Moderating effect of organizational culture on the relationship between organizational justice, job autonomy and organizational cynicism
Organizational cynicism is viewed as a general or specific attitude that is characterized by frustration, anger and also a tendency to distrust individuals, groups and organizations. It is not only detrimental to employees but also to organizations. Hence, this study emphasized on the factors that i...
Saved in:
Main Author: | |
---|---|
Format: | Thesis |
Language: | eng eng |
Published: |
2017
|
Subjects: | |
Online Access: | https://etd.uum.edu.my/7314/1/s94257_01.pdf https://etd.uum.edu.my/7314/2/s94257_02.pdf |
Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
id |
my-uum-etd.7314 |
---|---|
record_format |
uketd_dc |
institution |
Universiti Utara Malaysia |
collection |
UUM ETD |
language |
eng eng |
advisor |
Ahmad, Fais |
topic |
HD58.7 Organizational Behavior. |
spellingShingle |
HD58.7 Organizational Behavior. Sarah, Shaharruddin Moderating effect of organizational culture on the relationship between organizational justice, job autonomy and organizational cynicism |
description |
Organizational cynicism is viewed as a general or specific attitude that is characterized by frustration, anger and also a tendency to distrust individuals, groups and organizations. It is not only detrimental to employees but also to organizations. Hence, this study emphasized on the factors that influence organizational cynicism. Specifically, the objectives of the study were to investigate the level of organizational cynicism among the respondents, to examine the relationship between organizational justice, job autonomy and organizational cynicism, and to analyse the moderating effect of organizational culture on the relationship between organizational justice, job autonomy and organizational cynicism. This study utilized the survey method, through the distribution of questionnaires to a sample of 504 Immigration Officers from the Security and Defence Unit of the Immigration Department of Malaysia (IDM). Statistical techniques such as factor analysis, reliability test, correlation test, multiple regression and hierarchical regression analyses were employed in analysing the data. The multiple regression analysis indicated that organizational justice and job autonomy were significantly and negatively related to organizational cynicism. As for the moderating test of organizational culture, the study revealed that bureaucratic culture has a significant moderating effect on job autonomy and organizational cynicism. Meanwhile, innovative culture significantly moderated the relationship between interactional justice, job autonomy and organizational cynicism. This finding depicted that the interaction effects of bureaucratic culture and innovative culture are partially supported. On the other hand, the result showed no interaction effect on supportive culture. The implications, limitations and direction for the future study are also discussed. |
format |
Thesis |
qualification_name |
Ph.D. |
qualification_level |
Doctorate |
author |
Sarah, Shaharruddin |
author_facet |
Sarah, Shaharruddin |
author_sort |
Sarah, Shaharruddin |
title |
Moderating effect of organizational culture on the relationship between organizational justice, job autonomy and organizational cynicism |
title_short |
Moderating effect of organizational culture on the relationship between organizational justice, job autonomy and organizational cynicism |
title_full |
Moderating effect of organizational culture on the relationship between organizational justice, job autonomy and organizational cynicism |
title_fullStr |
Moderating effect of organizational culture on the relationship between organizational justice, job autonomy and organizational cynicism |
title_full_unstemmed |
Moderating effect of organizational culture on the relationship between organizational justice, job autonomy and organizational cynicism |
title_sort |
moderating effect of organizational culture on the relationship between organizational justice, job autonomy and organizational cynicism |
granting_institution |
Universiti Utara Malaysia |
granting_department |
School of Business Management |
publishDate |
2017 |
url |
https://etd.uum.edu.my/7314/1/s94257_01.pdf https://etd.uum.edu.my/7314/2/s94257_02.pdf |
_version_ |
1747828195157082112 |
spelling |
my-uum-etd.73142021-08-18T06:49:46Z Moderating effect of organizational culture on the relationship between organizational justice, job autonomy and organizational cynicism 2017 Sarah, Shaharruddin Ahmad, Fais School of Business Management School of Business Management HD58.7 Organizational Behavior. Organizational cynicism is viewed as a general or specific attitude that is characterized by frustration, anger and also a tendency to distrust individuals, groups and organizations. It is not only detrimental to employees but also to organizations. Hence, this study emphasized on the factors that influence organizational cynicism. Specifically, the objectives of the study were to investigate the level of organizational cynicism among the respondents, to examine the relationship between organizational justice, job autonomy and organizational cynicism, and to analyse the moderating effect of organizational culture on the relationship between organizational justice, job autonomy and organizational cynicism. This study utilized the survey method, through the distribution of questionnaires to a sample of 504 Immigration Officers from the Security and Defence Unit of the Immigration Department of Malaysia (IDM). Statistical techniques such as factor analysis, reliability test, correlation test, multiple regression and hierarchical regression analyses were employed in analysing the data. The multiple regression analysis indicated that organizational justice and job autonomy were significantly and negatively related to organizational cynicism. As for the moderating test of organizational culture, the study revealed that bureaucratic culture has a significant moderating effect on job autonomy and organizational cynicism. Meanwhile, innovative culture significantly moderated the relationship between interactional justice, job autonomy and organizational cynicism. This finding depicted that the interaction effects of bureaucratic culture and innovative culture are partially supported. On the other hand, the result showed no interaction effect on supportive culture. The implications, limitations and direction for the future study are also discussed. 2017 Thesis https://etd.uum.edu.my/7314/ https://etd.uum.edu.my/7314/1/s94257_01.pdf text eng public https://etd.uum.edu.my/7314/2/s94257_02.pdf text eng public Ph.D. doctoral Universiti Utara Malaysia Ababaneh, R. I. (2010). The role of organizational culture on practising quality improvement in Jordanian public hospitals. Leadership in Health Services, 23(3), 244-259. Abdullah, A., Sulong, Z., Abdidin, U. S. Z., Campus, G. B., & Said, R. M. (2014). An Analysis on Ethical Climate and Ethical Judgment among Public Sector Employees in Malaysia. Journal of Applied Business and Economics, 16(2), 133. Abraham, R. (2000). Organizational cynicism: Bases and consequences. Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, 126(3), 269. Acaray, A., Acaray, A., Yildirim, S., & Yildirim, S. (2017). The impact of personality traits on organizational cynicism in the education sector. World Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development, 13(1), 65-76. Adams JS (1965) Inequity in social exchange. In: Berkowitz L (ed.) Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, Vol. 2. New York: Academic Press, 267–299. Aduanrakyat.com (2016). Retrieved from http://www.aduanrakyat.com/v2016/category-jabatan_imigresen.html Agnew, R. (1984). Autonomy and Delinquency. Sociological Perspectives, 27(2) 1984). 219-240. Ahmad, R., & Spicer, D. P. (2013). Implementation of competency level assessment: A case of Malaysia public service remuneration system. Innovative Journal of Business and Management, 1(2). Ahmed, P. K. (1998). Culture and climate for innovation. European journal of innovation management, 1(1), 30-43. Akaah, Ishmael P. (1993). Organizational culture and ethical research behavior. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 21(1),59-63. Alexander, D. A., & Walker, L. G. (1996). The Perceived Impact Of Police Work On Police Officers'spouses And Families. Stress medicine, 12(4), 239-246. Alkailani, M., Azzam, I. A., & Athamneh, A. B. (2012). Replicating Hofstede in Jordan: ungeneralized, reevaluating the Jordanian culture. International Business Research, 5(4), 71. Allison, P. D. (1999). Multiple regression: A primer. Pine Forge Press. Amin, M.R. (1990). Masalah-masalah pengajaran pendidikan (KBSR) – satu kajian persepsi guru matapelajaran tersebut di sekolah-sekolah rendah. Thesis Sarjana Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. Andersson, L. M. (1996). Employee cynicism: An examination using a contract violation framework. Human Relations, 49(11), 1395-1418. Andersson, L. M., & Bateman, T. S. (1997). Cynicism in the workplace: Some causes and effects. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 18(5), 449-469. Andersson, L. M., & Pearson, C. M. (1999). Tit for tat? The spiraling effect of incivility in the workplace. Academy of management review, 24(3), 452-471. Aquino, K., Lewis, M. U., & Bradfield, M. (1999). Justice constructs, negative affectivity, and employee deviance: A proposed model and empirical test. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 20(7), 1073-1091. Arabacı, I. B. (2010). The effects of depersonalization and organizational cynicism levels on the job satisfaction of educational inspectors. African Journal of Business Management, 4(14), 2802-2811. Arad, S., Hanson, M. A., & Schneider, R. J. (1997). A framework for the study of relationships between organizational characteristics and organizational innovation. The Journal of Creative Behavior, 31(1), 42-58. Aryee, S., Budhwar, P. S., & Chen, Z. X. (2002). Trust as a mediator of the relationship between organizational justice and work outcomes: Test of a social exchange model. Journal of organizational Behavior, 23(3), 267-285. Ashforth, B. E., & Lee, R. T. (1997). Burnout as a process: commentary on Cordes, Dougherty and Blum. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 18(6), 703-708. Avey, J. B., Hughes, L.W., Norman, S.M and Luthans, K.W. (2007). Using positivity, transformational leadership and employment to combat employee negatively. Leadership and Organisational Development Journal, Vol 29 (2), pp51-72. Aydin Tükeltürk, Ş., Perçin, N. Ş., & Güzel, B. (2013). Psychological contract breaches and organizational cynicism at hotels. Revista Tinerilor Economisti (The Young Economists Journal), 9(19), 194-213. Babbie, E. (1995). The practice of social research. (7th ed). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company. Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2007). The job demands-resources model: State of the art. Journal of managerial psychology, 22(3), 309-328. Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Euwema, M. C. (2005). Job resources buffer the impact of job demands on burnout. Journal of occupational health psychology, 10(2), 170. Bakker, A. B., Schaufeli, W. B., Sixma, H. J., Bosveld, W., & Van Dierendonck, D. (2000). Patient demands, lack of reciprocity, and burnout: A five-year longitudinal study among general practitioners. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21(4), 425-441. Barefoot, J. C., Dodge, K. A., Peterson, B. L., Dahlstrom, W. G., & Williams Jr, R. B. (1989). The Cook-Medley hostility scale: item content and ability to predict survival. Psychosomatic Medicine, 51(1), 46-57. Barling, J., & Phillips, M. (1993). Interactional, formal, and distributive justice in the workplace: An exploratory study. The Journal of Psychology, 127(6), 649-656. Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of personality and social psychology, 51(6), 1173. Barry, D. (1991), “Managing the bossless team: lessons in distributed leadership”, Organizational Dynamics, Vol. 20 No. 1, pp. 31-47. Bashir, S. (2009). Antecedents of Counter Work Behavior in Public Sector Organizations. An Asian Perspective. IJCRB, 58. Bashir, S. (2011). Organizational Cynicism Development and Testing of an Integrated Model A Study of Public Sector Employees in Pakistan (Doctoral dissertation, Mohammad Ali Jinnah University). Bashir, S., & Nasir, M. (2013). Breach of psychological contract, organizational cynicism and union commitment: A study of hospitality industry in Pakistan. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 34, 61-65. Bashir, S., Nasir, M. Z., Saeed, S., & Ahmed, M. (2011). Breach of psychological contract, perception of politics and organizational cynicism: Evidence from Pakistan. Afr. J. Bus. Manage, 5(3), 884-888. Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. (1990). Transformational leadership development: Manual for the multifactor leadership questionnaire. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press. Bateman, T. S., Sakano, T., & Fujita, M. (1992). Roger, me, and my attitude: Film propaganda and cynicism toward corporate leadership. Journal of Applied Psychology, 77(5), 768. Ben-Shemesh, Y. (2005). Neutrality without autonomy. Law and Philosophy, 24(5), 435-466. Berita Harian (2016) Sabotaj MyIMMs: 37 kakitangan Imigresen kena tatatertib Retrieved from : http://www.bharian.com.my/node/159286 Berita Harian (2016). Imej Jabatan Imigresen boleh dipulihkan - KPISM Berita Harian. (2013). Syor Pegawai Imigresen Ditukar Setiap 6 Bulan . Retreived from http://cuepacs.blogspot.my/2013/11/syor-pegawai-imigresen-ditukar-setiap-6.html Bernama (2014). Kebanjiran 400000 PATI bebankan negara. Retrieved from http://www.astroawani.com/news/show/kebanjiran-400-000-pati-bebankan-negara-abu-zahar-39415 BERNAMA (2014). Cuepacs Sokong Kenaikan Elaun Anggota Penguatkuasa . Retrieved from: http://cuepacs.blogspot.my/2014/08/cuepacs-sokong-kenaikan-elaun-anggota.html Bernama (2014). Perlukah Malaysia Terlalu Bergantung Kepada Buruh Asing? Retrieved from http://mapo.bernama.com/news.php?id=607808 BERNAMA (2016). Imigresen Perketat Kawalan Keselamatan Di Pintu Masuk Negara Retrieved from: http://www.bernama.com/bernama/v8/bm/ge/ newsgeneral.php?id=1208137 BERNAMA. (2014). Kebanjiran 400000 PATI bebankan negara. Retrieved from http://www.astroawani.com/news/show/kebanjiran-400-000-pati-bebankan-negara-abu-zahar-39415 BERNAMA. (2014). Cuepacs Sokong Kenaikan Elaun Anggota Penguatkuasa. Retrieved from http://cuepacs.blogspot.my/2014/08/cuepacs-sokong-kenaikan-elaun-anggota.html BERNAMA. (2014). Imigresen Perketat Kawalan Keselamatan Di Pintu Masuk Negara Retrieved from http://www.bernama.com/bernama/v8/bm/ge/ newsgeneral.php?id=1208137 BERNAMA. (2014). Perlukah Malaysia Terlalu Bergantung Kepada Buruh Asing? Retrieved from http://mapo.bernama.com/news.php?id=607808 Bibby, C. L. (2008). Should I stay or should I leave? Perceptions of age discrimination, organizational justice, and employee attitudes on intentions to leave. The Journal of Applied Management and Entrepreneurship, 13(2), 63-86. Bies, R. J. (1987). The predicament of injustice: The management of moral outrage. Research in organizational behavior. Bies, R. J., & Moag, J. S. (1986). Interactional justice: Communication criteria of fairness. Research on negotiation in organizations, 1(1), 43-55. Biswas, S., Biswas, S., Kapil, K., & Kapil, K. (2017). Linking perceived organizational support and organizational justice to employees’ in-role performance and organizational cynicism through organizational trust: A field investigation in India. Journal of Management Development, 36(5), 696-711. Blau, P. M. (1964). Exchange and power in social life. Transaction Publishers. Blauner, R. (1964). Alienation and freedom: The factory worker and his industry. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Brandes, P., & Das, D. (2006). Locating behavioral cynicism at work: Construct issues and performance implications. Research in Occupational Stress and Well-being, 5, 233-266. Brettel, M., & Cleven, N. J. (2011). Innovation culture, collaboration with external partners and NPD performance. Creativity and Innovation Management, 20(4), 253-272. Brewer, A. (1994). The responsive employee. Allen and Urwin Pub. Sydney, Australia. Brewer, A. M. (1993). Managing for employee commitment. Longman Professional. Brey, P. (1999). Worker autonomy and the drama of digital networks in organizations. Journal of Business Ethics, 22(1), 15-25. Brien, M., Forest, J., Mageau, G. A., Boudrias, J. S., Desrumaux, P., Brunet, L., & Morin, E. M. (2012). The basic psychological needs at work scale: Measurement invariance between Canada and France. Applied Psychology: Health and Well‐Being, 4(2), 167-187. Brockner, J., & Wiesenfeld, B. M. (1996). An integrative framework for explaining reactions to decisions: interactive effects of outcomes and procedures. Psychological bulletin, 120(2), 189. Broeck, A., Vansteenkiste, M., Witte, H., Soenens, B., & Lens, W. (2010). Capturing autonomy, competence, and relatedness at work: Construction and initial validation of the Work‐related Basic Need Satisfaction scale. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 83(4), 981-1002. Brooks, S. M., & Vance, R. J. (1991). Organizational cynicism: Initial investigation of a construct. Un-published manuscript, Ohio State University. Brotheridge, C. M. (2003). The Role of Fairness in Mediating the Effects of Voice and Justification on Stress and Other Outcomes in a Climate of Organizational Change. International Journal of Stress Management, 10(3), 253. Bryman, A., & Bell, E. (2003). Business Research Methods. New York: Oxford Butcher, H.J. (1973). Sampling in education research. Manchester: Manchester University Press. Byrne, J. A. (1991). The flap over executive pay. Business Week, 6(5), 90-96. Byrne, Z. S., & Hochwarter, W. A. (2008). Perceived organizational support and performance: Relationships across levels of organizational cynicism. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 23(1), 54-72. Cameron, K. S., & Quinn, R. E. (1999) Diagnosing and changing organizational culture, based on the competing values framework,. Reading, Massachusettes: Addison Wesley. Cameron, K. S., & Quinn, R. E. (2011). Diagnosing and changing organizational culture: Based on the competing values framework. John Wiley & Sons. Cantisano, G. T., Domínguez, J., & García, J. (2007). Social comparison and perceived breach of psychological contract: Their effects on burnout in a multigroup analysis. The Spanish journal of psychology, 10(01), 122-130. Carmeli, A. (2005). The relationship between organizational culture and withdrawal intentions and behavior. International journal of manpower, 26(2), 177-195. Cartwright, S., & Holmes, N. (2006). The meaning of work: The challenge of regaining employee engagement and reducing cynicism. Human Resource Management Review, 16(2), 199-208. Cavana, R. Y., & Delahaye, B. L. Uma Sekaran (2001). Applied Business Research: Qualitative & Quantitative Method. John Wiley & Sons Australia. Cavanagh, G. F., Moberg, D. J., & Velasquez, M. (1981). The ethics of organizational politics. Academy of Management Review, 6(3), 363-374. Çekmecelioğlu, H. G., & Günsel, A. (2011). Promoting creativity among employees of mature industries: The Effects Of Autonomy And Role Stress On Creative Behaviors And Job Performance. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 24, 889-895. Chao, C. Y., Lin, Y. S., Cheng, Y. L., & Tseng, Y. C. (2011). Employee innovation, supervisory leadership, organizational justice, and organizational culture in Taiwan's manufacturing industry. African Journal of Business Management, 5(6), 2501. Chaplin, W. F. (1991). The next generation of moderator research in personality psychology. Journal of personality, 59(2), 143-178. Chatman, J. A. (1989). Improving interactional organizational research: A model of person-organization fit. Academy of management Review, 14(3), 333-349. Chen M (2001) Asian Management Systems. London, UK: Thomson Chen, C. C., & Chiu, S. F. (2009). The mediating role of job involvement in the relationship between job characteristics and organizational citizenship behavior. The Journal of social psychology, 149(4), 474-494. Chen, L. Y. (2004). Examining the effect of organization culture and leadership behaviors on organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and job performance at small and IDMdle-sized firms of Taiwan. Journal of American Academy of Business, 5(1/2), 432-438. Chhabra, M., & Chhabra, B. (2013). Emotional intelligence and occupational stress: a study of Indian Border Security Force personnel. Police Practice and Research, 14(5), 355-370. Chiaburu, D. S., Peng, A. C., Oh, I. S., Banks, G. C., & Lomeli, L. C. (2013). Antecedents and consequences of employee organizational cynicism: A meta-analysis. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 83(2), 181-197. Choi, S. (2010). Organizational justice and employee work attitudes: The federal case. The American Review of Public Administration, 41 (2), 185-204. Chuang, Y. T., Church, R., & Zikic, J. (2004). Organizational culture, group diversity and intra-group conflict. Team Performance Management, 10(1/2), 26-34. Clark, R. E. (2003). Fostering the work motivation of individuals and teams. Performance Improvement, 42(3), 21-29. Claver, E., Llopis, J., Garcia, D., & Molina, H. (1998). Organizational culture for innovation and new technological behavior. The Journal of High Technology Management Research, 9(1), 55-68. Coakes, S. J., & Version, S. P. S. S. (2013). 20.0 for Windows. Analysis without Anguish, John Wiley & Sons. Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (2013). Applied multiple regression/ correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences. Routledge. Cole, M. S., Bruch, H., & Vogel, B. (2006). Emotion as mediators of the relations between perceived supervisor support and psychological hardiness on employee cynicism. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27(4), 463-484. Collins, B. J. (2016). Fair? I Don’t Care: Examining the Moderating Effect of Workplace Cynicism on the Relationship Between Interactional Fairness and Perceptions of Organizational Support From a Social Exchange Perspective. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 1548051816667896. Colquitt, J. A. (2001). On the dimensionality of organizational justice: a construct validation of a measure. Journal of applied psychology, 86(3), 386. Colquitt, J. A. (2008). Two decades of organizational justice: Findings, controversies, and future directions. The Sage handbook of organizational behavior, 1, 73-88. Colquitt, J. A., Conlon, D. E., Wesson, M. J., Porter, C. O., & Ng, K. Y. (2001). Justice at the millennium: a meta-analytic review of 25 years of organizational justice research. Journal of applied psychology, 86(3), 425. Colquitt, J. A., Scott, B. A., Judge, T. A., & Shaw, J. C. (2006). Justice and personality: Using integrative theories to derive moderators of justice effects. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 100(1), 110-127. Colquitt, J. A., Scott, B. A., Rodell, J. B., Long, D. M., Zapata, C. P., Conlon, D. E., & Wesson, M. J. (2013). Justice at the millennium, a decade later: A meta-analytic test of social exchange and affect-based perspectives. Journal of Applied Psychology, 98(2), 199. Cook, J. D., Hepworth, H. J., Wall, T. D., & Warr, P. B.( 1981). The experience of work. New York: Academic Press. Cook, W. W., & Medley, D. M. (1954). Proposed hostility and pharisaic-virtue scales for the MMPI. Journal of Applied Psychology, 38(6), 414. Cooper, D. R., & Schindler, P. S. (2003). Business research methods. Cooper, D. R., & Schindler, P. S. (2008). Business research methods (10th ed.). Mc. Grow Hill International Edition, USA. Cordery, J. L., Mueller, W. S., & Smith, L. M. (1991). Attitudinal and behavioral effects of autonomous group working: A longitudinal field study. Academy of Management Journal, 34(2), 464-476 Cordes, C. L., & Dougherty, T. W. (1993). A review and an integration of research on job burnout. Academy of management review, 18(4), 621-656. Cordes, C. L., Dougherty, T. W., & Blum, M. (1997). Patterns of burnout among managers and professionals: A comparison of models. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 18(6), 685-701. Cramm, J. M., Strating, M. M., Bal, R., & Nieboer, A. P. (2013). A large-scale longitudinal study indicating the importance of perceived effectiveness, organizational and management support for innovative culture. Social science & medicine, 83, 119-124. Crank, J. P., Culbertson, R. G., Poole, E. D., & Regoli, R. M. (1987). The measurement of cynicism among police chiefs. Journal of Criminal Justice, 15(1), 37-48. Crawshaw, J. R., Cropanzano, R., Bell, C. M., & Nadisic, T. (2013). Organizational justice: New insights from behavioural ethics. Human relations, 0018726713485609 Creswell J.W. (2008). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Merrill Education Cropanzano, R., & Folger, R. (1989). Referent cognitions and task decision autonomy: Beyond equity theory. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74(2), 293. Cropanzano, R., & Mitchell, M. S. (2005). Social exchange theory: An interdisciplinary review. Journal of Management, 31(6), 874-900. Cropanzano, R., Goldman, B. M., & Benson III, L. (2005). Organizational justice. Handbook of work stress, 63-87. Cropanzano, R., Howes, J. C., Grandey, A. A., & Toth, P. (1997). The relationship of organizational politics and support to work behaviors, attitudes, and stress. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 18(2), 159-180. Cropanzano, R., Prehar, C. A., & Chen, P. Y. (2002). Using social exchange theory to distinguish procedural from interactional justice. Group & Organization Management, 27(3), 324-351. Crossan, M. M., & Apaydin, M. (2010). A multi‐dimensional framework of organizational innovation: A systematic review of the literature. Journal of Management Studies, 47(6), 1154-1191. Cuepacs (2013). Syor Pegawai Imigresen Ditukar Setiap 6 Bulan. Retrieved from: http://cuepacs.blogspot.my/2013/11/syor-pegawai-imigresen-ditukar-setiap-6.html Cuepacs (2014). Cuepacs Sokong Kenaikan Elaun Anggota. Retrieved from http://cuepacs.blogspot.my/2014/08/cuepacs-sokong-kenaikan-elaun-anggota.html. Daft, R.L. (2005).The Leadership Experience (3rd ed.). Vancouver: Thomson-Southwestern Davis, W. D., & Gardner, W. L. (2004). Perceptions of politics and organizational cynicism: An attributional and leader–member exchange perspective. The Leadership Quarterly, 15(4), 439-465. De Vaus, D. A. (2002). Surveys in social research (5 ed.). London: UCL Press. Dean, J. W., Brandes, P., & Dharwadkar, R. (1998). Organizational cynicism. Academy of Management review, 23(2), 341-352. Deary, I. J., Blenkin, H., Agius, R. M., Endler, N. S., Zealley, H., & Wood, R. (1996). Models of job‐related stress and personal achievement among consultant doctors. British Journal of Psychology, 87(1), 3-29. Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The" what" and" why" of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological inquiry, 11(4), 227-268. Dee, J. R., Henkin, A. B., & Chen, J. H. H. (2000). Faculty autonomy: Perspectives from Taiwan. Higher Education, 40(2), 203-216. Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Nachreiner, F., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2001). The job demands-resources model of burnout. Journal of Applied psychology, 86(3), 499. Denison, D. R. (1996). What is the difference between organizational culture and organizational climate? A native's point of view on a decade of paradigm wars. Academy of management review, 21(3), 619-654. Deshpandé, R., Farley, J. U., & Webster Jr, F. E. (1993). Corporate culture, customer orientation, and innovativeness in Japanese firms: a quadrad analysis. The journal of Marketing, 23-37. Dobni, C. B. (2008). Measuring innovation culture in organizations: The development of a generalized innovation culture construct using exploratory factor analysis. European Journal of Innovation Management, 11(4), 539-559. Dollard, J., Miller, N. E., Doob, L. W., Mowrer, O. H., & Sears, R. R. (1939). Frustration and aggression. Dudley, D. R. (1937). A History of Cynicism from Diogenes to the 6th Century AD. Durbin, J., & Watson, G. S. (1951). Testing for serial correlation in least squares regression. II. Biometrika, 38(1/2), 159-177. Dysvik, A., & Kuvaas, B. (2011). Intrinsic motivation as a moderator on the relationship between perceived job autonomy and work performance. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 20(3), 367-387. Eaton, J., & Struthers, C. W. (2002). Using the internet for organizational research: A study of cynicism in the workplace. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 5(4), 305-313. Edwards, J. R., Cable, D. M., Williamson, I. O., Lambert, L. S., & Shipp, A. J. (2006). The phenomenology of fit: linking the person and environment to the subjective experience of person-environment fit. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(4), 802. Egan, D. L. (1981). Occupational cynicism: A comparative study of police officers, firefighters, and nurses (Doctoral dissertation, Hofstra University). Enciso, G., Enciso, G., Maskaly, J., Maskaly, J., Donner, C. M., & Donner, C. M. (2017). Organizational cynicism in policing: Examining the development and growth of cynicism among new police recruits. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, 40(1), 86-98. Ekehammar, B. (1974). Interactionism in personality from a historical perspective. Psychological bulletin, 81(12), 1026. El Kahal S (2001) Business in Asia Pacific. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press Elamin, A. M. (2012). Perceived organizational justice and work-related attitudes: a study of Saudi employees. World Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development, 8(1), 71-88. Elovainio, M., Kivimäki, M., & Vahtera, J. (2002). Organizational justice: evidence of a new psychosocial predictor of health. American journal of public health, 92(1), 105-108. Elovainio, M., Linna, A., Virtanen, M., Oksanen, T., Kivimäki, M., Pentti, J., & Vahtera, J. (2013). Perceived organizational justice as a predictor of long-term sickness absence due to diagnosed mental disorders: Results from the prospective longitudinal Finnish Public Sector Study. Social Science & Medicine, 91, 39-47. Emerson, R. M. (1976). Social exchange theory. Annual review of sociology, 335-362. Ensley, M. D., Pearson, A., & Pearce, C. L. (2003). Top management team process, shared leadership, and new venture performance: a theoretical model and research agenda. Human Resource Management Review, 13(2), 329-346. Erkutlu, H. (2011). The moderating role of organizational culture in the relationship between organizational justice and organizational citizenship behaviors. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 32(6), 532-554. Erkutlu, H. (2012). The impact of organizational culture on the relationship between shared leadership and team proactivity. Team Performance Management, 18(1/2), 102-119. Espedal, B. (2017). Understanding how balancing autonomy and power might occur in leading organizational change. European Management Journal, 35(2), 155-163. Fernandes, C., & Awamleh, R. (2006). Impact of organisational justice in an expatriate work environment. Management research news, 29(11), 701-712. Fernet, C., Austin, S., Trépanier, S. G., & Dussault, M. (2013). How do job characteristics contribute to burnout? Exploring the distinct mediating roles of perceived autonomy, competence, and relatedness. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 22(2), 123-137. Ferris, G. R., Arthur, M. M., Berkson, H. M., Kaplan, D. M., Harrell-Cook, G., & Frink, D. D. (1998). Toward a social context theory of the human resource management-organization effectiveness relationship. Human Resource Management Review, 8(3), 235-264. Fields, D., Pang, M., & Chiu, C. (2000). Distributive and procedural justice as predictors of employee outcomes in Hong Kong. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21(5), 547-562. Fischer, R. (2008). Rewarding seniority: investigating organizational and cultural determinants of seniority-based allocations. Journal of Social Psychology, 148, 167-186. Fischer, R., Ferreira, M. C., Assmar, E. M. L., Baris, G., Berberoglu, G., Dalyan, F., Wong, C.C., Hassan, A., Hanke, K., & Boer, D. (2014). Organizational practices across cultures An exploration in six cultural contexts. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 14(1), 105-125. Fiske, S. T., & Taylor, S. E. (1991). Social cognition, 1991. Social Cognition (2nd Ed.). Xviii, 717 Pp. New York, NY, England: Mcgraw-Hill Book Company. Fiske, S. T., & Taylor, S. E. (1991). Social cognition, 1991. Social Cognition (2nd Ed.). Xviii, 717 Pp. New York, NY, England: Mcgraw-Hill Book Company. Florea, N., Goldbach, I., & Goldbach, F. (2011). Relationships Between Human Resources Management and Organizational Culture. In Proceedings Of The European Conference On Management, Leadership & Governance, 487-496. Forehand, G. A., & Von Haller, G. (1964). Environmental variation in studies of organizational behavior. Psychological bulletin, 62(6), 361. Frenkel, S. J., Li, M., & Restubog, S. L. D. (2012). Management, organizational justice and emotional exhaustion among Chinese migrant workers: evidence from two manufacturing firms. British Journal of Industrial Relations, 50(1), 121-147. Frost, P. J., Moore, L. F., Louis, M. R. E., Lundberg, C. C., & Martin, J. E. (1985). Organizational culture. Sage Publications, Inc. Gagné, M., & Bhave, D. (2011). Autonomy in the workplace: An essential ingredient to employee engagement and well-being in every culture. In Human autonomy in cross-cultural context (pp. 163-187). Springer Netherlands. Gagné, M., & Deci, E. L. (2005). Self‐determination theory and work motivation. Journal of Organizational behavior, 26(4), 331-362. Gakovic, A., & Tetrick, L. E. (2003). Psychological contract breach as a source of strain for employees. Journal of Business and Psychology, 18(2), 235-246. Gandz, J., & Murray, V. V. (1980). The experience of workplace politics. Academy of Management Journal, 23(2), 237-251. Gardell, B. (1971). Produktionsteknik och arbetsglädje (No. 63). Personaladministrativa Rådet. Gay, L.R. (1996). Educational research – competencies for analysis and application (5th ed). New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc. Gelfand, M. J., Erez, M., & Aycan, Z. (2007). Cross-cultural organizational behavior. Annu. Rev. Psychol., 58, 479-514. Gellatly, I. R., & Irving, P. G. (2001). Personality, autonomy, and contextual performance of managers. Human Performance, 14(3), 231-245. Gillet, N., Fouquereau, E., Bonnaud-Antignac, A., Mokounkolo, R., & Colombat, P. (2013). The mediating role of organizational justice in the relationship between transformational leadership and nurses’ quality of work life: A cross-sectional questionnaire survey. International journal of nursing studies, 50(10), 1359-1367. Gim, G. C., & Desa, N. M. (2014). The Impacts of Organisational Justice on Normative Commitment among Public and Private Sector Employees in Malaysia. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Science, 8(5), 125-134. Gkorezis, P., Petridou, E., & Xanthiakos, P. (2014). Leader positive humor and organizational cynicism: LMX as a mediator. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 35(4), 305-315. Goldfarb, J. C. (1991). The cynical society: The culture of politics and the politics of culture in American life. University of Chicago Press. Government Transformation Programme. (2011). Retrieved from http://www.pemandu.gov.my/gtp/ Greenberg, J. (1987). A taxonomy of organizational justice theories. Academy of Management review, 12(1), 9-22. Greenberg, J. (1988). Cultivating an image of justices: Looking fair on the job. Academy of Management Executive, 11, 155-158. Greenberg, J. (1990). Employee theft as a reaction to underpayment inequity: The hidden cost of pay cuts. Journal of applied psychology, 75(5), 561. Greenberg, J. (2011). Organizational justice: The dynamics of fairness in the workplace. Griffin, D. E. (2006). The needle’s eye. First Things: A Monthly Journal of Religion & Public Life, 168, 50-52. Retrieved from Academic Search Premier. Griffin, R. W., & Bateman, T. S. (1986). Job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Guastello, S. J., Rieke, M. L., Guastello, D. D., & Billings, S. W. (1992). A study of cynicism, personality, and work values. The Journal of Psychology, 126(1), 37-48. Güzel, B., Perçin, N. Ş., & Tükeltürk, Ş. A. (2011). The Relationship Of Perceived Organizational Support With Organizational Cynism And Its Effects On Turnover Intent: A Research On 4 And 5 Star Hotels. Young Economists Journal/Revista Tinerilor Economisti, 9(17). Haberberg, A., & Rieple, A. (2008). Strategic management: theory and application. Oxford University Press. Hackman, J. R., & Oldham, G. R. (1975). Development of the job diagnostic survey. Journal of applied psychology, 60(2), 159. Hackman, J. R., & Oldham, G. R. (1976). Motivation through the design of work: Test of a theory. Organizational behavior and human performance, 16(2), 250-279 Hackman, J. R., & Oldham, G. R. Work redesign. (1980). Massachusetts: Addison-Wesey Publishing Company. Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). New York: Pearson Prentice Hall. Harian Metro (2011). Cebisan Otak Bertaburan Selepas Terjatuh Dari Tingkat 12. Retrieved from: http://www2.hmetro.com.my/myMetro/articles/Jatuhdaritingkat12/Article/index_html Havener, C. (1999). Meaning: The secret of being alive. Beaver's Pond Press. Henne, D., & Locke, E. A. (1985). Job dissatisfaction: What are the consequences?. International Journal of Psychology, 20(2), 221-240. Heponiemi, T., Kuusio, H., Sinervo, T., & Elovainio, M. (2011). Job attitudes and well-being among public vs. private physicians: organizational justice and job control as mediators. The European Journal of Public Health, 21(4), 520-525. Heskett, J. (2012). The culture cycle: How to shape the unseen force that transforms performance. FT Press. Hochwarter, W. A., Kacmar, C., Perrewe, P. L., & Johnson, D. (2003). Perceived organizational support as a mediator of the relationship between politics perceptions and work outcomes. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 63(3), 438-456. Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture and organizations. International Studies of Management & Organization, 15-41. Holz-Clause, M. S., Koundinya, V. S. C., Franz, N. K., & Borich, T. O. (2012). Employee Job Autonomy and Control in a Restructured Extension Organization. International Journal of Agricultural Management and Development, 2(4), 277-283. Hon, A. H., & Leung, A. S. (2011). Employee creativity and motivation in the Chinese context: The moderating role of organizational culture. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 52(2), 125-134. Hopkins, K. D., & Gullickson, A. R. (1992). Response rates in survey research: A meta-analysis of the effects of monetary gratuities. The Journal of Experimental Education, 61(1), 52-62. Howard, L. W., & Cordes, C. L. (2010). Flight from unfairness: Effects of perceived injustice on emotional exhaustion and employee withdrawal. Journal of Business and Psychology, 25(3), 409-428. Howard, L. W., & Cordes, C. L. (2010). Flight from unfairness: Effects of perceived injustice on emotional exhaustion and employee withdrawal. Journal of Business and Psychology, 25(3), 409-428. Huck, S.W., Cormier, W.H., & Bounds, W.G. (1974). Reading statistics and research. New York: Harper & Row Publishers. Humphrey, S. E., Nahrgang, J. D., & Morgeson, F. P. (2007). Integrating motivational, social, and contextual work design features: a meta-analytic summary and theoretical extension of the work design literature. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(5), 1332. Hung, R. Y. Y., & Lien, B. Y. H. (2005). Developing Knowledge Management (KM): Contributions by Organizational Learning and Total Quality Management (TQM). Online Submission. Huseman, R. C., Hatfield, J. D., & Miles, E. W. (1987). A new perspective on equity theory: The equity sensitivity construct. Academy of management Review, 12(2), 222-234. Hussin, F., Abdullah, N., Abdullah, H., & Maamor, S. (2013). Aktiviti Ekonomi Sempadan di Perairan Sg. Golok-Rantau Panjang: Isu dan cabaran. Idris, N. (2010). Penyelidikan dalam pendidikan. Kuala Lumpur. McGraw Hill Education. İnce, M., & Gül, H. (2011). The Effect of Employees' Perceptions of Organizational Justice on Organizational Citizenship Behavior: An Application in Turkish Public Institutions. International Journal of Business & Management, 6(6). Ince, M., & Turan, S. (2011). Organizational Cynicism as A Factor that Affects the Organizational Change in the Process of Globalization and An Application in Karaman’s Public Institutions. Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Sciences, 37, 104-121. Iqbal, A (2013) Impact of Job Autonomy and Supervisor’s and Co-Workers’ Support on Job Burnout and Satisfaction: The mediating Role of Emotional Labor. The International Journal of Economics and Management Sciences, 6(2) 67-23 James, M. S. L. (2005). Antecedents and Consequences Of Cynıcısm In Organızatıons: An Examınatıon Of The Potentıal Posıtıve and Negatıve Effects On School Systems (Dissertation Of Doctor Of Philosophy). Unpublished Doctor Dissertation, Florida: The Florida State Unıversıty College Of Busıness. Jang, S., Hong, K., Bock, G. W., & Kim, I. (2002). Knowledge management and process innovation: the knowledge transformation path in Samsung SDI. Journal of knowledge management, 6(5), 479-485. Javidan, M., House, R. J., & Dorfman, P. W. (2004). A nontechnical summary of GLOBE findings. Culture, leadership, and organizations: The GLOBE study of, 62, 29-48. Jex, S. M., Beehr, T. A., & Roberts, C. K. (1992). The meaning of occupational stress items to survey respondents. Journal of Applied Psychology, 77(5), 623. Johnson, J. L., & O'Leary‐Kelly, A. M. (2003). The effects of psychological contract breach and organizational cynicism: Not all social exchange violations are created equal. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 24(5), 627-647. JPA (2015)Transforming Public Service In Malaysia: Guidelines For Developing A Transformation Plan. Retrieved from: docs.jpa.gov.my/docs/transformasi/Manual/Guidelines_Transformation.pdf Kabanoff, B., & Daly, J. (2000). Values espoused by Australian and US organisations. Applied Psychology, 49(2), 284-314. Kahn, R. L., Wolfe, D. M., Quinn, R. P., Snoek, J. D., & Rosenthal, R. A. (1964). Organizational stress: Studies in role conflict and ambiguity. Oxford, England: John Wiley. Kalağan, G., & Aksu, M. B. (2010). Organizational cynicism of the research assistants: A Case of Akdeniz University. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2(2), 4820-4825. Kanter, D. L., & Mirvis, P. H. (1989). The cynical Americans: Living and working in an age of discontent and disillusion. Jossey-Bass. Kanungo, S., Sadavarti, S., & Srinivas, Y. (2001). Relating IT strategy and organizational culture: an empirical study of public sector units in India. The Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 10(1), 29-57. Kar, S., & Misra, K. C. (2013). Nexus between Work Life Balance Practices and Employee Retention–The Mediating Effect of a Supportive Culture. Asian Social Science, 9(11), P63. Karacaoğlu, K., & Ince, G. F. (2012). The effects of positive organizational behavior on organizational cynicism: A case study Kayseri’s manufacturing industry. Journal of Faculty of Economics & Administrative Sciences, 18(1), 181-202. Karasek, R. A. (1979). Job demands, job decision latitude, and mental strain: Implications for job redesign. Administrative science quarterly, 24(2). Karasek, R., Brisson, C., Kawakami, N., Houtman, I., Bongers, P., & Amick, B. (1998). The Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ): an instrument for internationally comparative assessments of psychosocial job characteristics. Journal of occupational health psychology, 3(4), 322. Karatepe, O. M. (2011). Do job resources moderate the effect of emotional dissonance on burnout?: A study in the city of Ankara, Turkey. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 23(1), 44-65. Kasalak, G., & Bilgin Aksu, M. (2014). The Relationship between Perceived Organizational Support and Organizational Cynicism of Research Assistants. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 14(1), 125-133. Kaya, N., Ergün, E., & Kesen, M. (2014). The Effects of Human Resource Management Practices and Organizational Culture Types on Organizational Cynicism: An empirical study in Turkey. British Journal of Arts & Social Sciences, 17(1). Kefela, G. T. (2010). Understanding organizational culture and leadership-Enhance efficiency and productivity. PM World Today, 12(1), 1-14. Kerlinger, F.N. (1973). Foundations of Behavioural Research. (2nd edition). New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston. Khamisabadi, J. (2013). The role of job autonomy in sanayefelezi Iran Coworkers, on how to shape and increasing the main job factors. International Research Journal of Applied and Basic Sciences, 5(4), 466-474. Khan, S. J. K., & Rashid, M. Z. A. (2012). The mediating effect of organizational commitment in the organizational culture, leadership and organizational justice relationship with organizational citizenship behaviour: A study of academicians in private higher learning institution in Malaysia. International Journal of Business and Social Sciences, 3(8), 83-91. Kim, T. Y., Aryee, S., Loi, R., & Kim, S. P. (2013). Person–organization fit and employee outcomes: test of a social exchange model. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 24(19), 3719-3737. Kim, T. Y., Bateman, T. S., Gilbreath, B., & Andersson, L. M. (2009). Top management credibility and employee cynicism: A comprehensive model. Human Relations, 62(10), 1435-1458. Kirkman, B. L., Lowe, K. B., & Gibson, C. B. (2006). A quarter century of culture's consequences: A review of empirical research incorporating Hofstede's cultural values framework. Journal of international business studies, 37(3), 285-320. Kirkman, B.L. and Rosen, B. (1999), “Beyond self-management: antecedents and consequences of team empowerment”, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 42 No. 1, pp. 58-74. Koberg, C. S., & Chusmir, L. H. (1987). Organizational culture relationships with creativity and other job-related variables. Journal of Business research, 15(5), 397-409 Koeske, G. F., & Koeske, R. D. (1989). Construct validity of the Maslach Burnout Inventory: A critical review and reconceptualization. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 25(2), 131-144. Kohn, M. L., & Schooler, C. (1973). Occupational experience and psychological functioning: An assessment of reciprocal effects. American Sociological Review, 97-118. Kop, N., Euwema, M., & Schaufeli, W. (1999). Burnout, job stress and violent behaviour among Dutch police officers. Work & Stress, 13(4), 326-340. Koslowsky, M. (1998). Modeling the stress–strain relationship in work settings. London, KPISM (2012), Retrived from: http://kpism2012.blogspot.my/ KPISM (2016). KPISM, Hargai Inisiatif KSN. Retrieved from http://kpism.blogspot.my/2016/09/ kpism-hargai-inisiatif-ksn.html Kratina, S. H. (1990). Organizational culture and head nurse leadership: the relationship to nurses' job satisfaction and turnover in hospital settings (Doctoral dissertation, Georgia State University-College of Education). Krejcie, R. V., & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and psychological measurement, 30(3), 607-610. Kristof, A. L. (1996). Person‐organization fit: An integrative review of its conceptualizations, measurement, and implications. Personnel psychology, 49(1), 1-49. Kristof‐Brown, A. L., Zimmerman, R. D., & Johnson, E. C. (2005). Consequences of Individuals'fit At Work: A Meta‐Analysis Of Person–Job, Person–Organization, Person–Group, And Person–Supervisor Fit. Personnel psychology, 58(2), 281-342. Kroth, M., & Peutz, J. (2011). Workplace issues in Extension—A delphi study of Extension educators. Journal of Extension, 49(1), 1RIB1. Kumar, M., Talib, S. A., & Ramayah, T. (2013). Business Research Methods. Oxford Fajar/Oxford University Press. Kuvaas, B. (2008). An exploration of how the employee–organization relationship affects the linkage between perception of developmental human resource practices and employee outcomes*. Journal of Management Studies, 45(1), 1-25. Kwakman, K. (2003). Factors affecting teachers’ participation in professional learning activities. Teaching and teacher education, 19(2), 149-170. Lægreid, P., Roness, P. G., & Verhoest, K. (2011). Explaining the innovative culture and activities of state agencies. Organization Studies, 32(10), 1321-1347. Lai, M. F., & Lee, G. G. (2007). Relationships of organizational culture toward knowledge activities. Business Process Management Journal, 13(2), 306-322. Lambert, E. G., Altheimer, I., Hogan, N. L., & Barton-Bellessa, S. M. (2011). Correlates of Correctional Orientation in a Treatment-Oriented Prison A Partial Test of Person—Environment Fit Theory. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 38(5), 453-470 Lambert, E. G., Hogan, N. L., Jiang, S., Elechi, O. O., Benjamin, B., Morris, A., ... & Dupuy, P. (2010). The relationship among distributive and procedural justice and correctional life satisfaction, burnout, and turnover intent: An exploratory study. Journal of Criminal justice, 38(1), 7-16. Langfred, C. W. (2004). Too much of a good thing? Negative effects of high trust and individual autonomy in self-managing teams. Academy of management journal, 47(3), 385-399. Lee, R. T., & Ashforth, B. E. (1990). On the meaning of Maslach's three dimensions of burnout. Journal of applied psychology, 75(6), 743. Leedy, & Ormond, J.E. (2001). Practical research: planning & design. 7th edition. New Jersey. Prentice Hall. Leiter, J. (1985). Work Alienation in the Textile Industry Reassessing Blauner. Work and Occupations, 12(4), 479-498. Leiter, M. P. (1988). Commitment as a function of stress reactions among nurses: A model of psychological evaluations of work settings. Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health (Revue canadienne de santé mentale communautaire), 7(1), 117-133. Leiter, M. P. (1993). Burnout as a developmental process: Consideration of models. Professional burnout: Recent developments in theory and research, 237-250. Lenth, R. V. (2001). Some practical guidelines for effective sample size determination. The American Statistician, 55(3), 187-193 Leung, K. (2005). How generalizable are justice effects across cultures? Handbook of organizational justice , (pp. 555-586). Mahwah, NJ, US: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers Leung, K., & Bond, M. H. (1984). The impact of cultural collectivism on reward allocation. Journal of Personality and Social psychology, 47(4), 793. Leung, K., & Lind, E. A. (1986). Procedural justice and culture: Effects of culture, gender, and investigator status on procedural preferences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50(6), 1134. Leung, K., Ip, O. K., & Leung, K. K. (2010). Social cynicism and job satisfaction: A longitudinal analysis. Applied Psychology, 59(2), 318-338. Leventhal, G. S. (1980). What should be done with equity theory? (pp. 27-55). Springer US. Lewin, K. (1935). A dynamic theory of personality: Selected papers (DK Adams & KE Zener, Trans.). New York: McGraw.. Lewin, K. (1951). Field theory in social science: selected theoretical papers (Edited by Dorwin Cartwright.). Liljegren, M., & Ekberg, K. (2009). The associations between perceived distributive, procedural, and interactional organizational justice, self-rated health and burnout. Work: A Journal of Prevention, Assessment and Rehabilitation, 33(1), 43-51. Lind, E. A., & Tyler, T. R. (1988). The social psychology of procedural justice. Springer. Lorinkova, N. M., & Perry, S. J. (2014). When Is Empowerment Effective? The Role of Leader-Leader Exchange in Empowering Leadership, Cynicism, and Time Theft. Journal of Management, 26. Loseke, D. R., & Cahill, S. E. (1986). Actors in search of a character: Student social workers' quest for professional identity. Symbolic Interaction, 9(2), 245-258. Lund, D. B. (2003). Organizational culture and job satisfaction. Journal of business & industrial marketing, 18(3), 219-236. Mahazril‘Aini, Y., Zuraini, Y., Hafizah, H. A. K., Aminuddin, A., Zakaria, Z., Noordin, N., & Mohamed, B. A. (2012). Work motivation among Malaysian public servants. Asian Social Science, 8(12), p238. Manaf, A. H. A., Latif, L. A., & Ali, J. (2014). Organizational Justice as a Predictor of Self-Perveived Work Performance: A Perspective from the Malaysian Higher Educational Institution. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 5(23), 319. Marchese, M. C., & Ryan, J. (2001). Capitalizing on the benefits of utilizing part-time employees through job autonomy. Journal of Business and Psychology, 15(4), 549-560. Marks, M. A., Mathieu, J. E., & Zaccaro, S. J. (2001). A temporally based framework and taxonomy of team processes. Academy of Management Review, 26(3), 356-376. Martins, E. C., & Terblanche, F. (2003). Building organisational culture that stimulates creativity and innovation. European journal of innovation management, 6(1), 64-74. Maslach, C. (2003). Burnout: The cost of caring. ISHK. Maslach, C., & Leiter, M. P. (1997). The Truth About Burnout: How Organizations Cause Personal Stress and What To Do About It. Maslach, C., Jackson, S. E., & Leiter, M. P. (1996). Maslach burnout inventory manual . Mountain View, CA: CPP. Inc., and Davies-Black. Maslach, C., Schaufeli, W. B., & Leiter, M. P. (2001). Job burnout. Annual review of psychology, 52(1), 397-422 Maslow, A. H. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological review, 50(4), 370. Masterson, S. S., Lewis, K., Goldman, B. M., & Taylor, M. S. (2000). Integrating justice and social exchange: The differing effects of fair procedures and treatment on work relationships. Academy of Management journal, 43(4), 738-748. Mat, N. H. N., & Zabidi, Z. N. (2010). Professionalism in practices: a preliminary study on Malaysian public universities. International Journal of Business and Management, 5(8), p138. McCarthy, A. M., & Garavan, T. N. (2007). Understanding acceptance of multisource feedback for management development. Personnel Review, 36(6), 903-917. McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (1986). Personality, coping, and coping effectiveness in an adult sample. Journal of personality, 54(2), 385-404. McCreary, D.R., & Thompson, M.M. (2006). Development of two reliable and valid measures of stressors in policing: the operational and organizational police stress questionnaires. International Journal of Stress Management, 13, 494-518 McDowall, A., & Fletcher, C. (2004). Employee development: an organizational justice perspective. Personnel Review, 33(1), 8-29. McLean, L. D. (2005). Organizational culture’s influence on creativity and innovation: A review of the literature and implications for human resource development. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 7(2), 226-246. McMillan-Capehart, A., & Richard, O. (2005). Organisational justice and perceived fairness of hiring decisions related to race and gender: affirmative action reactions. Equal Opportunities International, 24(1), 44-57. Messner, W. (2013). Effect of organizational culture on employee commitment in the Indian IT services sourcing industry. Journal of Indian Business Research, 5(2), 76-100. Meyer, J. P., Stanley, L. J., & Parfyonova, N. M. (2012). Employee commitment in context: The nature and implication of commitment profiles. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 80(1), 1-16. Meyer, M. J. (1987). Stoics, rights, and autonomy. American Philosophical Quarterly, 267-271. Meyers, L. S., Gamst, G., & Guarino, A. J. (2006). Applied multivariate research: Design and interpretation. Sage. Ministry of Finance Malaysia,(2016) 2016 Budget: Prospering The Rakyat. Retrieved from: http://www.treasury.gov.my/pdf/budget/speech/ TouchPoints_Bajet_2016_BI.pdf. Ministry of Home Affairs (2012). Bahagian Hal Ehwal Imigresen. Retrived from: http://www.moha.gov.my/index.php/en/maklumat-korporat/maklumat-bahagian/bahagian-hal-ehwal-imigresen Mirvis, P. H., & Kanter, D. L. (1991). Beyond demography: A psychographic profile of the workforce. Human Resource Management, 30(1), 45-68. MOHA (2015). Perkhidmatan Imigresen: Benteng Keselamatan Negara. Retrieved from: http://www.moha.gov.my/index.php/en/kdn-sana-sini/2563-perkhidmatan-imigresen-benteng-keselamatan-negara Mohamed, M. T. (2013). Determinants of Work Relation Perception: Organizational Culture in Egyptian Workplaces. International Journal of Psychological Studies, 5(4), p86. Mohd Noor, N. A., & Mohd Walid, Z. (2012). Faktor Penentu kepada Sinisisme Pekerja terhadap Perubahan Khusus dan Hubungannya dengan Niat untuk Menentang Perubahan dalam Sistem Politeknik di Malaysia (Determinant Factors of Employee’s Cynicism towards Specific Change and its Relationship with Inten. Jurnal Pengurusan, 35. Moliner, C., Martínez Tur, V., Peiró, J. M., Ramos, J., & Cropanzano, R. (2013). Perceived Reciprocity and Well Being at Work in Non‐Professional Employees: Fairness or Self‐Interest?. Stress and Health, 29(1), 31-39. Moliner, C., Martínez-Tur, V., Peiró, J. M., Ramos, J., & Cropanzano, R. (2005). Relationships Between Organizational Justice and Burnout at the Work-Unit Level. International Journal of Stress Management, 12(2), 99. Moorman, R. H. (1991). Relationship between organizational justice and organizational citizenship behaviors: do fairness perceptions influence employee citizenship?. Journal of applied psychology, 76(6), 845. Morgeson, F. P., Delaney-Klinger, K., & Hemingway, M. A. (2005). The importance of job autonomy, cognitive ability, and job-related skill for predicting role breadth and job performance. Journal of applied psychology, 90(2), 399. Morris, M., & Leung, K. (2000). Justice for all? Progress in research on cultural variation in the psychology of distributive and procedural justice. Applied Psychology, 49(1), 100-132. Muchinsky, P. M., & Monahan, C. J. (1987). What is person-environment congruence? Supplementary versus complementary models of fit. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 31(3), 268-277. Murray, H. A. (1938). Explorations in personality. Oxford, England: Oxford Univ. Press Myers, R. H. (1990). Classical and modem regression with applications. 2nd ed. Boston, MA: PWS-Kent Publishing Company. Myhill, A., & Bradford, B. (2013). Overcoming cop culture? Organizational justice and police officers’ attitudes toward the public. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, 36(2), 338-356. Na Ayutthaya, J. S., Tuntivivat, S., & Prasertsin, U. (2016). The effect of positive psychological capital and organizational climate on service quality: The mediation role of work engagement of hotel service employees in Ratchaburi province. Journal of Administrative and Business Studies, 2(4), 167-176. Nadiri, H., & Tanova, C. (2010). An investigation of the role of justice in turnover intentions, job satisfaction, and organizational citizenship behavior in hospitality industry. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 29(1), 33-41. Nafei, W. (2014). Job Attitudes as a Mediator of the Relationship between Organizational Cynicism and Organizational Citizenship Behavior: An Applied Study on Teaching Hospital in Egypt. International Journal of Business Administration, 5(1), p31. Nafei, W. A. (2013). Examining the Relationship between Organizational Cynicism and Organizational Change: A Study from Egyptian Context. Journal of Business Administration Research, 2(2), p1. Nafei, W. A. (2013). The Effects of Organizational Cynicism on Job Attitudes an Empirical Study on Teaching Hospitals in Egypt. International Business Research, 6(7), p52. Nair, P., & Kamalanabhan, T. J. (2010). The impact of cynicism on ethical intentions of Indian managers: The moderating role of seniority. Journal of International Business Ethics, 3(1). Naqvi, S. R., Ishtiaq, M., Kanwal, N., & Ali, M. (2013). Impact of Job Autonomy on Organizational Commitment and Job Satisfaction: The Moderating Role of Organizational Culture in Fast Food Sector of Pakistan. International Journal of Business and Management, 8(17), p92. Naus, F., van Iterson, A., & Roe, R. (2007). Organizational cynicism: Extending the exit, voice, loyalty, and neglect model of employees' responses to adverse conditions in the workplace. Human Relations, 60(5), 683-718. Naus, F., van Iterson, A., & Roe, R. A. (2007). Value incongruence, job autonomy, and organization-based self-esteem: A self-based perspective on organizational cynicism. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 16(2), 195-219. Nelson, L., & O'Donohue, W. (2006). Alienation, psychology and human resource management. Niederhoffer, A. (1967). Behind the shield: The police in urban society (pp. 103-51). New York: Doubleday. Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric theory. NY: McGraw-Hill Inc. Oldham, G. R., & Cummings, A. (1996). Employee creativity: Personal and contextual factors at work. Academy of management journal, 39(3), 607-634. Oldham, G. R., & Hackman, J. R. (1981). Relationships between organizational structure and employee reactions: Comparing alternative frameworks. Administrative Science Quarterly, 26(1). O'Leary-Kelly, A. M., Griffin, R. W., & Glew, D. J. (1996). Organization-motivated aggression: A research framework. Academy of management review, 21(1), 225-253. Oppenheim, A.N. (1992). Questionnaire design & attitude measurement. New York: Gower Pub. Co. OReilly, C. A., & Chatman, J. A. (1996). Culture as social control: Corporations, cults, and commitment. Research In Organizational Behavior, Vol 18, 1996, 18, 157-200. O'Reilly, C. A., Chatman, J., & Caldwell, D. F. (1991). People and organizational culture: A profile comparison approach to assessing person-organization fit. Academy of management journal, 34(3), 487-516. Ostroff, C., Shin, Y., & Kinicki, A. J. (2005). Multiple perspectives of congruence: Relationships between value congruence and employee attitudes. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26(6), 591-623. Özler, D. E., & Atalay, C. G. (2011). A research to determine the relationship between organizational cynicism and burnout levels of employees in health sector. Business and Management Review, 1(4), 26-38. Ozler, E., Derya, A., & Ceren, A. G. (2011). A Research to Determine the Relationship between Organizational Cynicism and Burnout Levels of Employees in Health Sector. Business and Management Review, 1(4), 26-38. Özler, E., Derya, A., Giderler, C., & Şahin, D. (2010). Örgütlerde Sinizm Güvensizlikle Mi Bulaşır? Organizasyon ve Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(2), 47-57 Pallant, J. (2007). SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using SPSS for windows (version 15) (3rd ed.). England: Open University Press, McGraw-Hill Education. Pallant, J. (2010). SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using SPSS for windows (version 10 and 11). Philadelphia, PA, USA: Open University Press. Pallant, J. (2011). SPSS Survival Manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using SPSS. Australia. Panaccio, A., & Vandenberghe, C. (2009). Perceived organizational support, organizational commitment and psychological well-being: A longitudinal study. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 75(2), 224-236. Parish, J. T., Cadwallader, S., & Busch, P. (2008). Want to, need to, ought to: employee commitment to organizational change. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 21(1), 32-52. Parker, S. K., Axtell, C. M., & Turner, N. (2001). Designing a safer workplace: Importance of job autonomy, communication quality, and supportive supervisors. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 6(3), 211. Parsons, F. (1909). Choosing a vocation. Houghton Mifflin. Patra, S., & Singh, V. P. (2012). The Challenge of Retaining Employees: Employee Engagement, Reducing Cynicism And Determinants Of Employee Retention. Global J. of Arts & Mgmt, 2(1). Pelit, E., & Pelit, N. (2014). The effects of mobbing on organizational cynicism: A study on hotels in Turkey. International Journal of Human Resource Studies, 4(1), 34. PEMANDU (Performance Management and Delivery Unit). (2010). Government Transformation Programme - The Road Map, Jabatan Perdana Menteri (JPM). Retrieved from: https://www.pemandu.gov.my/assets/publications/ roadmaps/GTP_1.0_Roadmap_Executive%20Summary.pdf Perrewé, P. L., Zellars, K. L., Ferris, G. R., Rossi, A. M., Kacmar, C. J., & Ralston, D. A. (2004). Neutralizing job stressors: Political skill as an antidote to the dysfunctional consequences of role conflict. Academy of Management Journal, 47(1), 141-152. Pervin, L. A. (1968). Performance and Satisfaction as a Function of Individual-Environment Fit. Psychological Bulletin, 69(1), 56. Pervin, L. A. (1989). Persons, situations, interactions: The history of a controversy and a discussion of theoretical models. Academy of Management Review, 14(3), 350-360. Pillai, R., Scandura, T. A., & Williams, E. A. (1999). Leadership and organizational justice: Similarities and differences across cultures. Journal of International Business Studies, 763-779. Pillai, R., Williams, E. S., & Justin Tan, J. (2001). Are the scales tipped in favor of procedural or distributive justice? An investigation of the US, India, Germany, and Hong Kong (China). International Journal of Conflict Management, 12(4), 312-332. Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Paine, J. B., & Bachrach, D. G. (2000). Organizational citizenship behaviors: A critical review of the theoretical and empirical literature and suggestions for future research. Journal of management, 26(3), 513-563. Polat, S. (2013). The impact of teachers organizational trust perceptions on organizational cynicism perception. Educational Research and Reviews, 8(16), 1483-1488. Public Complaints Bureau, (2015). Retrieved from http://www.pcb.gov.my/bm/complaint/statistics-by-year Public Service Department of Malaysia, (2015). Transforming Public Service In Malaysia: Guidelines For Developing A Transformation Plan. Qian, Y., & Daniels, T. D. (2008). A communication model of employee cynicism toward organizational change. Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 13(3), 319-332. Rabie, N., Karimi, F., & Sadigh, A. (2016). The effect of transformational leadership style and organizational culture on the formation of organizational cynicism in the Agricultural Bank of Tehran. Management Science Letters, 6(6), 443-454. Randall, M. L., Cropanzano, R., Bormann, C. A., & Birjulin, A. (1999). Organizational politics and organizational support as predictors of work attitudes, job performance, and organizational citizenship behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 20(2), 159-174. Rasool, S., Kiyani, A. A., Aslam, M. J., Akram, M. U., & Rajput, A. A. (2012). Impact of Organizational Culture on Employee's Career Salience: An Empirical Study of Banking Sector in Islamabad, Pakistan. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 3(7). Raza Naqvi, S. M. M., Ishtiaq, M., Nousheen, N., & Ali, M. (2013). Impact of Job Autonomy on Organizational Commitment and Job Satisfaction: The Moderating Role of Organizational Culture in Fast Food Sector of Pakistan. International Journal of Business & Management, 8(17). Reichers, A. E., Wanous, J. P., & Austin, J. T. (1997). Understanding and managing cynicism about organizational change. The Academy of Management Executive, 11(1), 48-59. Reithel, S. M., Baltes, B. B., & Buddhavarapu, S. (2007). Cultural differences in distributive and procedural justice does a two-factor model fit for Hong Kong employees?. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 7(1), 61-76. Retrieved from: http://www.bharian.com.my/node/206137 Rezaiean, A., Givi, M. E., Givi, H. E., & Nasrabadi, M. B. (2010). The Relationship between Organizational Justice and Organizational Citizenship Behaviors: The Mediating Role of Organizational Commitment, Satisfaction and Trust. Research Journal of Business Management, 4(2). Ribbers, I. L. (2009). Trust, Cynicism, and Organizational Change: The Role of Management. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Üniversity of Tilburg Department Organisation and Strategy, Tilburg. Richardsen, A. M., Burke, R. J., & Martinussen, M. (2006). Work and health outcomes among police officers: The mediating role of police cynicism and engagement. International Journal of Stress Management, 13(4), 555. Rijal, S. (2016). The influence of transformational leadership and organizational culture on learning organization: A comparative analysis of the IT sector. Thailand. Journal of Administrative and Business studies, 2(3), 121-129. Risjord, M. W., Dunbar, S. B., & Moloney, M. F. (2002). A new foundation for methodological triangulation. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 34(3), 269 Robbins, J. M., Ford, M. T., & Tetrick, L. E. (2012). Perceived unfairness and employee health: a meta-analytic integration. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97(2), 235. Robinson, S. L., & O'Leary-Kelly, A. M. (1998). Monkey see, monkey do: The influence of work groups on the antisocial behavior of employees. Academy of Management Journal, 41(6), 658-672. Roche, M., & Haar, J. (2010). Selfdetermination Theory And Interrole Performance: The Moderating Effects Of Perceived Autonomous Support. In Fourteenth Labour, Employment and Work Conference, Wellington, New Zealand. Retrieved from http://www. victoria.ac.nz/vms/research centres/LEW_Papers/C4_Roche_Haar_LEW_Final.pdf. Rokeach, M. (1968), Beliefs, Attitudes, and Values, San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Roscoe, J. T. (1969). Fundamental research statistics for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Rossi, I., & O'Higgins, E. (1980). The development of theories of culture. People in culture, 31-78. Rousseau, D. M. (1989). Psychological and implied contracts in organizations. Employee responsibilities and rights journal, 2(2), 121-139. Rubin, R. S., Dierdorff, E. C., Bommer, W. H., & Baldwin, T. T. (2009). Do leaders reap what they sow? Leader and employee outcomes of leader organizational cynicism about change. The Leadership Quarterly, 20(5), 680-688. Runhaar, P., Konermann, J., & Sanders, K. (2013). Teachers' organizational citizenship behaviour: Considering the roles of their work engagement, autonomy and leader–member exchange. Teaching and Teacher Education, 30, 99-108. Sadler‐Smith, E., El‐Kot, G., & Leat, M. (2003). Differentiating work autonomy facets in a non‐Western context. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 24(6), 709-731. Saragih, S. (2012). The effects of job autonomy on work outcomes: Self efficacy as an intervening variable. International Research Journal of Business Studies, 4(3). Sarantakos, S. (1998). Social research (2nd ed). South Melbourne: Macmillan. Schein, E. H. (1984). Coming to a new awareness of organizational culture. Sloan management review, 25(2), 3-16. Schein, E. H. (1990). Organizational culture (Vol. 45, No. 2, p. 109). American Psychological Association. Schein, E. H. (1992). Coming to a new awareness of organizational culture (pp. 237-54). Sage. Schilpzand, M. C., Martins, L. L., Kirkman, B. L., Lowe, K. B., & Chen, Z. X. (2013). The Relationship between Organizational Justice and Organizational Citizenship Behaviour: The Role of Cultural Value Orientations. Management and Organization Review, 9(2), 345-374. Schneider, B. (1987). E= f (P, B): The road to a radical approach to person-environment fit. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 31(3), 353-361. |