’ perception of the absolute media credibility about SARS-related news during the SARS outbreak in Taiwan. China Media Research, 2(2), 85-93. Ludtke, M. (2009). Let’s talk: Journalism and social media. Nieman Reports, 63(3), 4. MacCallum, R. C., Widaman, K. F., Preacher, K. J., & Hong, S. (2001). Sample size in factor analysis: The role of model error. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 36(4), 611-637. Malhotra, N. K., Hal, J., Shaw, M., & Oppenheim, P. (2006). Marketing research an applied orientation (3rd, p. 912). Frenchs Forest: Pearson. Marshall, T. C., Lefringhausen, K., & Ferenczi, N. (2015). The Big Five, self-esteem, and narcissism as predictors of the topics people write about in Facebook status updates. Personality and Individual Differences, 85, 35-40. Massa, P. (2007). A survey of trust use and modeling in real online systems. In R. Song, L. Korba & G. Yee (Eds.), Trust E-services: Technologies, practices and challenges (pp. 51-83). U.K. and U.S.: Idea Group Inc. Mateus, C. (2015). Journalists on online social networks: How technology is challenging journalism ethics. Paper presented at the CISTI'2015 - 10th Iberian Conference on Information Systems and Technologies, Águeda, Aveiro, Portugal, 1-6. Mattanah, J. F., Hancock, G. R., & Brand, B. L. (2004). Parental Attachment, Separation-Individuation, and College Student Adjustment: A Structural Equation Analysis of Mediational Effects. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 51(2), 213-225. Mazumdar, A. (2015). Common Themes in News from Anonymous Sources in Indian Political Reporting. Journal of Global Communication, 8(2), 105-113. Mayfield, A. (2008). Logging on: What is social media. U.S: YOH. McCollough, C. J. (2012). Pressures, Centralization, Economics, Technology, and Ethics: Factors that Impact Public Information Officer–Journalist Relationships. (PhD) Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, USA. McQuail, D. (2010). The future of communication studies: A contribution to the debate. In N. Carpentier, I. T. Trivundža, P. Pruulmann-Vengerfeldt, E. Sundin, T. Olsson, R. Kilborn, … & B. Cammaerts (Eds.), Media and communication studies interventions and intersections (pp. 27-36). Germany: The European Media and Communication Doctoral Summer School Meeds, R. (2015). Changing roles of traditional and online media as trusted news sources in Qatar and their relationships with perceived important issues and interest in politics. Journal of Middle East Media, 11(Fall 2015), 34-61. Mehrabi, D., Abu Hassan, M., & Ali, M. S. S. (2009). News media credibility of the Internet and television. European Journal of Scientific Research, 11(1), 136- 148. Metzger, M. J. (2007). Making sense of credibility on the Web: Models for evaluating online information and recommendations for future research. Journal of the American society for information science and technology, 58(13), 2078-2091. Metzger, M. J., & Flanagin, A. J. (2013). Credibility and trust of information in online environments: The use of cognitive heuristics. Journal of Pragmatics, 59(2013), 210-220. Metzger, M. J., Flanagin, A. J., Eyal, K., Lemus, D. R., & McCann, R. M. (2003). Credibility for the 21st century: Integrating perspectives on source, message, and media credibility in the contemporary media environment. In P. J. Kalbfleisch (Ed.) Communication yearbook 27 (pp. 293-336). London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Metzger, M. J., Flanagin, A. J., & Medders, R. B. (2010). Social and heuristic approaches to credibility evaluation online. Journal of communication, 60(3), 413-439. Meyer, H. K., Marchionni, D., & Thorson, E. (2010). The journalist behind the news: credibility of straight, collaborative, opinionated, and blogged “news”. American behavioral scientist, 54(2), 100-119. Meyer, P. (1988). Defining and measuring credibility of newspapers: Developing an index. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 65(3), 567-574. Mingzin, Z. (2006). The present situation and analysis of mass media use and media credibility in countryside of mid-China. The case of Hubei Province. China Media Research, 2(4), 37-47. Mishra, T., Dimitriadis, D., & Kearns, D. (2015). Smart Interactive Media Content Guide. Patent Application Publication, 5(2015), 1-11. Mitchell, A., Kiley, J., Gottfried, J., & Guskin, E. (2013). The Role of News on Facebook. Washington, DC: Pew Research Center's Internet & American Life Project. Mitchell, A., & Page, D. (2014). State of the News Media 2014. Washington, DC: Pew Research Center's Internet & American Life Project. Moody, K. E. (2011). Credibility or Convenience?: Political Information Choices in a Media-saturated Environment. In L. Zion, R. Spaaij, & M. Nicholson, Media International Australia, Incorporating Culture & Policy 140 (pp. 35-64). Australia: University of Queensland, School of Journalism and Communication. Mossberger, K., Wu, Y., & Crawford, J. (2013). Connecting citizens and local governments? Social media and interactivity in major US cities. Government Information Quarterly, 30(4), 351-358. Mourtada, R., & Salem, F. (2011). Facebook usage: Factors and analysis. Arab Social Media Reoprt, 1(1), 1-18. Mourtada, R., & Salem, F. (2012). Social media in the Arab world: influencing societal and cultural change. Arab social media report, 2(1), 1-28. Mousa, I. (1998). The Development of Jordanian Press: 1920–1997. Amman: The Scientific Royal Association. Mundfrom, D. J., Shaw, D. G., & Ke, T. L. (2005). Minimum sample size recommendations for conducting factor analyses. International Journal of Testing, 5(2), 159-168. Moy, P., Torres, M., Tanaka, K., & McCluskey, M. R. (2005). Knowledge or trust? Investigating linkages between media reliance and participation. Communication Research, 32(1), 59-86. Murthy, D. (2013). Twitter: Social communication in the Twitter age. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press. Mustafa, H. (2003). The credibility of the media as they see the elite in Egypt: a case study of media coverage of the war on Iraq. Egyptian Journal of Media Research, 21, 1-74. Nahmías, F. L. B. (2015). Journalists and Adaptation to Technology: The Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) Perspective on the NodeXL Social Network Analysis Tool. Tilburg University, Netherlands. Nardi, P. M. (2003). Doing Survey Research–A Guide to Quantitative Methods. Boston, Peasron Education: Inc. Newell, J., Pilotta, J. J., & Thomas, J. C. (2008). Mass media displacement and saturation. The International Journal on Media Management, 10(4), 131-138. Newhagen, J., & Nass, C. (1989). Differential criteria for evaluating credibility of newspapers and TV news. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 66(2), 277. Newhagen, J. E., & Levy, M. R. (1998). The future of journalism in a distributed communication architecture. In D. L. Borden & K. Harvey (Eds.), The electronic grapevine: Rumor, reputation, and reporting in the new on-line environment (pp. 9-21). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Newman, N. (2009). The rise of social media and its impact on mainstream journalism. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism, 8(2), 1-5. Newman, N., Dutton, W. H., & Blank, G. (2012). Social media in the changing ecology of news: The fourth and fifth estates in Britain. International Journal of Internet Science, 7(1), 6-22. Nozato, Y. (2002). Credibility of online newspapers. Paper presented at the AEJMC Conference, Miami Beach. Nwabueze, C. (2012). The art of investigative reporting: A practical guide (2nd Ed.). Owerri: Topshelve Publishers. O'Brien, R. M. (1983). Rank order versus rank category measures of continuous variables. American Sociological Review, 48(2), 284-286. O'Keefe, D. (1990). Persuasion: theory and research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Olajide, F., Benjamin T., & Ogundeji, K. (2012). Effects of non-professionalism in Nigeria journalism. Global journal of human social science, 12(7), 26-34. O'sullivan, J., & Heinonen, A. (2008). Old values, new media: Journalism role perceptions in a changing world. Journalism Practice, 2(3), 357-371. O’Sullivan, P. B. (2005). Masspersonal communication: Rethinking the mass interpersonal divide. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Communication Association, New York, USA. Ongowo, J. O. (2011). Ethics of Investigative Journalism: A study of a tabloid and a quality newspaper in Kenya. (Master), The University of Leeds, UK. Overholser, G. (2009). Whats Journalisms Place in Social Media?. Nieman Report, 63(3), 5-6. Oviedo, V., Tornquist, M., Cameron, T., & Chiappe, D. (2015). Effects of media multi- tasking with Facebook on the enjoyment and encoding of TV episodes. Computers in Human Behavior, 51, 407-417. Pallant, J. (2005). SPSS Survival Manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using SPSS for Windows (Version 12) (2nd ed,). Crows Nest: Allen & Unwin. Park, C. Y. (2006). Decomposing Korean news media credibility in the Internet age. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 18(2), 238-245. Paulussen, S., & Harder, R. A. (2014). Social media references in newspapers: Facebook, Twitter and YouTube as sources in newspaper journalism. Journalism Practice, 8(5), 542-551. Pavlik, J. V. (1997). The future of on line journalism. Columbia Journalism Review, 36(2), 30-36. Pearson, M. (2007). The journalist’s guide to media law. Dealing with legal and ethical issues (3rd Ed.). Sydney:, Allen and Unwin Penny, K. I. (1996). Appropriate critical values when testing for a single multivariate outlier by using the Mahalanobis distance. Applied Statistics, 45(1), 73-81. Peter, J. P. (1981). Construct validity: a review of basic issues and marketing practices. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(May) 133-145. PewResearch. (2014). World Wide Web Timeline, 2014. Washington, DC: Pew Research Center's Internet & American Life Project. Retrieved June 16, 2015, from http://www.pewinternet.org/2014/03/11/world-wide-web-timeline/ Phillips, A. (2010). Transparency and the new ethics of journalism. Journalism Practice, 4(3), 373-382. Phillips, A., Couldry, N., & Freedman, D. (2010). An Ethical Deficit: accountability, norms and the material conditions of contemporary journalism. In N. Fenton (Ed.), New Media, Old News: Journalism & Democracy in the Digital Age (pp. 51-68). London: SAGE. Phuvipadawat, S., & Murata, T. (2010). Breaking news detection and tracking in Twitter. Paper presented at the IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conference on Web Intelligence and Intelligent Agent Technology, Los Alamitos, CA, US, 120-123. Picard, R. G. (2009). Blogs, tweets, social media, and the news business. Nieman Reports, 63(3), 10-12. Pies, J., & Madanat, P. (2011). Beyond State Regulation: how online practices contribute to holding the media accountable in Jordan. Finland: Journalism Research and Development Centre, University of Tampere. Pintak, L., & Ginges, J. (2008). The mission of Arab journalism: Creating change in a time of turmoil. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 13(3), 193–227. Pjesivac, I., & Rui, R. (2014). Anonymous sources hurt credibility of news stories across cultures: A comparative experiment in America and China. International Communication Gazette, 76(8), 641-660. Poell, T., & Borra, E. (2012). Twitter, YouTube, and Flickr as platforms of alternative journalism: The social media account of the 2010 Toronto G20 protests. Journalism, 13(6), 695-713. Polit, D. F., Beck, C. T., & Hungler, B. P. (2001). Essentials of nursing research: Methods, appraisal, and utilization (5th Ed.). U.S: Lippincott. Popoola, M. (2014). New Media Usage for Communication and Self Concept among Journalism and Mass Communication Students in Oyo State, Nigeria. New Media and Mass Communication, 26, 22-34. Pornpitakpan, C. (2004). The persuasiveness of source credibility: A critical review of five decades' evidence. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 34(2), 243-281. Price, G. (2015). Opportunities and Challenges for Journalism in the Digital Age: Asian and European Perspectives. Italy: Chatham House leading research. Pritchard, M., & Du Plessis, C. (2010). An exploratory analysis of citizen journalists as editorial gatewatchers: a case study of Gautrain blog posts vis-à-vis completion for the 2010 FIFA Soccer World Cup. Communicare, 29(2), 48-68. Raacke, J., & Bonds-Raacke, J. (2008). MySpace and Facebook: Applying the uses and gratifications theory to exploring friend-networking sites. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 11(2), 169-174. Rada, R. (2012). Interactive media. New York: Springer Science & Business Media. Radesky, J. S., Schumacher, J., & Zuckerman, B. (2015). Mobile and interactive media use by young children: the good, the bad, and the unknown. Pediatrics, 135(1), 1-3. Rafaeli, S., & Sudweeks, F. (1997). Networked interactivity. Journal of Computer‐ Mediated Communication, 2(4). Retrieved July 28, 2015, from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1083-6101.1997.tb00201.x/full. Rajendran, L., & Thesinghraja, P. (2014). The Impact of New Media on Traditional Media. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, 22(4), 609-616. Ramayah, T., Lee, J. C., & Chyaw, J. B. (2011). Network collaboration and performance in the tourism sector. Serv Bus, 5, 411–428. Rauniar, R., Rawski, G., Yang, J., & Johnson, B. (2014). Technology acceptance model (TAM) and social media usage: an empirical study on Facebook. Journal of Enterprise Information Management, 27(1), 6-30. Reich, Z. (2011). Source credibility and journalism: Between visceral and discretional judgment. Journalism Practice, 5(1), 51-67. Research Randomizer (2008). Research Randomizer. Available at: https://www.randomizer.org/ [Accessed 22 June 2016] Rieh, S. Y., & Danielson, D. R. (2007). Credibility: A multidisciplinary framework. Annual review of information science and technology, 41(1), 307-364. Rimmer, T., & Weaver, D. (1987). Different questions, different answers? Media use and media credibility. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 64(1), 28-44. Ringle, C., Wende, S., & Will, S. (2005). Smart PLS 2.0 (M3) Beta. Hamburg. Retrieved November 18, 2015, from URL http://www. smartpls. de. Ringle, C. M., Sarstedt, M., & Straub, D. (2012). A critical look at the use of PLS- SEM in MIS Quarterly. MIS Quarterly (MISQ), 36(1), 3-14. Roberts, C. (2010). Correlations among variables in message and messenger credibility scales. American behavioral scientist, 54(1), 43-56. Rogers, E. M. (1986). Communication technology: The new media in society. New York: Free Press. Roscoe, J. T. (1975). Fundamental research statistics for the behavioral sciences (2nd Ed.). New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Rosenstiel, T., & Mitchell, A. (2011). The state of the news media, 2011: an annual report on American journalism. Washington, DC: Pew Research Center's Internet & American Life Project. Ross, S. S. (2013). Journalists’ use of online technology and sources. In K. H. Diane L. Borden (Ed.), The electronic grapevine: Rumor, reputation, and reporting in the new on-line environment. New York and London: Routledge. Rubio, D. M., Berg-Weger, M., Tebb, S. S., Lee, E. S., & Rauch, S. (2003). Objectifying content validity: Conducting a content validity study in social work research. Social work research, 27(2), 94-104. Rusbridger, A. (2012). What is Open Journalism and what is its appeal. Germany: World Association of Newspapers and News Publishers (WAN-IFRA). Sabigan, C. G. (2007). Credibility perceptions of television and online news. (Master), University of South Florida, USA. Saikaew, K. R., & Noyunsan, C. (2015). Features for Measuring Credibility on Facebook Information. International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation, 9(1), 174-177. Salim, H. A. (2010). Recent trends in research and studies related to the public Internet and new media. Egyptian Journal of Media Research, 35, 1-141. Salleh, M. A. M., Salman, A., Ali, M. N. S., & Hashim, H. (2016). The Importance of Usability Features in Enhancing Online Communication Satisfaction. Jurnal Komunikasi-Malaysian Journal of Communication, 32(1), 519-531. Salman, A., Ibrahim, F., Abdullah, M. Y. H., Mustaffa, N., & Mahbob, M. H. (2011). The impact of new media on traditional mainstream mass media. The Innovation Journal: The Public Sector Innovation Journal, 16(3), 1-11. Salman, A., Mustaffa, N., Salleh, M. A. M., & Ali, M. N. S. (2016). Social Media and Agenda Setting: Implications on Political Agenda. Jurnal Komunikasi- Malaysian Journal of Communication, 32(1), 607-623. Sampson, J. P. (2012). A guide to quantitative and qualitative dissertation research. USA: Florida State University Libraries. Sánchez-Moya, A., & Cruz-Moya, O. (2015). Whatsapp, Textese, and Moral Panics: Discourse Features and Habits Across Two Generations. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 173, 300-306. Saunders, M., Lewis, P., & Thornhill, A. (2011). Research methods for business students (5th Ed.). England: Pearson Education India. Schultz, T. (2000). Mass media and the concept of interactivity: an exploratory study of online forums and reader email. Media, Culture & Society, 22(2), 205-221. Schwarz, J., & Morris, M. (2011). Augmenting web pages and search results to support credibility assessment. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Vancouver, BC, Canada, 1245-1254. Schweiger, W. (2000). Media credibility—experience or image? A survey on the credibility of the World Wide Web in Germany in comparison to other media. European Journal of Communication, 15(1), 37-59. Sears, D. O., & Freedman, J. L. (1967). Selective exposure to information: A critical review. Public Opinion Quarterly, 31(2), 194-213. Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2010). Research methods for business: A skill building approach (5th Ed.). West Sussex, UK: John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Sekaran, U., & Roger, B. (2003). Research methods for business: A skill building approach (4th Ed.). New York: John Wiley and Sons Inc. Self, C. C. (2009). Credibility. In D. W. Stacks & M. B. Salwen (Eds.), An integrated approach to communication theory and research (2nd Ed.). New York and London: Routledge. Severin, W. J., & Tankard, J. W. (2010). Communication theories: Origins, methods, and uses in the mass media (5th Ed.). New York, NY: Longman Shay, R. M. (2014). Exclusive rights in news and the application of fair dealing. South African Mercantile Law Journal, 3(2014), 1-18. Shirky, C. (2011). The political power of social media. Foreign affairs, 90(1), 28-41. Shoemaker, P. J., & Vos, T. P. (2009). Media gatekeeping. In D. W. Stacks & M. B. Salwen (Eds.), An integrated approach to communication theory and research (2nd Ed.). New York and London: Routledge. Shu, C. A. (2013). Contemporary issues of print journalism in Cameroon. Retrieved [14/1/2016], from Occasion of the Association of Student Journalists,University of Buea (ASJUB). http://recorderline.blogspot.my/2013/06/contemporary-issues-of-print- journalism.html Singer, J. B., Domingo, D., Heinonen, A., Hermida, A., Paulussen, S., Quandt, T., . . . Vujnovic, M. (2011). Participatory journalism: Guarding open gates at online newspapers. Malden, MA: John Wiley & Sons. Skoler, M. (2009). Why the news media became irrelevant--and how social media can help. Nieman Reports, 63(3), 38-40. Smith, A., & Brenner, J. (2012). Twitter use 2012. Washington, DC: Pew Internet & American Life Project. Smith, T. (2009). The social media revolution. International journal of market research, 51(4), 559-561. Stănescu, G. C. (2015). Breaking News and News Alert, between Information and Spectacle for Rating. Social Sciences and Education Research Review, 2(2), 81-91. Stassen, W. (2010). Your news in 140 characters: exploring the role of social media in journalism. Global Media Journal-African Edition, 4(1), 116-131. Stavrositu, C., & Sundar, S. S. (2008). If Internet credibility is so iffy, why the heavy use? The relationship between medium use and credibility. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 11(1), 65-68. Sternthal, B., Dholakia, R., & Leavitt, C. (1978). The persuasive effect of source credibility: Tests of cognitive response. Journal of Consumer research, 4(4), 252-260. Sternthal, B., Phillips, L. W., & Dholakia, R. (1978). The persuasive effect of scarce credibility: a situational analysis. Public opinion quarterly, 42(3), 285-314. Stroud, N. J. (2011). Niche news: The politics of news choice. New York: Oxford University Press. Stroud, N. J., & Lee, J. K. (2013). Perceptions of cable news credibility. Mass Communication and Society, 16(1), 67-88. Stroud, N. J., Scacco, J. M., Muddiman, A., & Curry, A. L. (2015). Changing Deliberative Norms on News Organizations' Facebook Sites. Journal of Computer‐Mediated Communication, 20(2), 188-203. Sundar, S. S. (1999). Exploring receivers' criteria for perception of print and online news. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 76(2), 373-386. Sundar, S. S. (2008). The MAIN model: A heuristic approach to understanding technology effects on credibility. In M. J. Metzger & A. J. Flanagin (Eds.), Digital media, youth, and credibility (pp. 73-100). Cambridge: The MIT Press. Sundar, S. S., & Limperos, A. M. (2013). Uses and grats 2.0: New gratifications for new media. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 57(4), 504-525. Sutton, J., Palen, L., & Shklovski, I. (2008). Backchannels on the front lines: Emergent uses of social media in the 2007 southern California wildfires. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 5th International ISCRAM Conference, Washington, DC. Sweis, R. F., & Baslan, D. (2013). Mapping Digital Media: Jordan. United Kingdom: Open Society Foundations. Tabachnick, B. G. & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using Multivariate Statistics (5th Ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Tandoc Jr, E. C., & Vos, T. P. (2015). The Journalist is Marketing the News: Social media in the gatekeeping process. Journalism Practice, 10(8), 950-966. Tang, J., & Liu, H. (2015). Trust in Social Media. Synthesis Lectures on Information Security, Privacy, & Trust, 10(1), 1-129. Tashakkori, A., & Teddlie, C. (1998). Mixed methodology: Combining qualitative and quantitative approaches (Vol. 46). U.S.A: Sage. Tenenhaus, M. (1999). The PLS approach. Journal of Applied Statistics, 47(2), 5-40. Tenenhaus, M., Vinzi, V. E., Chatelin, Y.-M., & Lauro, C. (2005). PLS path modeling. Computational statistics & data analysis, 48(1), 159-205. Terpstra, M. (2013). WhatsApp & privacy. Netherlands: Radboud University Nijmegen. Thabane, L., Ma, J., Chu, R., Cheng, J., Ismaila, A., Rios, L. P., . . . Goldsmith, C. H. (2010). A tutorial on pilot studies: the what, why and how. BMC medical research methodology, 10(1), 1-10. Thomas, G. W. (2014). The New Journalism, the New Journalist. Journal of International Scientific Publications, 3, 1-7. Thorson, E. (2008). Changing patterns of news consumption and participation: News recommendation engines. Information, Communication & Society, 11(4), 473- 489. Thorson, K., Vraga, E., & Ekdale, B. (2010). Credibility in context: How uncivil online commentary affects news credibility. Mass Communication and Society, 13(3), 289-313. Teijlingen, E. V., & Hundley, V. (2001). The importance of pilot studies. Nursing Standard, 16(40), 33-36. Toma, C. L., & Hancock, J. T. (2013). Self-affirmation underlies Facebook use. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 39(3), 321-331. Thurman, N. (2008). Forums for citizen journalists? Adoption of user generated content initiatives by online news media. New Media & Society, 10(1), 139- 157. Todeschini, R., Ballabio, D., Consonni, V., Sahigara, F., & Filzmoser, P. (2013). Locally centred Mahalanobis distance: a new distance measure with salient features towards outlier detection. Analytica chimica acta, 787(2013), 1-9. Tormala, Z. L., & Petty, R. E. (2004). Source credibility and attitude certainty: A metacognitive analysis of resistance to persuasion. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 14(4), 427-442. Tsagkias, M., de Rijke, M., & Weerkamp, W. (2011). Linking online news and social media. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the fourth ACM international conference on Web search and data mining, Hong Kong, 565-574. Tucher, A. (1997). Why web warriors might worry. Columbia Journalism Review, 36(2), 35-36. Turcotte, J., York, C., Irving, J., Scholl, R. M., & Pingree, R. J. (2015). News recommendations from social media opinion leaders: effects on media trust and information seeking. Journal of Computer‐Mediated Communication, 20(5), 520-535. Uhls, Y. T., & Greenfield, P. M. (2012). The value of fame: preadolescent perceptions of popular media and their relationship to future aspirations. Developmental psychology, 48(2), 315-326. UNESCO’s (2015). Assessment of media development in Jordan. Paris and Amman: The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Väätäjä, H., Vainio, T., Sirkkunen, E., & Salo, K. (2011). Crowdsourced news reporting: supporting news content creation with mobile phones. Paper presented at the 13th International Conference on Human Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services, Stockholm, Sweden. Vallor, S. (2010). Social networking technology and the virtues. Ethics and Information Technology, 12(2), 157-170. Vis, F. (2013). Twitter as a reporting tool for breaking news: Journalists tweeting the 2011 UK riots. Digital Journalism, 1(1), 27-47. Wanta, W., & Hu, Y.-W. (1994). The effects of credibility, reliance, and exposure on media agenda-setting: A path analysis model. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 71(1), 90-98. Wathen, C. N., & Burkell, J. (2002). Believe it or not: Factors influencing credibility on the Web. Journal of the American society for information science and technology, 53(2), 134-144. Westerman, D., Spence, P. R., & Heide, B. V. D. (2014). Social media as information source: Recency of updates and credibility of information. Journal of Computer‐Mediated Communication, 19(2), 171-183. Wetzels, M., Odekerken-Schroder, G., & Oppen, C. V. (2009). Using PLS path modeling for assessing hierarchical models: Guidelines and empirical illustration. MIS Quarterly 33(1), 177-195. White, D. M. (1950). The Gate Keeper: A Case Study in the Selection of News. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 27(4), 383-390. Whiting, A., & Williams, D. (2013). Why people use social media: a uses and gratifications approach. Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal, 16(4), 362-369. Winship, C., & Mare, R. D. (1984). Regression models with ordinal variables. American Sociological Review, 49(4), 512-525. Wold, S., Martens, H., & Wold, H. (1983). The multivariate calibration problem in chemistry solved by the PLS method. In B. Kågström & A. Ruhe (Eds.), Matrix pencils (pp. 286-293). Sweden: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Wold, S., Sjöström, M., & Eriksson, L. (2001). PLS-regression: a basic tool of chemometrics. Chemometrics and intelligent laboratory systems, 58(2), 109-130. Zailinawati, A., Schattner, P., & Mazza, D. (2006). Doing a pilot study: why is it essential? Malaysian Family Physician, 1(2 & 3), 4.