The relationship between leadership styles and job performance : the moderating role of performance appraisal politics

Drawing upon the leader-member exchange theory and equity, fairness and justice theory, the present study examined the role of performance appraisal politics in moderating both relationships between transactional and transformational leadership styles with job performance. This study also examined t...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Syed Mir, Muhammad Shah
Format: Thesis
Language:eng
eng
Published: 2016
Subjects:
Online Access:https://etd.uum.edu.my/7158/1/s94900_01.pdf
https://etd.uum.edu.my/7158/2/s94900_02.pdf
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
id my-uum-etd.7158
record_format uketd_dc
institution Universiti Utara Malaysia
collection UUM ETD
language eng
eng
advisor Ab Hamid, Kamal
topic HF5549-5549.5 Personnel Management
Employment
spellingShingle HF5549-5549.5 Personnel Management
Employment
Syed Mir, Muhammad Shah
The relationship between leadership styles and job performance : the moderating role of performance appraisal politics
description Drawing upon the leader-member exchange theory and equity, fairness and justice theory, the present study examined the role of performance appraisal politics in moderating both relationships between transactional and transformational leadership styles with job performance. This study also examined the corresponding dimensions of transactional and transformational leadership styles in relation to job performance. Using the quantitative inquiry, the survey method employed had collected a total of 266 responses from bank managers of six large banks in Sindh, Pakistan. They were selected using the stratified random sampling technique. The PLS-SEM analyses revealed that the study supported both the hypothesized relationships between transactional leadership, transformational leadership styles and job performance. Specifically, positive relationships were found between two dimensions of transactional leadership (contingent reward and management by exception [active]) with job performance. Conversely, the significance of relationship between management by exception (passive) and job performance was not supported. However, except intellectual stimulation, remaining four dimensions of transformational leadership styles, namely, idealized influence (attributed), idealized influence (behavior), inspirational motivation, and individualized consideration, were found positively related to job performance. Additionally, while performance appraisal politics moderated the relationship between transformational leadership style and job performance, the reverse was found for the relationship between transactional leadership style and job performance. In general, the results suggested that transformational leadership indeed plays an integral role in facilitating job performance; this relationship is strengthened in the presence of the moderating variable, performance appraisal politics. Finally, the theoretical, methodological, and practical implications were also included
format Thesis
qualification_name Ph.D.
qualification_level Doctorate
author Syed Mir, Muhammad Shah
author_facet Syed Mir, Muhammad Shah
author_sort Syed Mir, Muhammad Shah
title The relationship between leadership styles and job performance : the moderating role of performance appraisal politics
title_short The relationship between leadership styles and job performance : the moderating role of performance appraisal politics
title_full The relationship between leadership styles and job performance : the moderating role of performance appraisal politics
title_fullStr The relationship between leadership styles and job performance : the moderating role of performance appraisal politics
title_full_unstemmed The relationship between leadership styles and job performance : the moderating role of performance appraisal politics
title_sort relationship between leadership styles and job performance : the moderating role of performance appraisal politics
granting_institution Universiti Utara Malaysia
granting_department School of Business Management
publishDate 2016
url https://etd.uum.edu.my/7158/1/s94900_01.pdf
https://etd.uum.edu.my/7158/2/s94900_02.pdf
_version_ 1776103690619322368
spelling my-uum-etd.71582023-03-09T03:08:07Z The relationship between leadership styles and job performance : the moderating role of performance appraisal politics 2016 Syed Mir, Muhammad Shah Ab Hamid, Kamal School of Business Management School of Business Management HF5549-5549.5 Personnel Management. Employment Drawing upon the leader-member exchange theory and equity, fairness and justice theory, the present study examined the role of performance appraisal politics in moderating both relationships between transactional and transformational leadership styles with job performance. This study also examined the corresponding dimensions of transactional and transformational leadership styles in relation to job performance. Using the quantitative inquiry, the survey method employed had collected a total of 266 responses from bank managers of six large banks in Sindh, Pakistan. They were selected using the stratified random sampling technique. The PLS-SEM analyses revealed that the study supported both the hypothesized relationships between transactional leadership, transformational leadership styles and job performance. Specifically, positive relationships were found between two dimensions of transactional leadership (contingent reward and management by exception [active]) with job performance. Conversely, the significance of relationship between management by exception (passive) and job performance was not supported. However, except intellectual stimulation, remaining four dimensions of transformational leadership styles, namely, idealized influence (attributed), idealized influence (behavior), inspirational motivation, and individualized consideration, were found positively related to job performance. Additionally, while performance appraisal politics moderated the relationship between transformational leadership style and job performance, the reverse was found for the relationship between transactional leadership style and job performance. In general, the results suggested that transformational leadership indeed plays an integral role in facilitating job performance; this relationship is strengthened in the presence of the moderating variable, performance appraisal politics. Finally, the theoretical, methodological, and practical implications were also included 2016 Thesis https://etd.uum.edu.my/7158/ https://etd.uum.edu.my/7158/1/s94900_01.pdf text eng public https://etd.uum.edu.my/7158/2/s94900_02.pdf text eng public Ph.D. doctoral Universiti Utara Malaysia Abbas, M., & Raja, U. (2014). Impact of perceived organizational politics on supervisory-rated innovative performance and job stress: Evidence from Pakistan. Journal of Advanced Management Science, 2(2), 158-162. Abbas, Q., & Yaqoob, S. (2009). Effect of leadership development on employee performance in Pakistan. Pakistan Economic and Social Review, 47(2), 269-292. Adams, J.S. (1965). Inequality in social exchange in advances in experimental psychology. New York: Academic Press. Adams, W. S., & Yoden, J. D.(1995). Wide range assessment of visual motor abilities (WRAVMA) manual. New York, NY: Psychological Assessment Resources. Ahmad, R., & Lemba, C. (2010). Performance appraisal politics and employee turnover intention. Jurnal Kemanusiaan, 16, 99-109. Aiken, L. S., West, S. G., & Reno, R. R. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications. Akhtar, M. H. (2010). X-Efficiency analysis of Pakistani commercial banks. International Management Review, 6(1), 12-24. Alimo-Metcalfe, B., & Alban-Metcalfe, J. (2005). Leadership: Time for a new direction? Leadership, 1(1), 51-71. Allen, S. L. (2007). Transformational leadership, change readiness, and creativity. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, San Jose State University, CA. Al-Omari, A. A. (2007). The organization of academic departments and participation in decision making as perceived by faculty members in Jordanian universities. International Studies in Educational Administration, 35(2), 82-100. Altman, S., Valenzi, E., & Hodgetts, R. M. (2013). Organizational behavior: Theory and practice. Orlando, FL: Academic Press Elsevier. Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411-423. Andrew, J. D. (2001). Leadership: Research findings, practice, and skills. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. Andrews, M. C., & Kacmar, K. M. (2001). Discriminating among organizational politics, justice, and support. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 22(4), 347-366. Anitha, J. (2014). Determinants of employee engagement and their impact on employee performance. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 63(3), 308-323. Argyris, C., & Schön, D. A. (1996). Organizational learning II: Theory, method, and practice. London: Addison-Wesley. Armstrong, J. S., & Overton, T. S. (1977). Estimating nonresponse bias in mail surveys. Journal of Marketing Research, 14, 396-402. Arshad, M. A., Masood, M. T., & Amin, G. (2013). Effects of performance appraisal politics on job satisfaction, turnover intention and loyalty to supervisor: Study with reference to the telecom organizations of Pakistan. International Review of Management and Business Research, 2(3), 653-673. Aryee, S., Walumbwa, F. O., Zhou, Q., & Hartnell, C. A. (2012). Transformational leadership, innovative behavior, and task performance: Test of mediation and moderation processes. Human Performance, 25(1), 1-25. Ashkanasy, N. M., & Paulsen, N. (2013). The influence of follower mood on leader mood and task performance: An affective, follower-centric perspective of leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 24(4), 496-515. Asian Development Bank, (2012, December). The service sector in Asia: Is it an engine of growth? (Issue Brief No. 322). Mandaluyong, Manila: Philippines. Park, D., & Shin, K. Aurangzeb, K. (2012). Contributions of banking sector in economic growth: A case of Pakistan. Economics Finance Review, 1(2), 45-54. Austin, J. T., & Villanova, P. (1992). The criterion problem: 1917–1992. Journal of Applied Psychology, 77(6), 836-874. Avolio, B. J. (1999). Full leadership development: Building the vital forces in organizations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Avolio, B. J., & Bass, B. M. (2001). Developing potential across a full range of LeadershipTM: Cases on transactional and transformational leadership. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Avolio, B. J., & Bass, B. M. (2004). MLQ: Multifactor leadership questionnaire. Redwood City, CA: Mind Garden. Avolio, B. J., Bass, B. M., & Jung, D. I. (1999). Re‐examining the components of transformational and transactional leadership using the Multifactor Leadership. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 72(4), 441-462. Avolio, B. J., Bass, B. M., & Zhu, F. W. W. (2004). Multifactor leadership questionnaire: Manual and sampler set. Redwood City, CA: Mind Garden. Avolio, B. J., Zhu, W., Koh, W., & Bhatia, P. (2004). Transformational leadership and organizational commitment: Mediating role of psychological empowerment and moderating role of structural distance. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25(8), 951-968. Avolio, B., & Bass, B. (2000). Developing a full range of leadership potential: Cases on transactional and transformational leadership. Binghampton: State University of New York. Aziz, J., Saif, N., Qureshi, I., Rehman, K. ullah Khan, F., & Khan, S. (2013). Relationship between performance appraisal politics, organizational commitment and turnover intention. Public Policy and Administration Research, 3(5), 70-79. Bacon, D. R., Sauer, P. L., & Young, M. (1995). Composite reliability in structural equations modeling. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 55(3), 394- 406. Bagozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y. (1988). On the evaluation of structural equation models. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 16(1), 74-94. Baig, K. (2012, December 24). The unparalleled growth of the services sector. The Express Tribune. Retrieved September 25, 2014, from http://tribune.com.pk/story/483436/the-unparalleled-growth-of-the-services-sector Barclay, D., Higgins, C., & Thompson, R. (1995). The partial least squares (PLS) approach to causal modeling: Personal computer adoption and use as an illustration. Technology Studies, 2(2), 285-309. Barnett, V., & Lewis, T. (1994). Outliers in statistical data. New York: Wiley. Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182. Barrow, J. C. (1976). Worker performance and task complexity as causal determinants of leader behavior style and flexibility. Journal of Applied Psychology, 61(4), 433-440. Bartlett, C. A., & Ghoshal, S. (1995). Changing the role of top management: Beyond systems to people. Long Range Planning, 4(28), 126-126. Bass, B. M. (1985). Leadership and performance beyond expectations. New York: Free Press, Collier Macmillan. Bass, B. M. (1998). Transformational leadership: Industry, military and educational impact. Majah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. (1990). Transformational leadership development: Manual for the multifactor leadership questionnaire. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press. Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. (1993). Transformational leadership: A response to critiques. San Diego, CA: Academic Press. Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. (1994). Shatter the glass ceiling: Women may make better managers. Human Resource Management, 33(4), 549-560. Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. (1995). MLQ multifactor leadership questionnaire. Redwood City, CA: Mind Garden. Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. (1996). Multifactor leadership questionnaire. Palo Alto, CA: Mind Garden. Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. (1997). Full range leadership development: Manual for the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire. Palo Alto, CA: Mind Garden. Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. (2000). MLQ: Multifactor leadership questionnaire. Palo Alto, CA : Mind Garden. Bass, B. M., & Riggio, R. E. (2006). Transformational leadership. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. Bass, B. M., & Steidlmeier, P. (1999). Ethics, character, and authentic transformational leadership behavior. The Leadership Quarterly, 10(2), 181-217. Bass, B. M., & Stogdill, R. M. (1990). Bass & Stogdill's handbook of leadership: Theory, research, and managerial applications (3rd ed.). New York: Simon & Schuster. Bass, B. M., & Yammarino, F. J. (1991). Congruence of self and others' leadership ratings of naval officers for understanding successful performance. Applied Psychology, 40(4), 437-454. Bass, B. M., Avolio, B. J., & Atwater, L. (1996). The transformational and transactional leadership of men and women. Applied Psychology, 45(1), 5-34. Bass, B. M., Avolio, B. J., Jung, D. I., & Berson, Y. (2003). Predicting unit performance by assessing transformational and transactional leadership. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(2), 207-218. Beck, T., Behr, P., & Güttler, A. (2009). Gender and banking: Are women better loan officers? Behavior, 22(7), 759-774. Bennis,W., & Nanus, R. (1985) Leaders: Their strategies for taking charge. New York: Harper and Row. Bhatti, K. K., & Qureshi, T. M. (2007). Impact of employee participation on job satisfaction, employee commitment and employee productivity. International Review of Business Research Papers, 3(2), 54-68. Bijttebier, P., Delva, D., Vanoost, S., Bobbaers, H., Lauwers, P., & Vertommen, H. (2000). Reliability and validity of the critical care family needs inventory in a Dutch-speaking Belgian sample: Heart & Lung. The Journal of Acute and Critical Care, 29(4), 278-286. Bing, M. N., Davison, H. K., Minor, I., Novicevic, M. M., & Frink, D. D. (2011). The prediction of task and contextual performance by political skill: A meta-analysis and moderator test. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 79(2), 563-577. Blau, P. M. (1964). Exchange and power in social life. New York: Transaction Publishers. Block, P. (1993). Stewardship: Choosing service over self interest. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Bodla, M. A., & Danish, R. Q. (2009). Politics and workplace: An empirical examination of the relationship between perceived organizational politics and work performance. South Asian Journal of Management, 16(1), 44-62. Bodla, M. A., & Hussain, G. (2009). Followers' needs and leadership styles: An empirical fit among banking professionals of Pakistan. International Journal of Global Business, 2(2), 61-80. Bollen, K. A., & Long, J. S. (1993). Testing structural equation models. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Bonaparte Jr, W. (2008). The impact of organizational citizenship behavior and organizational commitment on organizational performance. Florida, U.S.A: Nova Southeastern University. Bono, J. E., & Judge, T. A. (2003). Self-concordance at work: Toward understanding the motivational effects of transformational leaders. Academy of Management Journal, 46(5), 554-571. Borman, W. C. (2004). The concept of organizational citizenship. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 13(6), 238-241. Borman, W. C., & Motowidlo, S. (1993). Expanding the criterion domain to include elements of contextual performance. In N. Schmitt, W. C. Borman, & Associates (Eds.), Personnel selection in organizations (pp. 71-98). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Borman, W. C., & Motowidlo, S. J. (1997). Task performance and contextual performance: The meaning for personnel selection research. Human Performance, 10(2), 99-109. Bowman, E. H., & Kogut, B. M. (1995). Redesigning the firm. New York: Oxford University Press. Boyett, J. H. (2006, December ). Transformational leadership: The highly effective leader–follower relationship. The Science of Leadership. Retrieved December 15, 2013, from http://jboyett.com/files/2-transformational Leadership.pdf Breaux, D. M., Munyon, T. P., Hochwarter, W. A., & Ferris, G. R. (2009). Politics as a moderator of the accountability-job satisfaction relationship: Evidence across three studies. Journal of Management, 35(2), 307-326. Britt, T., & Jex, S. (2008). Organizational Psychology. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Brouer, R. L., Harris, K. J., & Kacmar, K. M. (2011). The moderating effects of political skill on the perceived politics–outcome relationships. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 32(6), 869-885. Bryman, A. (1992). Charisma and leadership in organizations. London: Sage Publications. Burns, J. M. (1978). Leadership. New York: Harper and Row Publishers. Byrne, Z. S. (2005). Fairness reduces the negative effects of organizational politics on turnover intentions, citizenship behavior and job performance. Journal of Business and Psychology, 20(2), 175-200. Cacioppe, R. (1997). Leadership moment by moment!. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 18(7), 335-345. Campbell, J. P. (1990). Modeling the performance prediction problem in industrial and organizational psychology. In M. D. Dunnette, & L. M. Hough, (Eds.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology (pp. 687-732). Palo Alto: Consulting Psychologists Press. Campbell, J. P., McCloy, R. A., Oppler, S. H., & Sager, C. E. (1993). A theory of performance. In N. Schmitt, & W. C. Borman (Eds.), Personnel selection in organization (pp. 35-70). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Campbell, J. P., McHenry, J. J., & Wise, L. L. (1990). Modeling job performance in a population of jobs. Personnel Psychology, 43(2), 313-575. Cardona, P. (2000). Transcendental leadership. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 21(4), 201-207. Carlos Pastor, J., & Mayo, M. (2008). Transformational leadership among Spanish upper echelons: The role of managerial values and goal orientation. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 29(4), 340-358. Carlson, M. (2013). Performance: A critical introduction. New York: Routledge. Carter, M. Z., Armenakis, A. A., Feild, H. S., & Mossholder, K. W. (2013). Transformational leadership, relationship quality, and employee performance during continuous incremental organizational change. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 34(7), 942-958. Cassel, C., Hackl, P., & Westlund, A. H. (1999). Robustness of partial least-squares method for estimating latent variable quality structures. Journal of Applied Statistics, 26(4), 435-446. Cavana, R. Y., Delahaye, B. L., & Sekaran, U. (2001). Applied business research: Qualitative and quantitative methods. Australia: John Wiley & Sons. Cavanagh, G. F., Moberg, D. J., & Velasquez, M. (1981). The ethics of organizational politics. Academy of Management Review, 6(3), 363-374. Chang, R. (2000). Dollarization: A scorecard. Economic Review-Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, 85(3), 1-12. Charbonneau, D., Barling, J., & Kelloway, E. K. (2001). Transformational leadership and sports performance: The mediating role of intrinsic motivation. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 31(7), 1521-1534. Chatterjee, S., & Yilmaz, M. (1992). A review of regression diagnostics for behavioral research. Applied Psychological Measurement, 16(3), 209-227. Chen, C. Y., & Yang, C. F. (2012). The impact of spiritual leadership on organizational citizenship behavior: A multi-sample analysis. Journal of Business Ethics, 105(1), 107-114. Chen, G., & Klimoski, R. J. (2003). The impact of expectations on newcomer performance in teams as mediated by work characteristics, social exchanges, and empowerment. Academy of Management Journal, 46(5), 591-607. Cheng, E. W. (2001). SEM being more effective than multiple regression in parsimonious model testing for management development research. Journal of Management Development, 20(7), 650-667. Chernick, M. R. (2011). Bootstrap methods: A guide for practitioners and researchers (2nd ed.). New Town, PA: John Wiley & Sons. Chi, N. W., & Pan, S. Y. (2012). A multilevel investigation of missing links between transformational leadership and task performance: The mediating roles of perceived person-job fit and person-organization fit. Journal of Business and Psychology, 27(1), 43-56. Chiang, C. F., & Hsieh, T. S. (2012). The impacts of perceived organizational support and psychological empowerment on job performance: The mediating effects of organizational citizenship behavior. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 31(1), 180-190. Chin, W. (2010). How to write up and report PLS analyses. In V. Esposito, W. W. Chin, J. Henseler, & H. Wang, (Eds.), Handbook of partial least squares (pp. 655- 690). Berlin Heidelberg: Springer. Chin, W. W. (1998). The partial least squares approach to structural equation modeling. Modern Methods for Business Research, 295(2), 295-336. Chin, W. W., Marcolin, B. L., & Newsted, P. R. (2003). A partial least squares latent variable modeling approach for measuring interaction effects: Results from a Monte Carlo simulation study and an electronic-mail emotion/adoption study. Information Systems Research, 14(2), 189-217. Chookruvong, B. (2000). A study of leadership style and motivation in relation to job performance of life insurance agent leaders in Bangkok, Thailand. Unpublished master’s thesis, Assumption University, Bangkok, Thailand. Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Collis, D., & Montgomery, C. (1995, July). Competing on resources: Strategy in the 1990s. Harvard Business Review. 73(4) 118 -128 Colquitt, J., LePine, J. A., Wesson, M. J., & Wu, X. (2010). Organizational behavior: Essentials for imcproving performance and commitment. Dongbei: University of Finance & Economics Press. Conway, J. M., & Lance, C. E. (2010). What reviewers should expect from authors regarding common method bias in organizational research. Journal of Business and Psychology, 25(3), 325-334. Cooper, C. R., & Schindler, P. S. (2008). Business research methods (l0th ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill. Cropanzano, R., & Kacmar, K. M. (1995). Organizational politics, justice, and support: Managing the social climate of the workplace. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group. Cropanzano, R., Howes, J. C., Grandey, A. A., & Toth, P. (1997). The relationship of organizational politics and support to work behaviors, attitudes, and stress. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 18(2), 159-180. Cummings, L. L., & Schwab, D. P. (1973). Performance in organizations: Determinants & appraisal. Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman. Daily Dawn Karachi (2015, January, 7). Fall in bank deposits. Retrieved January 7, 2015, from http://epaper.dawn.com/DetailNews.php? StoryText=07_09_2015_008_002 Dawes, J. G. (2008). Do data characteristics change according to the number of scale points used? An experiment using 5 point, 7 point and 10 point scales. International Journal of Market Research, 51(1), 61-77. Daily Kawish (2014, December, 18). Poor bank employee services. Retrieved December 18, 2014 from http://epaper.pknewspapers.com/the-kawish. html Deluga, R. J. (1994). Supervisor trust building, leader‐member exchange and organizational citizenship behaviour. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 67(4), 315-326. DelVecchio, S., & Wagner, J. (2011). Motivation and monetary incentives: A closer look. Journal of Management and Marketing Research, 7(1), 1-13. Demerouti, E., & Bakker, A. B. (2014). Job crafting. In M. C. W. Peeters, J. de Jong, & T. W. Taris (Eds.), An introduction to contemporary work psychology, (pp.414-433). John Wiley & Sons. Detert, J. R., Treviño, L. K., Burris, E. R., & Andiappan, M. (2007). Managerial modes of influence and counterproductivity in organizations: A longitudinal business-unit-level investigation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(4), 993. Dhiman, A., & Maheshwari, S. K. (2013). Performance appraisal politics from appraisee perspective: A study of antecedents in the Indian context. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 24(6), 1202-1235. Dijkstra, T. (1983). Some comments on maximum likelihood and partial least squares methods. Journal of Econometrics, 22(1), 67-90. Dillman, D. A. (1991). The design and administration of mail surveys. Annual Review of Sociology, 17, 225-249. DiPaola, M., & Tschannen-Moran, M. (2014). Organizational citizenship behavior in schools and its relationship to school climate. Journal of School Leadership, 11(5), 424. Dipboye, R. L., & Foster, J. B. (2002). Multi-level theorizing about perceptions of organizational politics. Research in Multi-level Issues, 1, 255-270. Dodaj, A. (2012). Social desirability and self-reports: Testing a content and response- style model of socially desirable responding. Europe’s Journal of Psychology, 8(4), 651-666. Dolatabadi, H. R., & Safa, M. (2010). The effect of directive and participative leadership style on employees’ commitment to service quality. International Bulletin of Business Administration, 9, 31-42. Drory, A. (1993). Perceived political climate and job attitudes. Organization Studies, 14(1), 59-71. Drucker, P. F. (1999). Knowledge-worker productivity: The biggest challenge. California Management Review, 41(2), 79-94. Duarte, P. A. O., & Raposo, M. L. B. (2010). A PLS model to study brand preference: An application to the mobile phone market. In V. Esposito Vinzi, W. W. Chin, J. Henseler, & H. Wang (Eds.), Handbook of partial least squares: Concepts, methods and applications (pp. 449-485). Berlin Heidelberg: Springer. DuBRIN, A. J. (2001). Career-related correlates of self-discipline. Psychological Reports, 89(1), 107-110. Dulebohn, J. H., & Ferris, G. R. (1999). The role of influence tactics in perceptions of performance evaluations’ fairness. Academy of Management Journal, 42(3), 288- 303. Dunlop, P. D., & Lee, K. (2004). Workplace deviance, organizational citizenship behavior, and business unit performance: The bad apples do spoil the whole barrel. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25(1), 67-80. Dvir, T., Eden, D., Avolio, B. J., & Shamir, B. (2002). Impact of transformational leadership on follower development and performance: A field experiment. Academy of Management Journal, 45(4), 735-744. Eagly, A. H., Johannesen-Schmidt, M. C., & Van Engen, M. L. (2003). Transformational, transactional, and laissez-faire leadership styles: A meta- analysis comparing women and men. Psychological Bulletin, 129(4), 569-591. Ehrhart, M. G. (2004). Leadership and procedural justice climate as antecedents of unit‐level organizational citizenship behavior. Personnel Psychology, 57(1), 61- 94. Eisenberger, R., Fasolo, P., & Davis-LaMastro, V. (1990). Perceived organizational support and employee diligence, commitment, and innovation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75(1), 51-59. Elenkov, D. S., & Manev, I. M. (2005). Top management leadership and influence on innovation: The role of socio cultural context. Journal of Management, 31(3), 381-402. Elliott, A. C., & Woodward, W. A. (2007). Statistical analysis quick reference guidebook: With SPSS examples: Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Emu, K. E., & Umeh, O. J. (2014). How leadership practices impact job satisfaction of customer relationship officers’: An empirical study. Journal of Management, 2(3), 19-56. Everett, G. (1987). A study of the relationship between the principal’s leadership style and the level of motivation of the teaching staff. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Tennessee State University. Kazim Alam, (2013, August 5). The future of the banking sector. The Express Tribune. Retrieved October 16, 2013, from http://tribune.com.pk/story/586390/the-future-of-the-banking-sector/ Fairchild, A. J., & McQuillin, S. D. (2010). Evaluating mediation and moderation effects in school psychology: A presentation of methods and review of current practice. Journal of School Psychology, 48(1), 53-84. Falk, R. F., & Miller, N. B. (1992). A primer for soft modeling. Ohio: The University of Akron Press. Federal Board of Revenue, (2011-12, December). “Annual Report 2011-2012”. Directorate General of Internal Audit, Government of Pakistan. Retrieved on March 15, 2013, from http://download1.fbr.gov.pk/Docs/20132201123540 770AnnualReport201112.pdf Fedors, D., Ferris, G. R., Harrell‐Cook, G., & Russ, G. S. (1998). The dimensions of politics perceptions and their organizational and individual predictors. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 28(19), 1760-1797. Felfe, J. (2003). Transformationale und charismatische Führung und Commitment im organisationalen wandel. Habilitation: Unpublished dissertation, Martin-Luther- Universität Halle-Wittenberg. Ferris, G. R., & Kacmar, K. M. (1992). Perceptions of organizational politics. Journal of Management, 18(1), 93-116. Ferris, G. R., Russ, G. S., & Fandt, P. M. (1989). Politics in organizations. In R. A. Giacalone, & P. Rosenfeld (Eds.), Impression management in the organization (pp. 143-170). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. Fiedler, F.E., & House, R.J. (1988). Leadership theory and research: A report of progress. International Review of Industrial and Organisational Psychology, 19(88), 73- 91. Field, A. (2009). Discovering statistics using SPSS (3rd ed.). London: Sage Publications. Fisher, C. D. (2003). Why do lay people believe that satisfaction and performance are correlated? Possible sources of a commonsense theory. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 24(6), 753-777. Flynn, B. B., Sakakibara, S., Schroeder, R. G., Bates, K. A., & Flynn, E. J. (1990). Empirical research methods in operations management. Journal of Operations Management, 9(2), 250-284. Foot, M., & Hook, C. (2008). Introducing human resource management. Harlow: Financial Times/Prentice Hall. Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50. Fowler Jr, W. J. (1991, April). What are the characteristics of principals identified as effective by teachers? Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Chicago, IL. Frary, R. B. (1996). Hints for designing effective questionnaires: ERIC Clearinghouse on Assessment & Evaluation. The Catholic Unviversity of America. Frazier, P. A., Tix, A. P., & Barron, K. E. (2004). Testing moderator and mediator effects in counseling psychology research. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 51(1), 115-134. Gagné, M., & Deci, E. L. (2005). Self‐determination theory and work motivation. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26(4), 331-362. Gandz, J., & Murray, V. V. (1980). The experience of workplace politics. Academy of Management journal, 23(2), 237-251. Gardner, L., & Stough, C. (2002). Examining the relationship between leadership and emotional intelligence in senior level managers. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 23(2), 68-78. Gardner, W. L., & Avolio, B. J. (1998). The charismatic relationship: A dramaturgical perspective. Academy of Management Review, 23(1), 32-58. Geisser, S. (1974). A predictive approach to the random effect model. Biometrika, 61(1), 101-107. Geladi, P., & Kowalski, B. R. (1986). Partial least squares regression: A tutorial. Analytica Chimica Acta, 185(1), 1-17. George, J. M., & Brief, A. P. (1992). Feeling good-doing good: a conceptual analysis of the mood at work-organizational spontaneity relationship.Psychological Bulletin, 112(2), 310-329. Gerlach, R. W., Kowalski, B. R., & Wold, H. O. (1979). Partial least squares path modelling with latent variables. Analytica Chimica Acta, 112, 417-421. Gerstner, C. R., & Day, D. V. (1997). Meta-Analytic review of leader–member exchange theory: Correlates and construct issues. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82(6), 827-844. Geyer, A., & Steyrer, J. (1998). Messung und erfolgswirksamkeit transformationaler führung. zeitschrift für personalforschung/German. Journal of Research in Human Resource Management, 12(4), 377-401. Ghalib, S., Swasto, B., & Hamid, D. (2014). The Effects of leadership style to the employees’ performance of “Bank Kalsel” through Communication satisfaction mediation variable, organizational commitment, and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). European Journal of Business and Management, 6(13), 163-169. Glynn, M. A. (1996). Innovative genius: A framework for relating individual and organizational intelligences to innovation. Academy of Management Review, 21(4), 1081-1111. Goleman, D. (1998). Working with emotional intelligence. New York: Bantam Books. Gomez-Mejia, L. R., Berrone, P., & Franco-Santos, M. (2014). Compensation and organizational performance: Theory, research, and practice (5th ed.).New York: Routledge. Gomez-Mejia, L., Balkin, D., & Cardy, R. (2007). Managing human resources. New Jersey: Pearson Education. Goodwin, V. L., Wofford, J., & Whittington, J. L. (2001). A theoretical and empirical extension to the transformational leadership construct. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 22(7), 759-774. Gotz, O., Liehr-Gobbers, K., & Krafft, M. (2010). Evaluation of structural equation models using the partial least squares (PLS) approach. In V. Esposito Vinzi, W. W. Chin, J. Henseler, & H. Wang (Eds.), Handbook of partial least squares: Concepts, methods and applications (pp. 691-711). Heidelberg: Springer. Graen, G. (1976). Role-making processes within complex organizations. In M. D. Dunnette (Ed.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology, (pp. 1201- 1245). Chicago: Rand McNally. Graen, G. B., & Uhl-Bien, M. (1995). Relationship-based approach to leadership: Development of leader-member exchange (LMX) theory of leadership over 25 years: Applying a multi-level multi-domain perspective. The Leadership Quarterly, 6(2), 219-247. Graham, J. W. (1986, August). Organizational citizenship informed by political theory. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Academy of Management, Chicago, IL. Greenspan, A. (2008). The age of turbulence. New York: Penguin Books. Gruber, T. (2011). I want to believe they really care: How complaining customers want to be treated by frontline employees. Journal of Service Management, 22(1), 85-110. Gumusluoglu, L., & Ilsev, A. (2009). Transformational leadership, creativity, and organizational innovation. Journal of Business Research, 62(4), 461-473. Hackett, R.D., Farh, J-L., Song, L.J. and Lapierre, L.M. (2003), “LMX and organizational citizenship behavior: examining the links within and across Western and Chinese samples”. In Graen, G. (Ed.), Dealing with Diversity. A Volume in LMX Leadership (pp. 219-263). Greenwich, CT: Information Age Publishing. Hackman, J. R. (1992). Group influences on individuals in organizations. In M. D. Dunnette, & L. H. Hough (Eds.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology (pp.199-267). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press. Hair J. F., Money, A. H., Samouel, P., & Page, M. (2007). Research methods for business. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2006). Multivariate data analysis. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2011). PLS-SEM: Indeed a silver bullet. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 19(2), 139-152. Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2013). Editorial-partial least squares structural equation modeling: Rigorous applications, better results and higher acceptance. Long Range Planning, 46(1-2), 1-12. Hair, J. F., Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C. M., & Mena, J. A. (2012). An assessment of the use of partial least squares structural equation modeling in marketing research. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 40(3), 414-433. Hair, J., Hult, G., & Ringle, C. Sarstedt. M.(2014). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Hair, Jr., J. F., Money, A., Samouel, P., & Page, M. (2007). Research methods for business. West Sussex, UK: John Wiley and Sons Ltd. Halbesleben, J. R., & Bowler, W. M. (2007). Emotional exhaustion and job performance: The mediating role of motivation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(1), 93-106. Hamstra, M. R., Van Yperen, N. W., Wisse, B., Sassenberg, K., Edwards, M. R., Peccei, R., et al. (2015). Journal of Personnel Psychology, 14(1), 218-218. Haque, I. (2014). Toward a competitive Pakistan: The role of industrial policy. Lahore Journal of Economics, 19, 61-90. Harman, H. H. (1967). Modern factor analysis. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. Harzer, C., & Ruch, W. (2014). The role of character strengths for task performance, job dedication, interpersonal facilitation, and organizational support. Human Performance, 27(3), 183-205. Helm, S., Eggert, A., & Garnefeld, I. (2010). Modeling the impact of corporate reputation on customer satisfaction and loyalty using partial least squares. In V. Esposito Vinzi, W. W. Chin, J. Henseler, & H. Wang (Eds.), Handbook of partial least squares: Concepts, methods and applications (pp. 515-534). Berlin Heidelberg: Springer. Heneman H.G., & Judge, T.A., (2005). Staffing Organizations (5th ed.). Middleton, MI: McGraw Hill. Henseler, J., & Chin, W. W. (2010). A comparison of approaches for the analysis of interaction effects between latent variables using partial least squares path modeling. Structural Equation Modeling, 17(1), 82-109. Henseler, J., & Fassott, G. (2010). Testing moderating effects in PLS path models: An illustration of available procedures. In V. Esposito Vinzi, W. W. Chin, J. Henseler, & H. Wang (Eds.), Handbook of partial least squares: Concepts, methods and applications (pp. 713-735). London, NY: Springer. Henseler, J., & Fassott, G. (2010). Testing moderating effects in PLS path models: An illustration of available procedures. In V. Esposito Vinzi, W. W. Chin, J. Henseler, & H. Wang (Eds.), Handbook of partial least squares: Concepts, methods and applications (pp. 713-735). London, NY: Springer. Henseler, J., & Sarstedt, M. (2013). Goodness-of-fit indices for partial least squares path modeling. Computational Statistics, 28(2), 565-580. Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sinkovics, R. R. (2009). The use of partial least squares path modeling in international marketing. Advances in International Marketing, 20(1), 277-319. Henseler, J., Wilson, B., Götz, O., & Hautvast, C. (2007). Investigating the moderating role of fit on sports sponsorship and brand equity. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 8(4), 34-42. Henson, R. K. (2001). Understanding internal consistency reliability estimates: A conceptual primer on coefficient alpha. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 34, 177-189. Herman, H., & Chiu, W. C. (2014). Transformational leadership and job performance: A social identity perspective. Journal of Business Research, 67(1), 2827-2835. Hersey, P., & Blanchard, K. (1996). Management of organizational change: Utilizing human resources. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Hersey, P., & Blanchard, K. H. (1982). Leadership style: Attitudes and behaviors. Training and Development Journal, 36(5), 50-53. Hilderbrand, M. E., Grindle, M. S., Trostle, J. A., Sommerfeld, J. U., Simon, J. L., Lippincott III, D. F., et al. (1997). Getting good government: Capacity building in the public sectors of developing countries. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Hinkin, T. R., & Tracey, J. B. (1999). The relevance of charisma for transformational leadership in stable organizations. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 12(2), 105-119. Hirst, G., Van Knippenberg, D., & Zhou, J. (2009). A cross-level perspective on employee creativity: Goal orientation, team learning behavior, and individual creativity. Academy of Management Journal, 52(2), 280-293. Hochwarter, W. A., Kiewitz, C., Gundlach, M. J., & Stoner, J. (2004). The impact of vocational and social efficacy on job performance and career satisfaction. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 10(3), 27-40. Hollander, A. (1993). Seeing through clothes. London, England: University of California Press. Hourani, L. L., Williams, T. V., & Kress, A. M. (2006). Stress, mental health, and job performance among active duty military personnel: Findings from the 2002 department of defense health-related behaviors survey. Military Medicine, 171(9), 849-856. House, R. J., & Shamir, B. (1993). Toward the integration of transformational, charismatic, and visionary theories. In M. M. Chemers, & R. Ayman (Eds.), Leadership theory and research: Perspectives and directions (pp.81-107). San Diego: Academic Press. Howell, J. M., & Avolio, B. J. (1993). Transformational leadership, transactional leadership, locus of control, and support for innovation: Key predictors of consolidated-business-unit performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78(6), 891-902. Hulland, J. (1999). Use of partial least squares (PLS) in strategic management research: A review of four recent studies. Strategic Management Journal, 20(2), 195-204. Humphreys, J. H. (2001). Transformational and transactional leader behavior: The relationship with support for e-commerce and emerging technology. Journal of Management Research, 1(3), 149-159. Hurley, R. F., & Hult, G. T. M. (1998). Innovation, market orientation, and organizational learning: An integration and empirical examination. The Journal of Marketing, 62(3), 42-54. Hussain, I. (2006, June). Economic policy reforms in Pakistan 1999-2006. Paper presented at the conference on Economic Policy Reforms in Asia held at Stanford University, Palo Alto. Hussain, I. (2010a). Pakistan’s experience with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) 2000-2004. Business Review, 5(1), 9-22. Hussain, I. (2010b). Pakistan’s growth experience: 1947-2007. Business Review, 5(2), 11-33. Ilies, R., Judge, T., & Wagner, D. (2006). Making sense of motivational leadership: The trail from transformational leaders to motivated followers. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 13(1), 1-22. Ilies, R., Nahrgang, J. D., & Morgeson, F. P. (2007). Leader-member exchange and citizenship behaviors: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(1), 269. Imran, H., Arif, I., Cheema, S., & Azeem, M. (2014). Relationship between job satisfaction, job performance, attitude towards work, and organizational commitment. Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management Journal, 2(2), 135- 144. Ishak, N. (2004). Organizational justice, individual innovativeness, and organizational citizenship behavior. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang. Islam, T., Ahmad, Z., Ahmed, I., & Mohammad, S. K. (2012). Key factors of organizational citizenship behavior in the banking sector of Pakistan. African Journal of Business Management, 6(9), 3296-3302. Ittner, C. D., Larcker, D. F., & Pizzini, M. (2007). Performance-based compensation in member-owned firms: An examination of medical group practices. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 44(3), 300-327. Jamal, M. (1984). Job stress and job performance controversy: An empirical assessment. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 33(1), 1-21. Jamal, M. (2007). Job stress and job performance controversy revisited: An empirical examination in two countries. International Journal of Stress Management, 14(2), 175-187. Janssen, O., & Van Yperen, N. W. (2004). Employees' goal orientations, the quality of leader-member exchange, and the outcomes of job performance and job satisfaction. Academy of Management Journal, 47(3), 368-384. Jex, S. M., & Britt, T. W. (2014). Organizational psychology: A scientist-practitioner approach. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. Jex, S., & Britt, T. (2008). Leadership and influence processes. Organizational psychology. scientist-practitioner approach (pp. 303-338). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons Inc. Jobber, D. (1989). An examination of the effects of questionnaire factors on response to an industrial mail survey. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 6(2), 129-140. Johari, J., & Yahya, K. K. (2009). Linking organizational structure, job characteristics, and job performance construct: A proposed framework. International Journal of Business and Management, 4(3), 145-152. Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (1993). LISREL 8: Structural equation modeling with the SIMPLIS command language. United States of America: Scientific Software International. Judge, T. A., & Bono, J. E. (2001). Relationship of core self-evaluations traits-self- esteem, generalized self-efficacy, locus of control, and emotional stability-job satisfaction and job performance: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(1), 80-92. Judge, T. A., & Piccolo, R. F. (2004). Transformational and transactional leadership: A meta-analytic test of their relative validity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(5), 755-768. Judge, T. A., Thoresen, C. J., Bono, J. E., & Patton, G. K. (2001). The job satisfaction-job performance relationship: A qualitative and quantitative review. Psychological Bulletin, 127(3), 376-407. Jung, D. I., & Avolio, B. J. (1999). Effects of leadership style and followers' cultural orientation on performance in group and individual task conditions. Academy of Management Journal, 42(2), 208-218. Jung, D. I., Bass, B. M., & Sosik, J. J. (1995). Bridging leadership and culture: A theoretical consideration of transformational leadership and collectivistic cultures. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 2(4), 3-18. Kacmar, K. M., & Ferris, G. R. (1991). Perceptions of organizational politics scale (POPS): Development and construct validation. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 51(1), 193-205. Kacmar, K. M., Bachrach, D. G., Harris, K. J., & Zivnuska, S. (2011). Fostering good citizenship through ethical leadership: Exploring the moderating role of gender and organizational politics. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96(3), 633-642. Kapoutsis, I., Papalexandris, A., Nikolopoulos, A., Hochwarter, W. A., & Ferris, G. R. (2011). Politics perceptions as moderator of the political skill-job performance relationship: A two-study, cross-national, constructive replication. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 78(1), 123-135. Kark, R., & Van Dijk, D. (2007). Motivation to lead, motivation to follow: The role of the self-regulatory focus in leadership processes. Academy of Management Review, 32(2), 500-528. Kark, R., Shamir, B., & Chen, G. (2003). The two faces of transformational leadership: Empowerment and dependency. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(2), 246-255. Katz, D., & Kahn, R. L. (1978). The social psychology of organizations. A social moment perspective. New York: Clinical and Experiment. Katz, D. (1964). The motivational basis of organizational behavior. Behavioral Science, 9(2), 131-146. Kelman, H. C. (1958). Compliance, identification, and internalization: Three processes of attitude change. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 2, 51-60. Kenny, D. A., & Judd, C. M. (1984). Estimating the nonlinear and interactive effects of latent variables. Psychological Bulletin, 96(1), 201-210. Khalid, S., Mahmood, B., Abbas, M., & Hussain, S. (2011). Customer satisfaction with service quality in conventional banking in Pakistan: The case of Faisalabad. International Journal of Marketing Studies, 3(4), 165-174. Khan, A. (2006). The dilemma of leadership styles and performance appraisal: counter strategies. Journal of Managerial Sciences, 4(1), 1-30. Khan, I., Shahid, M., Nawab, S., & Wali, S. S. (2013). Influence of intrinsic and extrinsic rewards on employee performance: The banking sector of Pakistan. Academic Research International, 4(1), 282. Khan, K. U., Farooq, S. U., & Ullah, M. I. (2010). The relationship between rewards and employee motivation in commercial banks of Pakistan. Research Journal of International Studies, 14, 37-52. Khan, M. A., & Ahmad, N. S. A. (2011). Modeling link between internal service quality in human resources management and employees retention: A case of Pakistani privatized and public sector banks. African Journal of Business Management, 5(3), 949-959. Kipnis, D., Schmidt, S. M., & Wilkinson, I. (1980). Intraorganizational influence tactics: Explorations in getting one's way. Journal of Applied Psychology, 65(4), 440-452. Kirkbride, P. (2006). Developing transformational leaders: The full range leadership model in action. Industrial and Commercial Ttraining, 38(1), 23-32. Kohli, A. K. (1985). Some unexplored supervisory behaviors and their influence on salespeople's role clarity, specific self-esteem, job satisfaction, and motivation. Journal of Marketing Research, 22(4), 424-433. Koontz, H., & Donnell, C. (1993). Introduction to management.New York: McGraw- Hill, Inc. Kopperud, K. H., Martinsen, Ø., & Humborstad, S. I. W. (2014). Engaging leaders in the eyes of the beholder on the relationship between transformational leadership, work engagement, service climate, and self–other agreement. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 21(1), 29-42. Kotter, J. P. 2001. What leaders really do. Harvard Business Review, 71(11): 3–11. Koys, D. J. (2001). The effects of employee satisfaction, organizational citizenship behavior, and turnover on organizational effectiveness: A unit‐level, longitudinal study. Personnel Psychology, 54(1), 101-114. KPMG Taseer Hadi & Co. (2013, July), Banking Survey 2012: Commercial banks operating in Pakistan. Retrieved October 12, 2013, from https://www.kpmg.com/PK/en/IssuesAndInsights/ ArticlesPublications/Documents/BankingSurvey 2012.pdf Krejcie, R. V., & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement 30, 607-610. Kuchinke, K. P. (1999). Leadership and culture: Work‐related values and leadership styles among one company's US and German telecommunication employees. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 10(2), 135-154. Kuczmarski, T. D. (1996). Innovation: Leadership strategies for the competitive edge: NTC Publishing Group. Kuhnert, K. W., & Lewis, P. (1987). Transactional and transformational leadership: A constructive/developmental analysis. Academy of Management Review, 12(4), 648-657. Kumar, B. (2012, December 8). Theory of planned behaviour approach to understand the purchasing behaviour for environmentally sustainable products. Retrieved April 21, 2013, from http://www.iimahd.ernet.in/assets/snippets/ workingpaperpdf/10260621182012-12-08.pdf. Lado, A. A., Boyd, N. G., & Wright, P. (1992). A competency-based model of sustainable competitive advantage: Toward a conceptual integration. Journal of Management, 18(1), 77-91. Lam, Y. J. (2002). Defining the effects of transformational leadership on organisational learning: A cross-cultural comparison. School Leadership & Management, 22(4), 439-452. Lambert, D. M., & Harrington, T. C. (1990). Measuring nonresponse bias in customer service mail surveys. Journal of Business Logistics, 11(2), 5-25 Lee, O. F., Tan, J. A., & Javalgi, R. (2010). Goal orientation and organizational commitment: Individual difference predictors of job performance. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 18(1), 129-150. Leedy, P. D., & Ormrod, J. E. (2010). Practical research: Planning and design (9th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. Lemieux, T., W. B. MacLeod, and D. Parent (2009). Performance pay and wage inequality. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 124(1), 1-49 Lewin, K. (1936). Some social‐psychological differences between the United States and Germany. Journal of Personality, 4(4), 265-293. Li, X., Sanders, K., & Frenkel, S. (2012). How leader-member exchange, work engagement and HRM consistency explain chinese luxury hotel employees’ job performance. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 31(4), 1059- 1066. Liao, H., & Chuang, A. (2007). Transforming service employees and climate: A multilevel, multisource examination of transformational leadership in building long-term service relationships. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(4), 1006-1019. Liden, R. C., & Maslyn, J. M. (1998). Multidimensionafity of leader-member exchange: An empirical assessment through scale development. Journal of Management, 24(1), 43-72. Lievens, F., Conway, J. M., & Corte, W. (2008). The relative importance of task, citizenship and counterproductive performance to job performance ratings: Do rater source and team‐based culture matter? Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 81(1), 11-27. Lindell, M. K., & Whitney, D. J. (2001). Accounting for common method variance in cross-sectional research designs. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(1), 114-121. Lindner, J. R., & Wingenbach, G. J. (2002). Communicating the handling of nonresponse error in Journal of Extension Research in Brief articles. Journal of Extension, 40(6), 1-5. Lipman-Blumen, J. (1996). The connective edge: Leading in an interdependent world. Jossey-Bass. Little, R. J. A., & Rubin, D. B. (1987). Statistical analysis with missing data. New York: John Wiley & Sons. Locke, E. A., & Latham, G. P. (2013). New developments in goal setting and task performance. New York: Routledge. Lohmöller, J. B. (1989). Predictive vs. Structural Modeling: PLS vs. ML: Latent variable path modeling with partial least squares. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag. Longenecker, C. O., Sims Jr, H. P., & Gioia, D. A. (1987). Behind the mask: The politics of employee appraisal. The Academy of Management Executive 1(3), 183- 193. Longenecker, C., & Ludwig, D. (1990). Ethical dilemmas in performance appraisal revisited. Journal of Business Ethics, 9(12), 961-969. Lowe, K. B., Kroeck, K. G., & Sivasubramaniam, N. (1996). Effectiveness correlates of transformational and transactional leadership: A meta-analytic review of the MLQ literature. The Leadership Quarterly, 7(3), 385-425. Lussier, R. N., & Achua, C. F. (2004). Leadership: Theory, application, skill development. Mason, OH: South-Western Publishing. Luthans, F., Avey, J. B., Avolio, B. J., & Peterson, S. J. (2010). The development and resulting performance impact of positive psychological capital. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 21(1), 41-67. MacKenzie, S. B., & Podsakoff, P. M. (2012). Common method bias in marketing: Causes, mechanisms, and procedural remedies. Journal of Retailing, 88(4), 542- 555. MacKenzie, S. B., Podsakoff, P. M., & Fetter, R. (1991). Organizational citizenship behavior and objective productivity as determinants of managerial evaluations of salespersons' performance. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(1), 123-150. MacKenzie, S. B., Podsakoff, P. M., & Rich, G. A. (2001). Transformational and transactional leadership and salesperson performance. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 29(2), 115-134. Mahdinezhad, M., Suandi, T. B., Silong, A. D. B., & Omar, Z. B. (2013). Transformational, transactional leadership styles and job performance of academic leaders. International Education Studies, 6(11), 29-34. Mamman, A., Kamoche, K., & Bakuwa, R. (2012). Diversity, organizational commitment and organizational citizenship behavior: An organizing framework. Human Resource Management Review, 22(4), 285-302. Marcus, B., Schuler, H., Quell, P., & Hümpfner, G. (2002). Measuring Counterproductivity: Development and initial validation of a German self‐report questionnaire. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 10(1‐2), 18-35. Maritz, D. (1995). Leadership and mobilizing potential. Human Resource Management, 10(1), 8-16. Marquis, B. L., & Huston, C. J. (2009). Leadership roles and management functions in nursing: Theory and application. California: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Marshall, G. W., Moncrief, W. C., Lassk, F. G., & David Shepherd, C. (2012). Linking performance outcomes to salesperson organizational citizenship behavior in an industrial sales setting. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 32(4), 491-501. McCloy, R. A., Campbell, J. P., & Cudeck, R. (1994). A confirmatory test of a model of performance determinants. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79(4), 493-505. McCrae, R. R., Kurtz, J. E., Yamagata, S., & Terracciano, A. (2011). Internal consistency, retest reliability, and their implications for personality scale validity. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 15(1), 28-50. McGrath, R. G., & MacMillan, I. C. (2000). The entrepreneurial mindset: Strategies for continuously creating opportunity in an age of uncertainty. Bostan: Harvard Business Press. McMillan, B., & Conner, M. (2003). Using the theory of planned behaviour to understand alcohol and tobacco use in students. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 8(3), 317-328. McShane, S. L., & Von Glinow, M. A. (2000). Organizational Behavior. Boston: Irwin/McGraw-Hill. Meslier-Crouzille, C., Nys, E., & Sauviat, A. (2012). Contribution of rural banks to regional economic development: Evidence from the Philippines. Regional Studies, 46(6), 775-791. Ministry of Finance; Government of Pakistan (2013). Pakistan Economic Survey 2012-13. Retrieved from http://finance.gov.pk/survey_ 1213.html Ministry of Finance; Government of Pakistan (2014). Pakistan Economic Survey 2013-14. Retrieved from http://finance.gov.pk/survey_ 1213.html Ministry of Finance; Government of Pakistan (2014). Pakistan Economic Survey 2014-15. Retrieved from http://www.finance.gov.pk/survey_ 1415.html Ministry of Finance; Government of Pakistan.Federal Board of Revenue, Report (2011-12). Retrieved from http://www.finance.gov.pk/survey_1112.html MjPanni & Associates (2013, July 3). Consumers made 9,038 complaints: SBP banking review. Retrieved September 20, 2013, from http://mjpanni.com/news/consumers-made-9038-complaints-sbp-banking-review Mohammad Mosadegh Rad, A., & Hossein Yarmohammadian, M. (2006). A study of relationship between managers' leadership style and employees' job satisfaction. Leadership in Health Services, 19(2), 11-28. Molero, F., Cuadrado, I., Navas, M., & Morales, J. F. (2007). Relations and effects of transformational leadership: A comparative analysis with traditional leadership styles. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 10(02), 358-368. Moorhead, G. & Griffin, R. W. (1995). Organizational behavior: Managing people and organizations. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin. Moorman, R. H. (1993). The influence of cognitive and affective based job satisfaction measures on the relationship between satisfaction and organizational citizenship behavior. Human Relations, 46(6), 759-776. Moorman, R. H., Blakely, G. L., & Niehoff, B. P. (1998). Does perceived organizational support mediate the relationship between procedural justice and organizational citizenship behavior? Academy of Management Journal, 41(3), 351-357. Morrison, E. W. (1994). Role definitions and organizational citizenship behavior: The importance of the employee's perspective. Academy of Management Journal, 37(6), 1543-1567. Morrison, E. W., & Phelps, C. C. (1999). Taking charge at work: Extrarole efforts to initiate workplace change. Academy of Management Journal, 42(4), 403-419. Motowidlo, S. J., & Van Scotter, J. R. (1994). Evidence that task performance should be distinguished from contextual performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79(4), 475-480. Motowidlo, S. J., Packard, J. S., & Manning, M. R. (1986). Occupational stress: Its causes and consequences for job performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71(4), 618. Motowildo, S. J. (2003). Job performance. In W. C. Borman, D. R. Ilgen, & R. J. Klimoski (Eds.), Comprehensive handbook of psychology (pp. 39-53). New York: Wiley. Motowildo, S. J., Borman, W. C., & Schmit, M. J. (1997). A theory of individual differences in task and contextual performance. Human Performance, 10(2), 71- 83. Mount, M., Ilies, R., & Johnson, E. (2006). Relationship of personality traits and counterproductive work behaviors: The mediating effects of job satisfaction. Personnel Psychology, 59(3), 591-622. Moynihan, D. P., & Pandey, S. K. (2007). The role of organizations in fostering public service motivation. Public Administration Review, 67(1), 40-53. Mujahid, H., & Alam, S. (2014). Service Sector as an Engine of Growth: Empirical Analysis of Pakistan. Asian Economic and Financial Review, 4(3), 377-386. Nahavandi, A. (2002). The art and science of leadership (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: PrenticeHall. News, B. (2014, December 18). Complaints against Banks and Mangers. Daily Kawish. Retrieved December 20, 2014, from, http://epaper.pknewspapers.com/the-kawish.html. Ng, T. W., & Feldman, D. C. (2008). The relationship of age to ten dimensions of job performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(2), 392-423. Niehoff, B. P., & Moorman, R. H. (1993). Justice as a mediator of the relationship between methods of monitoring and organizational citizenship behavior. Academy of Management Journal, 36(3), 527-556. Norges Bank, (2011, January). Universal banking and the development of secondary corporate debt markets: Lessons from 1830s (Issue Brief No.1735390). Belgium: Stefano Ugolini. Northouse, P. G. (1997). Leadership theory and practice (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Northouse, P. G. (2001). Leadership theory and practice (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publication. Northouse, P. G. (2015). Leadership theory and practice: Thousand Oaks, Sage Publications. Nunnally, J., & Bernstein, I. (1994). Psychometric theory (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. O'Reilly, C. A., & Roberts, K. H. (1978). Supervisor influence and subordinate mobility aspirations as moderators of consideration and initiating structure. Journal of Applied Psychology, 63(1), 96-102. Organ, D. W. (1977). A reappraisal and reinterpretation of the satisfaction-causes- performance hypothesis. Academy of Management Review, 2(1), 46-53. Organ, D. W. (1988). Organizational citizenship behavior: The good soldier syndrome. Lexington: Books/DC Heath and Com. Organ, D. W. (1990). The motivational basis of organizational citizenship behavior. Research in Organizational Behavior, 12(1), 43-72. Organ, D. W. (1997). Organizational citizenship behavior: It's construct clean-up time. Human Performance, 10(2), 85-97. Organ, D. W., & Ryan, K. (1995). A meta‐analytic review of attitudinal and dispositional predictors of organizational citizenship behavior. Personnel Psychology, 48(4), 775-802. Organ, D. W., Podsakoff, P. M., & MacKenzie, S. B. (2005). Organizational citizenship behavior: Its nature, antecedents, and consequences. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Orr, J. M., Sackett, P. R., & Mercer, M. (1989). The role of prescribed and nonprescribed behaviors in estimating the dollar value of performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74(1), 34-40. Osma, A. I. R. M. S. (2013). Effectiveness of communication style in performance appraisal systems. Journal of Yaşar University, 8(29), 4835–4852. Pakistan Banks Association (2013, December). The Premier banking website in Pakistan. Retrieved on January, 5, 2014, from http://www.pakistanbanks.org/members/financials/ yearly.html Pallant, J. (2010). SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using SPSS (4th ed.). New York: Open University Press. Parry, K. W., & Proctor-Thomson, S. (2002). Leadership, culture and performance: The case of the New Zealand public sector. Journal of Change Management, 3(4), 376-399. Pawar, B. S., & Eastman, K. K. (1997). The nature and implications of contextual influences on transformational leadership: A conceptual examination. Academy of Management Review, 22(1), 80-109. Peng, D. X., & Lai, F. (2012). Using partial least squares in operations management research: A practical guideline and summary of past research. Journal of Operations Management, 30(6), 467-480. Peterson, R. A., & Kim, Y. (2013). On the relationship between coefficient alpha and composite reliability. Journal of Applied Psychology, 98(1), 194-198. Peterson, S. J., & Luthans, F. (2003). The positive impact and development of hopeful leaders. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 24(1), 26-31. Pfeffer, J. (1992). Managing with power: Politics and influence in organizations. Boston: Harvard Business Press. Piccolo, R. F., & Colquitt, J. A. (2006). Transformational leadership and job behaviors: The mediating role of core job characteristics. Academy of Management Journal, 49(2), 327-340. Pierce, W. D., Cameron, J., Banko, K. M., & So, S. (2003). Positive effects of rewards and performance standards on intrinsic motivation. The Psychological Record, 53(4), 561-578. Pillai, R., Schriesheim, C. A., & Williams, E. S. (1999). Fairness perceptions and trust as mediators for transformational and transactional leadership: A two-sample study. Journal of Management, 25(6), 897-933. Podsakoff, P. M., & Organ, D. W. (1986). Self-reports in organizational research: Problems and prospects. Journal of Management, 12(4), 531-544. Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., & Bommer, W. H. (1996). Transformational leader behaviors and substitutes for leadership as determinants of employee satisfaction, commitment, trust, and organizational citizenship behaviors. Journal of Management, 22(2), 259-298. Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2012). Sources of method bias in social science research and recommendations on how to control it. Annual Review of Psychology, 63, 539-569. Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J.-Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: a critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879-903. Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Moorman, R. H., & Fetter, R. (1990). Transformational leader behaviors and their effects on followers' trust in leader, satisfaction, and organizational citizenship behaviors. The Leadership Quarterly, 1(2), 107-142. Poon, J. M. (2004). Effects of performance appraisal politics on job satisfaction and turnover intention. Personnel Review, 33(3), 322-334. Porter, L. W., & Lawler, E. E. (1968). Managerial attitudes and performance. Homewood, IL: Irwin Dorsey. Punch, K. F. (2005). Introduction to social research: Quantitative & qualitative approaches. London: Sage Publications. Rad, A. M. M., & Yarmohammadian, M. H. (2006). A study of relationship between managers' leadership style and employees' job satisfaction. Leadership in Health Services, 19(2), 11-28. Rahman, A. R. (2012). A study on turnover intention trend in commercial banks in Penang, Malaysia. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University Sains, Malaysia. Rahman, S., Hussain, B., & Haque, A. (2011). Organizational politics on employee performance: An exploratory study on readymade garments employees in Bangladesh. Business Strategy Series, 12(3), 146-155. Randall, D. M., & Fernandes, M. F. (1991). The social desirability response bias in ethics research. Journal of Business Ethics, 10(11), 805-817. Raymond, M. R. (1986). Missing data in evaluation research. Evaluation & the Health Professions, 9(4), 395-420. Reinartz, W., Haenlein, M., & Henseler, J. (2009). An empirical comparison of the efficacy of covariance-based and variance-based SEM. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 26(4), 332-344. Rhodes, D., & Stelter, D. (2010). Accelerating out of the great recession: How to win in a slow-growth economy. Long Island City, NY: Great Neck. Rickards, T., & Moger, S. (2006). Creative leaders: A decade of contributions from creativity and innovation management journal. Creativity and Innovation Management, 15(1), 4-18. Rigdon, E. E., Schumacker, R. E., & Wothke, W. (1998). A comparative review of interaction and nonlinear modeling. Ringle, C. M., Sarstedt, M., & Straub, D. (2012). A critical look at the use of PLS- SEM in MIS Quarterly. MIS Quarterly (MISQ), 36(1), 3-14. Ringle, C. M., Wende, S., & Will, A. (2005). SmartPLS 2.0 (beta): Hamburg. Available at http://www.smartpls.de Ristow, A., Amos, T. & Staude, G. (1999). Transformational Leadership and Organisational effectiveness in the administration of cricket in South African. African Journal of Business Management, 30 (1), 1-5. Robbins, S., & Judge, T. (2009). Power and politics: Organizational Behavior. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc. Rost, J. C. (1993). Leadership development in the new millennium. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 1(1), 91-110. Rowe, W. G. (2001). Creating wealth in organizations: The role of strategic leadership. The Academy of Management Executive, 15(1), 81-94. Salanova, M., Lorente, L., Chambel, M. J., & Martínez, I. M. (2011). Linking transformational leadership to nurses’ extra‐role performance: the mediating role of self‐efficacy and work engagement. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 67(10), 2256-2266.