Mediating role of resilience in the relationships of social capital, commitment and career success of entrepreneurs in Nigeria

Mediating role of resilience in the relationships of social capital, commitment and career success of entrepreneurs in Nigeria

Although the positive relationships among social capital, commitment, and career success were well documented, however, there were relatively few studies relating these variables in developing economies, and especially in Nigeria. Additionally, how resilience actually shapes the relationships betwee...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Isyaku, Salisu
Format: Thesis
Language:eng
eng
Published: 2018
Subjects:
HB615-715 Entrepreneurship
Risk and uncertainty
Property
Online Access:https://etd.uum.edu.my/7934/1/s90376_01.pdf
https://etd.uum.edu.my/7934/2/s90376_02.pdf
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
id my-uum-etd.7934
record_format uketd_dc
institution Universiti Utara Malaysia
collection UUM ETD
language eng
eng
advisor Hashim, Norashidah
topic HB615-715 Entrepreneurship
Risk and uncertainty
Property
spellingShingle HB615-715 Entrepreneurship
Risk and uncertainty
Property
Isyaku, Salisu
Mediating role of resilience in the relationships of social capital, commitment and career success of entrepreneurs in Nigeria
description Although the positive relationships among social capital, commitment, and career success were well documented, however, there were relatively few studies relating these variables in developing economies, and especially in Nigeria. Additionally, how resilience actually shapes the relationships between social capital (bonding and bridging), commitment and career success of entrepreneurs is somehow neglected. Therefore, the central objective of this study is to examine the mediating role of resilience in the relationships of social capital (bonding and bridging), commitment and career success of entrepreneurs in Nigeria. The study drew from the conservation of resources, broaden-and-build, and social capital theories to explain these relationships. The study gathered data from 390 entrepreneurs in Nigeria by crosssectional approach. The study used two-stage cluster sampling approach to select the required clusters and simple random sampling to select the final samples from the total population. The questionnaires were distributed and collected through selfadministered technique. The hypotheses were tested using Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modelling statistical software (Smart-PLS 3). The findings revealed that bonding, commitment as well as resilience were significant and positive predictors of career success of entrepreneurs. Also, resilience significantly intervened in the relationships between bonding social capital and career success and between commitment and career success. The outcomes of this study deliver essential insights to entrepreneurs, researchers as well as policy makers to further understand the effects of social capital, commitment and resilience on career success. The findings suggested that for entrepreneurs to be successful in their career, they need to have a good connection with their immediate people, group and community and be committed toward achieving their career. More importantly, the results revealed the need for them to be resilient due to the turbulent nature of their environment. Theoretical, methodological and practical implications were also discussed.
format Thesis
qualification_name other
qualification_level Doctorate
author Isyaku, Salisu
author_facet Isyaku, Salisu
author_sort Isyaku, Salisu
title Mediating role of resilience in the relationships of social capital, commitment and career success of entrepreneurs in Nigeria
title_short Mediating role of resilience in the relationships of social capital, commitment and career success of entrepreneurs in Nigeria
title_full Mediating role of resilience in the relationships of social capital, commitment and career success of entrepreneurs in Nigeria
title_fullStr Mediating role of resilience in the relationships of social capital, commitment and career success of entrepreneurs in Nigeria
title_full_unstemmed Mediating role of resilience in the relationships of social capital, commitment and career success of entrepreneurs in Nigeria
title_sort mediating role of resilience in the relationships of social capital, commitment and career success of entrepreneurs in nigeria
granting_institution Universiti Utara Malaysia
granting_department School of Business Management
publishDate 2018
url https://etd.uum.edu.my/7934/1/s90376_01.pdf
https://etd.uum.edu.my/7934/2/s90376_02.pdf
_version_ 1747828292387340288
spelling my-uum-etd.79342022-08-21T07:27:50Z Mediating role of resilience in the relationships of social capital, commitment and career success of entrepreneurs in Nigeria 2018 Isyaku, Salisu Hashim, Norashidah School of Business Management School of Business Management HB615-715 Entrepreneurship. Risk and uncertainty. Property Although the positive relationships among social capital, commitment, and career success were well documented, however, there were relatively few studies relating these variables in developing economies, and especially in Nigeria. Additionally, how resilience actually shapes the relationships between social capital (bonding and bridging), commitment and career success of entrepreneurs is somehow neglected. Therefore, the central objective of this study is to examine the mediating role of resilience in the relationships of social capital (bonding and bridging), commitment and career success of entrepreneurs in Nigeria. The study drew from the conservation of resources, broaden-and-build, and social capital theories to explain these relationships. The study gathered data from 390 entrepreneurs in Nigeria by crosssectional approach. The study used two-stage cluster sampling approach to select the required clusters and simple random sampling to select the final samples from the total population. The questionnaires were distributed and collected through selfadministered technique. The hypotheses were tested using Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modelling statistical software (Smart-PLS 3). The findings revealed that bonding, commitment as well as resilience were significant and positive predictors of career success of entrepreneurs. Also, resilience significantly intervened in the relationships between bonding social capital and career success and between commitment and career success. The outcomes of this study deliver essential insights to entrepreneurs, researchers as well as policy makers to further understand the effects of social capital, commitment and resilience on career success. The findings suggested that for entrepreneurs to be successful in their career, they need to have a good connection with their immediate people, group and community and be committed toward achieving their career. More importantly, the results revealed the need for them to be resilient due to the turbulent nature of their environment. Theoretical, methodological and practical implications were also discussed. 2018 Thesis https://etd.uum.edu.my/7934/ https://etd.uum.edu.my/7934/1/s90376_01.pdf text eng public https://etd.uum.edu.my/7934/2/s90376_02.pdf text eng public other doctoral Universiti Utara Malaysia Abbasi, A., Wigand, R. T., & Hossain, L. (2014). Measuring Social Capital and its influence on Individual Performance. Library and Information Science Research, 36(1), 66-73. Abbott, M. L., & McKinney, J. (2013). Understanding and applying research design. John Wiley and Sons. Abdulrauf, A. A., & bin Ishak, S. (2016). An Exploratory Data Analysis on Social Media and Youth Online Political Participation in Nigeria and Malaysia. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Approach & Studies, 3(1). Abebe, M.A., & Angriawan, A. (2014). Organizational and competitive influences of exploration and exploitation activities in small firms. Journal of Business Research, 67(3), 339-345. Abele, A. E., & Spurk, D. (2009a). The longitudinal impact of self-efficacy and career goals on objective and subjective career success. Journal of Vocational Behaviour, 74(1), 53-62. Abele, A. E., & Spurk, D. (2009b). How do objective and subjective career success interrelate overtime? Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 82(4), 803-824 Abele, A. E., & Wiese, B. S. (2008). The nomological network of self-management strategies and career success. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 81(4), 733-749. Abele, A. E., Hagmaier, T., & Spurk, D. (2016). Does Career Success Make You Happy? The Mediating Role of Multiple Subjective Success Evaluations. Journal of Happiness Studies, 17(4), 1615-1633. Abele, A. E., Spurk, D., & Volmer, J. (2011). The construct of career success: measurement issues and an empirical example. Zeitschrift far Arbeitsmarktforschung, 43(3), 195-206. Abeysekera, R., Patton, D., & Mullineux, A. (2015). Co-Production in Business Counselling in Microfinance Setting: A Conceptual Approach. Journal of Enterprising Culture, 23(3), 299-319. Abiola, T., & Udofia, O. (2011). Psychometric assessment of the Wagnild and Young's resilience scale in Kano, Nigeria. BMC Research Notes, 4(1), 1. Abiola, T., Olorukooba, H. O., & Afolayan, J. (2017). Wellbeing elements leading to resilience among undergraduate nursing students. International Journal of Africa Nursing Sciences, 7, 1-3. Abolghasemi, A., & Varaniyab, S. T. (2010). Resilience and perceived stress: Predictors of life satisfaction in the students of success and failure. ProcediaSocial and Behavioural Sciences, 5, 748-752. Aborisade, R. & Obioha, E.E. (2009). The Role of Motivation in Enhancing Job Commitment in Nigeria Industries: A Case Study of Energy Foods Company Limited, Ibadan. Journal of Social Science, 19(2): 149-154 Abramson, D. M., Grattan, L. M., Mayer, B., Colten, C. E., Arosemena, F. A., BedimoRung, A., & Lichtveld, M. (2014). The Resilience Activation Framework: a conceptual model of how access to social resources promotes adaptation and rapid recovery in post-disaster settings. The journal of behavioural health services and research, 42(1), 42-57. Acs, Z. J., Szerb, L., & Autio, E. (2015). Global entrepreneurship and development index 2014, Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London. Adamu S., (2014, September 6) Nigeria, 50 years behind stable power supply. Retrieved from: http://tribune.com.ng/quicklinkss/features/item/15247-nigeria-50-years-behind-stable-power-supply/ 15247-nigeria-50-years-behind-stablepower-supply Adebowale S. (2016, December 27). Economy: Dangote commends Nigerians' resilience. Retrieved from: http://theeagleonline.eom.ng/economy-dangotecommends-nigerians-resilience/ Adger, W. N. (2010). Social capital, collective action, and adaptation to climate change. In Derklimawandel (pp. 327-345). VS Verlag fur Sozialwissenschaften. Adger, W. N., Agrawala, S., Mirza, M. M. Q., Conde, C., O'Brien, K., Pulhin, J., ... & Takahashi, K. (2007). Assessment of adaptation practices, options, constraints and capacity. Climate change, 717-743. Adler, P. S., & Kwon, S. W. (2002). Social capital: Prospects for a new concept. Academy of management review, 27(1), 17-40. Agampodi, T. C., Agampodi, S. B., Glozier, N., & Siribaddana, S. (2015). Measurement of social capital in relation to health in Low and Middle Income Countries (LMIC); a systematic review. Social Science and Medicine. 128, 95-104. Agawa Entrepreneurship Development Corporation (2013). Promoting Entrepreneurship as a Viable Career Option and Supporting New Ventures as a Student Success Imperative. Discussion Paper. Retrieved from: http://agawacorp.com/wp-content/ uploads/2013/05/Discussion-Paper-University-and-College-Entrepreneurship-In-Ontario.pdf Agenor, P. R., & Dinh, H. T. (2015). Social capital, product imitation and growth with learning externalities. Journal of Development Economics, 114, 41-54. Agger, A., & Jensen, J. O. (2015). Area-based Initiatives-And Their Work in Bonding, Bridging and Linking Social Capital. European Planning Studies, 23(10), 2045-2061. Agrawal, S., & Monroe, M. C. (2006). Using and improving social capital to increase community preparedness for wildfire. The public and wildland fire management: social science findings for managers. Gen. Tech Rep. NRS-1. Newtown Square, PA: US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station, 163-167. Aguilar, A. C., Mufioz, T. M. G., & Moro-Egido, A. I. (2013). Heterogeneous selfemployment and satisfaction in Latin America. Journal of Economic Psychology, 39, 44-61. Aguinis, H., Edwards, J. R., & Bradley, K. J. (2016). Improving Our Understanding of Moderation and Mediation in Strategic Management Research. Organizational Research Methods, 1-21 Aguinis, H., Gottfredson, R. K., & Joo, H. (2013). Best-practice recommendations for defining, identifying, and handling outliers. Organizational Research Methods, 16(2), 270-301. Ahiauzu, A., & Asawo, S. P. (2012). Impact of Clear and Compelling Vision on Workers' Commitment in Nigerian Organizations: An Examination of Workplace Spirituality. Journal of Leadership, Accountability and Ethics, 9(6), 113-124. Ahmed I. (26, October 2012) Business Activity Slows in Northern Nigeria. Retrieved from: http//www.voanews.com/content/business-activity-slows-in-northernnigeria/1534344 .html Ahn, C., Heo, M., & Zhang, S. (20 14). Sample Size Calculations for Clustered and Longitudinal Outcomes in Clinical Research. CRC Press. Airila, A., Hakanen, J. J., Schaufeli, W. B., Luukkonen, R., Punakallio, A, & Lusa, S. (2014). Are job and personal resources associated with work ability 10 years later? The mediating role of work engagement. Work & Stress, 28(1), 87-105. Akcomak, I.S., ter Weel, B., 2009. Social capital, innovation and growth: evidence from Europe. European Economic Review 53 (5), 544-567. Akinbode, G. A., & Fagbohungbe, O. B. (2012). Leadership and Organizational Factors as Predictors of Employees Organizational Commitment in Nigeria: An Empirical Analysis. Business and Management Research, 1(2), 69. Akinfe A. (2014) Up to 80% of Nigerian SMEs fail within five years due to a lack of finance. Retrieved from http://www.nigerianwatch.com/politics/2887-up-to-80-of-nigerian-smes-fail-within-five-years-due-to-a-lack-of-finance Akkermans, J ., & Tims, M. (2017). Crafting your career: How career competencies relate to career success via job crafting. Applied Psychology, 66(1), 168-195. Akkermans, J., Schaufeli, W. B., Brenninkmeijer, V., & Blonk, R. W. B. (2013). The role of career competencies in the Job Demands-Resources model. Journal of Vocational Behaviour, 83(3), 356-366. Akter, S., & Hani, U. (2011). Complex modeling in marketing using component based SEM, 1-9. Aküztüm, C., & Tan, Ҫ. (2014). Social Capital and Job Satisfaction as the Predictor of the Organizational Commitment. International Journal of Social Sciences and Education, 4(3), 729-742 Alarcon, G. M., Edwards, J. M., & Menke, L. E. (2011). Student burnout and engagement: A test of the conservation of resources theory. The Journal of psychology, 145(3), 211-227. Aldrich, D. P. (2011). The externalities of strong social capital: Post-tsunami recovery in Southeast Jndia. Journal of Civil Society, 7(1), 81-99. Aldrich, D. P. (2011). The power of people: social capital's role in recovery from the 1995 Kobe earthquake. Natural hazards, 56(3), 595-611. Aldrich, D. P. (2017). The Importance of Social Capital in Building Community Resilience. In Rethinking Resilience, Adaptation and Transformation in a Time of Change (pp. 357-364). Springer International Publishing. Aldrich, D. P., & Meyer, M. A. (2015). Social capital and community resilience. American Behavioural Scientist, 59(2), 254-269 Aldrich, D.P. (2012). Building resilience: Social Capital in Post-Disaster Recovery, University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Aldrich, H., & Auster, E. R. (1986). Even dwarfs started small: Liabilities ofage and size and their strategic implications. Research in organizational behaviour, 8(1986), 165-186. Alessandri, G., Vecchione, M., Caprara, G., & Letzring, T. D. (2012). The ego resiliency scale revised. European Journal of Psychological Assessment. 28(2), 139-146 Alexander C. (1998). The Endurance: Shackleton's legendary Antarctic expedition. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. Alexander, D. E. (2013). Resilience and disaster risk reduction: an etymological journey. Natural Hazards and Earth System Science, 13(11), 2707-2716. Alfred, M. V. (2009). Social capital theory: Implications for women's networking and learning. New directions for adult and continuing education, (122), 3-12. Al-Hussami, M., Hammad, S., & Alsoleihat, F. (2018). The influence of leadership behavior, organizational commitment, organizational support, subjective career success on organizational readiness for change in healthcare organizations. Leadership in Health Services. Ali, F., & Ali, F. (2016). Hotel website quality, perceived flow, customer satisfaction and purchase intention. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Technology, 7(2), 213-228. Ali, M., & Park, K. (2016). The mediating role of an innovative culture in the relationship between absorptive capacity and technical and non-technical innovation. Journal of Business Research, 69(5), 1669-1675. Ali, S. M., Shaharudin, M. R., & Anuar, A. (2012). The Association between Job Positions, Work Experience and Career Satisfaction: The Case of Malaysian's Academic Staff. Asian Social Science, 8(10), 35. Allen, N. J., & Meyer, J.P. (1996). Affective, continuance, and normative commitment to the organization: An examination of construct validity. Journal of vocational behaviour, 49(3), 252-276. Allen, W.D. (2000). Social networks and self-employment. Journal of SocioEconomics, 29, 487-501. Almodóvar, P., & Rugman, A. M. (2014). The M curve and the performance of Spanish international new ventures. British Journal of Management, 25(S1), S6-S23. Aloba, O., Olabisi, O., & Aloba, T. (2016). The 10-Item Connor-Davidson ResHience Scale Factorial Structure, Reliability, Validity, and Correlates Among Student Nurses in Southwestern Nigeria. Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association, 22(1), 43-51. Alonso-Tapia, J., Nieto, C., & Ruiz, M. A. (2013). Measuring subjective resilience despite adversity due to family, peers and teachers. The Spanish journal of psychology, 16, E19. Altenburg, T., & Eckhardt, U. (2006). Productivity enhancement and equitable development: challenges for SME development. Vienna: UNIDO. Aluwong S. W. (2010) Entrepreneurial and Functional Business Education as Means of Achieving the National Objectives of Vision 2020 in Nigeria. International Journal of Research Development Alvaro, C., Lyons, R. F., Warner, G., Hobfoll, S. E., Martens, P. J., Labonte, R., & Brown, R. E. (2010). Conservation of resources theory and research use in health systems. Implementation science, 5(79), 1-20. Alvesson M, Skold berg K. (2009). Reflexive methodology: New vistas for qualitative research. Thousand Okas: CA, SAGE Amaro, S., & Duarte, P. (2016, May). Modelling Formative Second Order Constructs in PLS. In ECRM2016-Proceedings of the 15th European Conference on Research Methodology for Business Management": ECRM2016 (p. 19). Academic Conferences and publishing limited. Amdurer, E., Boyatzis, R. E., Saatcioglu, A., Smith, M. L., & Taylor, S. N. (2014). Long term impact of emotional, social and cognitive intelligence competencies and GMAT on career and life satisfaction and career success. Frontiers in psychology, 5. American Psychological Association (17 May 2016). What is Resilience? Retrieved from: https://psychcentral.com/lib/what-is-resilience/ Amin, S., Arshad, R., & Ghani, R. A. (2017). Spousal Support and Subjective Career Success: The Role of Work-Family Balance and Career Commitment as Mediator. Jurnal Pengurusan (UKM Journal of Management), 50. Amit, R., MacCrimmon, K. R., Zietsma, C., & Oesch, J. M. (2001). Does money matter?: Wealth attainment as the motive for initiating growth-oriented technology ventures. Journal of Business Venturing, 16(2), 119-143. Amoros J.E. & Bosma N., (2014) Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2013 Global Report; Fifteen years of assessing entrepreneurship across the globe. Babson College, Babson Park, MA, United States Anderson, A., Park, J., & Jack, S. (2007). Entrepreneurial Social Capital Conceptualizing Social Capital in New High-tech Firms. International Small Business Journal, 25(3), 245-272. Anderson, A.R., & Ullah, F. (2014). The condition of smallness: how what it means to be small deters firms from getting bigger. Management Decision, 52(2), 326-349. Anderson, M. H. (2008). Social networks and the cognitive motivation to realize network opportunities: A study of managers' information gathering behaviours. Journal of Organizational Behaviour, 29(1), 51-78. Andersson, P. (2008). Happiness and health: Well-being among the selfemployed. The Journal of Socio-Economics, 37(1), 213-236. Andrésen, E., Lundberg, H., & Roxenhall, T. (2012). Designing for commitment in regional strategic networks. Management Research Review, 35(6), 531-552. Andrews, R., & Brewer, G. A.(2015). Social Capital and Public Service Performance: Does Managerial Strategy Matter?. Public Performance and Management Review, 38(2), 187-213. Andrikopoulos, A., & Economou, L. (2015). Editorial board interlocks in financial economics. lnternational Review of Financial Analysis, 37, 51-62. Anthias, F. (2007). Ethnic ties: social capital and the question of mobilisability. The Sociological Review, 55(4), 788-805. Antonakis, J. (2017). On doing better science: From thrill of discovery to policy implications. The leadership Quarterly, 28(1), 5-21. Antony, J. P, & Bhattacharyya, S. (2010). Measuring organizational performance and organizational excellence of SMEs- Part 2: an empirical study on SMEs in India. Measuring Business Excellence, 14(3), 42-52. Anugwara B. (2013, June 15). Way out of MSMEs failure in Nigeria - Experts. Newswatch times. Retrieved from: http://www.mynewswatchtimesng.com/wayout-of-msmes-failure-in-nigeria-experts/ Appel, L., Dadlani, P., Dwyer, M., Hampton, K., Kitzie, V., Matni, Z. A., ... & Teodoro, R. (2014). Testing the validity of social capital measures in the study of information and communication technologies. Information, Communication and Society, 17(4), 398-416. Araten-Bergman, T., & Stein, M. A. (2014). Employment, social capital, and community participation among Israelis with disabilities. Work, 48(3), 381 -390. Arber, S. (2004). Gender, marital status, and ageing: Linking material, health, and social resources. Journal of Aging Studies, 18(1), 91-108. Archuleta, A. J., & Miller, C. R. (2011). Validity Evidence for the Translated Version of the Personal Social. Capital Scale among People of Mexican Descent. Journal of the Society for Social Work and Research, 2(2), 39-53. Archuleta, A. J., & Teasley, M. (2013). Acculturative stress among people of Mexican descent: The role of acculturation, social capital, and family role expectations. Social Work in Mental Health, 11(4), 311-333. Aremu, M. A., & Adeyemi, S. L. (2011). Small and medium scale enterprises as a survival strategy for employment generation in Nigeria. Journal of sustainable development, 4(1), 200. Arend, R. J. (2013). Ethics-focused dynamic capabilities: a small business perspective. Small Business Economics, 41 (1), 1-24. Arend, R. J. (2014). Social and environmental performance at SMEs: Considering motivations, capabilities, and instrumentalism. Journal of Business Ethics, 125(4), 541-56). Arnold, J. & Cohen, L. (2008), The psychology of careers in industrial and organizational settings: a critical but appreciative analysis, in Hodgkinson, G.P. and Ford, J.K. (Eds), International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Vol. 23, Wiley, Chichester, pp. 1-44. Arnold, J. (1997). Managing careers into the 21st century. Sage Publications. Arrogante, O., & Aparicio-Zaldivar, E. (2017). Burnout and health among critical care professionals: The mediational role of resilience. Intensive and Critical Care Nursing. Arrow, K. (2000). Observations on social capital. In P. Dasgupta and I. Serageldin (Eds.), Social capital: A multifaceted perspective (pp. 3-5). Washington, DC: World Bank. Arthur, M. B., & Rousseau, D. M. (1996). Introduction: The boundary less career as a new employment principle. In M. B. Arthur, & D. M. Rousseau (Eds.), The boundaryless career: A new employment principle for a new organizational era (pp. 3-20). New York: Oxford University Press. Arthur, M. B., Hall, D. T., & Lawrence, B. S. (1989). Handbook of career theory. New York: Cambridge University Press. Arthur, M. B., Khapova, S. N., & Wilderom, C. P. (2005). Career success in a boundaryless career world. Journal of organizational behaviour, 26(2), 177-202. Asante, K. O., & Meyer-Weitz, A. (2014). Measuring resilience among homeless youth: psychometric assessment of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale in Ghana. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 24(4), 321-326. Ashman, I., & Winstanley, D. (2006). The ethics of organizational commitment. Business Ethics: A European Review, 15(2), 142-153. Ateca-Amestoy, V., Aguilar, A. C., & Moro-Egido, A. I. (2014). Social interactions and life satisfaction: Evidence from Latin America. Journal of Happiness Studies, 15(3), 527-554. Audretsch, D. B., Aldridge, T. T., & Sanders, M. (2011). Social capital building and new business formation A case study in Silicon Valley. International Small Business Journal, 29(2), 152-169. Avey, J.B., Reichard, R. J., Luthans, F., & Mhatre, K. H. (2011). Meta-analysis of the impact of positive psychological capital on employee attitudes, behaviours, and performance. Human resource development quarterly, 22(2), 127-152. Avkiran, N. K. (2017). An in-depth discussion and illustration of partial least squares structural equation modeling in health care. Health Care Management Science, 1-8. Avolio, B. J ., Zhu, W., Koh, W., & Bhatia, P. (2004). Transformational leadership and organizational commitment: Mediating role of psychological empowerment and moderating role of structural distance. Journal of organizational behaviour, 25(8), 951-968. Ayala, J. C., & Manzano, G. (2010). Established Business Owners'success: Influencing Factors. Journal of developmental entrepreneurship, 15(03), 263-286. Ayala, J.C., & Manzano, G. (2014). The resilience of the entrepreneur. Influence on the success of the business. A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Economic Psychology, 42, 126-135. Ayodele O.S., Obafemi F.N. & Ebong F.S. (2013). Challenges facing the achievement of the Nigeria vision 20:2020. Global Advanced Research Journal of Social Science (GARJSS) 2(7), 143-157 Ayyagari, M., Demirgi.iy-Kunt, A. & Maksimovic, V. (2011), Small vs. Young Firms Across The World - Contribution to Employment, Job Creation, and Growth, Policy Research Working Paper 5631 (The World Bank Development Research Group). Azuh M.(2013, November 4). Nigeria ranks sixth in climate change effect index. The Punch. Retrieved from http://www.punchng.com/business/homesproperty/nigeria-ranks-sixth-in-climate-change-effect-index/ Babalola, O., & Bruning, N. S.(2015). Examining the relationship between individual perceptions of control and contemporary career orientations. Personnel Review, 44(3), 346-363. Babatunde, Y., & Low, S. P. (2015). Research Design and Methodology. In CrossCultural Management and Quality Performance (pp. 93-113). Springer Singapore. Babbie, E. R., (2010). The Practice of Social Research. Cengage Learning. Babbie, E.R., (2013) The Practice of Social Research, Wadsworth, Cengage Learning Bacon, D. R. (2017). Revisiting the Relationship Between Marketing Education and Marketing Career Success. Journal of Marketing Education, 0273475317710061. Baek, H. S., Lee, K. U., Joo, E. J., Lee, M. Y., & Choi, K. S. (2010). Reliability and validity of the Korean version of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale. Psychiatry investigation, 7(2), 109-115. Bagozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y. (2012). Specification, evaluation, and interpretation of structural equation models. Journal of the academy of marketing science, 40(1), 8-34. Bajaj, 8., & Pande, N. (2016). Mediating role of resilience in the impact of mindfulness on life satisfaction and affect as indices of subjective wellbeing. Personality and Individual Differences, 93, 63-67. Baker, W. B., & Faulkner, R. R. 2009. Social capital, double embeddedness, and mechanisms of stability and change. American Behavioural Scientist, 52: 1531-1555. Bailout, H. I. (2009). Career Commitment and career success: moderating role of selfefficacy. Career Development International, 14(7), 655-670. Bansal, G., & Zahedi, F. M. (2014). Trust-Discount Tradeoff In Three Contexts: Frugality Moderating Privacy And Security Concerns. Journal of Computer Information Systems, 55(1) 13-29. Baral, N., & Stern, M. J. (2011). Capital stocks and organizational resilience in the Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal. Society and Natural Resources, 24(10), 1011-1026. Barbato, R., DeMartino, R., & Jacques, P. H. (2009). The entrepreneurial motivations of non employer entrepreneurs. New England Journal of Entrepreneurship, 12(1), 33. Barclay, D. W., Higgins, C. A., & Thompson, R. (1995). The partial least squares approach to causal modeling: personal computer adoption and use as illustration. Technology Studies, 2(2), 285-309. Barker, J., & Thomson, L. (2015). Helpful Relationships with Service Users: Linking Social Capital. Australian Social Work, 68(1), 130-145. Barnett, R. C., Brennan, R. T., Gareis, K. C., Ertel, K. A., Berkman, L. F., & Almeida, D. M. (2012). Conservation of Resources theory in the context of multiple roles: an analysis of within-and cross-role mediational pathways. Community, Work and Family, 15(2), 131-148. Baron, R. A. (2008). The role of affect in the entrepreneurial process. Academy of Management Review, 33, 328-340. Baron, R. A., & Tang, J. (2009). Entrepreneurs϶ Social Skills and New Venture Performance: Mediating Mechanisms and Cultural Generality. Journal of Management, 35(2), 282-306. Baron, R. A., Franklin, R. J., & Hmieleski, K. M. (2016). Why entrepreneurs often experience low, not high, levels of stress: The joint effects of selection and psychological capital. Journal of management, 42(3), 742-768. Baron, R., & Shane, S. (2007). Entrepreneurship: A process perspective. Cengage Learning. Baron, R.A. & Shane, S.A. (2008), Entrepreneurship: A Process Perspective, 2 Ed., Mason, OH: Thomson South-Western. Bartolini, S., & Sarracino, F. (2014). Happy for how long? How social capital and economic growth relate to happiness over time. Ecological Economics, 108, 242-256. Bartolini, S., & Sarracino, F. (2015). The dark side of Chinese growth: Declining social capital and well-being in times of economic boom. World Development, 74, 333-351. Baruch, Y. (1996). Organizational career planning and management techniques and activities in use in high-tech organizations. Career Development international, 1(1), 40-49. Baruch, Y. (1998). The dse and fall of organizational commitment. Human Systems Management, 17(2), 135-143. Baruch, Y. (2004a). Transforming careers: from linear to multidirectional career paths: organizational and individual perspectives. Career development international, 9(1), 58-73. Baruch, Y. (2004b). Managing careers: Theory and practice. Pearson Education Baruch, Y. (2006). Career development in organizations and beyond: Balancing traditional and contemporary viewpoints. Human resource management review, 16(2), 125-138. Baruch, Y., Grim land, S., & Yigoda-Gadot, E. (2014). Professional vitality and career success: Mediation, age and outcomes. European Management Journal, 32(3), 518-527. Baruch, Y., SzC1cs, N., & Gunz, H. (2015). Career studies in search of theory: The rise and rise of concepts. Career Development International, 20(1), 3-20. Baruch, Y., & Bozionelos, N. (2011). Career issues. In S. Zedeck (Ed.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 67-113). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Baruth, K. E., & Caroll, J. J. (2002). A formal assessment of resilience: The Baruth Protective Factors Inventory. The Journal of Individual Psychology 58(3), 235-244. Basim, H. N., & Cetin, F. (2011). The reliability and validity of the Resilience Scale for Adults-Turkish Version. Turkish Journal of Psychiatry, 22(2), 104. Batjargal, B. (2007). Internet entrepreneurship: Social capital, human capital, and performance of Internet ventures in China. Research policy, 36(5), 605-618. Bauer, C. M., Guzman, C., & Santos, F. J.(2012). Social capital as a distinctive feature of Social Economy firms. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 8(4), 437-448. Bauer, T. (2017). Research Philosophy and Method. In Responsible Lobbying (pp. 69-84). Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden. Baumol, W.J., (2010). The Microtheory of Innovative Entrepreneurship. Princeton University Press, New Jersey. Becker, J.M., Klein, K., & Wetzels, M. (2012). Hierarchical latent variable models in PLS-SEM: guidelines for us ing reflective-formative type models. Long Range Planning, 45(5), 359-394. Becker, T. E., Billings, R. S., Eveleth, D. M., & Gilbert, N. L. (1996). Foci and bases of employee commitment: Implications for job performance. Academy of management journal, 39(2), 464-482. Becker, T. E., Klein, H. J., & Meyer, J. P. (2009). Accumulated wisdom and new directions for workplace commitments. Commitment in Organizations: Accumulated Wisdom and New Directions, eds TE Becker, HJ Klein and JP Meyer, Routledge/Taylor and Francis, New York, 419-452. Beekman, G., Yan der Heide, M., Heijman, W. J. M., & Schouten, M. A. H. (2009). Social capital and resilience in rural areas: responses to change (No. 48, p. 29). Mansholt Graduate School of Social Sciences Working Paper. Retrieved fro: http://library.wur.nl/WebQuery/wurpubs/fulltext/14096 Beigzade, Y., Ghadami, M., & Salehi Amiri, S. R. (2010). A Model for Assessing the Effect of Social Capital on Sustainable Development. Available at SSRN 1655131. Belk, R. W. (1988). Possessions and the extended self. Journal of consumer research, 15(2), 139-168. Bellamy, J. (2015). Volunteering Among Church Attendees in Australia. In Religion and Volunteering (pp. 121-143). Springer International Publishing. Bene, C., Newsham, A., Davies, M., Ulrichs, M., & Godfrey-Wood, R.(2014). Review article: Resilience, poverty and development. Journal of International Development, 26(5), 598-623. Benz, M., & Frey, B. S. (2003). The value of autonomy: Evidence from the selfemployed in 23 countries. Institute for Empirical Research in Economics Working Paper, (173). Benz, M., & Frey, B. S. (2004). Being independent raises happiness at work.Swedish Economic Policy Review, 11(2), 95-134. Benz, M., & Frey, B. S. (2008a). Being independent is a great thing: Subjective evaluations of self-employment and hierarchy. Economica, 75(298), 362-383 Benz, M., & Frey, B. S. (2008b). The value of doing what you like: Evidence from the self-employed in 23 countries. Journal of Economic Behaviour and Organization, 68(3), 445-455. Benzing C., & Chu H.M, (2009). A comparison of the motivations of small business owners in Africa, Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 16(1), 60-77 Berglann, H., Moen, E. R., Reed, K., & Skogstr0m, J. F. (2011). Entrepreneurship: Origins and returns. Labour Economics, 18(2), 180-193. Berglund, V ., Johansson Seva, I., & Strandh, M. (2016). Subjective well-being and job satisfaction among self-employed and regular employees: does personality matter differently?. Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship, 28(1), 55-73. Bergman, M. E. (2006). The relationship between affective and normative commitment: review and research agenda. Journal of Organizational Behaviour, 27(5), 645-663. Berkes, F. (2007). Understanding uncertainty and reducing vulnerability: lessons from resilience thinking. Natural hazards, 41(2), 283-295. Bernardi, F ., Garrido, L., & Miyar, M. (2011). The recent fast upsurge of immigrants in Spain and their employment patterns and occupational attainment. International Migration, 49(1), 148-187. Bernat, F. P. (2009). Youth Resilience: Can Schools Enhance Youth Factors for Hope, Optimism, and Success?. Women and Criminal Justice, 19(3), 251-266. Bernier, Q., & Meinzen-Dick, R. (2014a) Networks for Resilience; The Role of Social Capital Kindle Edition International Food Policy Research Institute Washington, DC Bernier, Q., & Meinzen-Dick, R. (2014b). Social capital and resilience. In: Resilience for Food and Nutrition Security, 169. International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC Vol.4 169-176 IFPRI 2020 International Conference Betancourt, T. S., Abdi, S., Ito, B. S., Lilienthal, G. M., Agalab, N., & Ellis, H.(2015). We left one war and came to another: Resource loss, acculturative stress, and caregiver-child relationships in Somali refugee families. Cultural diversity and ethnic minority psychology, 21 (1), 114. Bethlehem, J. (2009). Applied survey methods: A statistical perspective (Vol. 558). John Wiley & Sons. Beutel, M. E., Glaesmer, H., Decker, 0., Fischbeck, S., & Brahler, E. (2009). Life satisfaction, distress, and resiliency across the life span of women.Menopause, 16(6), 1132-1138. Bhagavatula, S., Elfring, T., van Tilburg, A., & van de Bunt, G. G. (2010). How social and human capital influence opportunity recognition and resource mobilization in India's handloom in-dustry. Journal of Business Venturing, 25(3), 245-260. Bhamra, R. (2015). Organisational Resilience: Concepts, Integration, and Practice. CRC Press. Bhamra, R., Dani, S., & Burnard, K. (2011 ). Resilience: the concept, a literature review and future directions. International Journal of Production Research, 49(18), 5375-5393. Biemann, T., & Braakmann, N. (2013). The impact of international experience on objective and subjective career success in early careers. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 24(18), 3438-3456. Biesanz, J. C., Falk, C. F., & Savalei, V. (2010). Assessing mediational models: Testing and interval estimation for indirect effects. Multivariate Behavioural Research, 45(4), 661-701. Bihari, M., & Ryan, R.(2012). lnfluence of social capital on community preparedness for wildfires. Landscape and Urban Planning, 106(3), 253-261. Bird, M., & Wennberg, K. (2014). Regional influences on the prevalence of family versus non-family start-ups. Journal of Business Venturing, 29(3), 421-436. Birrer-Hardwick, R., & Greenwood, R. M. (2016). Older adults' social capital and generative activity in rural Ireland. Community Psychology in Global Perspective, 3(1), 15-32. Bjørnskov, C. (2006). The multiple facets of social capital. European journal of political economy, 22(1), 22-40. Blanchtlower, D. G. (2000). Self-employment in OECD countries. Labour economics, 7(5), 471-505. Blanchtlower, D. G. (2004). Self-employment: More may not be beuer (No. w10286). National Bureau of Economic Research. Bland, J. M., & Altman, D. G. (1997). Statistics notes: Cronbach's alpha.Bmj, 314(7080), 572. Blatt, R. (2009). Resilience in entrepreneurial teams: Developing the capacity to pull through. Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, 29(11), 1-14 Blickle, G., Witzki, A.H., & Schneider, P. B. (2009). Mentoring support and power: A three year predictive field study on protege networking and career success. Journal of Vocational Behaviour, 74(2), 181-189. Block, J., & Kremen, A. M. (1996). IQ and ego-resiliency: conceptual and empirical connections and separateness. Journal of personality and social psychology, 70(2), 349. Bocciardi, F., Bocciardi, F., Caputo, A., Caputo, A., Fregonese, C., Fregonese, C., ... & Sartori, R. (2017). Career adaptability as a strategic competence for career development: An exploratory study of its key predictors. European Journal of Training and Development, 41(1), 67-82. Boehm, J. K., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2008). Does happiness promote career success?. Journal of career assessment, 16(1), 101-116. Boin, A, Comfort L.K & Demchak C.C., (2010), The rise of resilience, in Comfort L.K., Boin A. & Demchak C.C., eds, Designing Resilience: Preparing for Extreme Events, Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, pp. 1-12. Bonanno, G. A., Galea, S., Bucciarelli, A., & Vlahov, D. (2007). What predicts psychological resilience after disaster? The role of demographics, resources, and life stress. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 75(5), 671. Bonanno, G. A., Romero, S. A., & Klein, S. I. (2015). The Temporal Elements of Psychological Resilience: An Integrative Framework for the Study of Individuals, Families, and Communities. Psychological Inquiry, 26(2), 139-169. Bond S. & Shapiro G. (2014) Tough at The Top? New Rules of Resilience for Women's Leadership Success. For business sake consulling ltd & Shapiro Consulling Ltd, 1-30. Retrieved from: http://shapiroconsulting.co.uk/wpcontent/ uploads/2014/11/Tough-at-the-Top.pdf Bonesrønning, H. (2004). Do the teachers' grading practices affect student achievement?. Education Economics, 12(2), 15 1-167. Bonett, D. G., & Wright, T. A. (2015). Cronbach's alpha reliability: Interval estimation, hypothesis testing, and sample size planning. Journal of Organizational Behaviour, 36(1), 3-15. Borek9i, D. Y., Say, A. I., Kabasakal, H., & Rofcanin, Y. (2014). Quality of relationships with alternative suppliers: The role of supplier resilience and perceived benefits in supply networks. Journal of Management & Organizalion, 20(06), 808-831. Borges, C. M., Campos, A. C. V., Vargas, A. D., Ferreira, E. F., & Kawachi, I. (2010). Social capital and self-rated health among adolescents in Brazil: an exploratory study. BMC research notes, 3(1), 338. Borges, C., & Jacques Filion, L. (2013). Spin-off process and the development of academic entrepreneur's social capital. Journal of technology management and innovation, 8(1), 21-34. Born, A., & Witteloostuijn, A. (2013). Drivers of freelance career success. Journal of Organizational Behaviour, 34(1), 24-46. Bosma, N., Acs, Z. J., Autio, E., Coduras, A., & Levie, J. (2009). GEM executive report 2008. Babson College, Universidad del Desarrollo, and Global Entrepreneurship research consortium. Babson Park, MA: Babson College. Bottrell, D. (2009). Dealing With Disadvantage Resilience and the Social Capital of Young People's Networks. Youth and Society, 40(4), 476-501. Bourdieu, P. (1986). The fonns of capital. In J.G. Richardson (Ed.), Handbook of theory and research for the sociology of education (pp. 241-258). New York: Greenwood. Boxman, E. A., De Graaf, P. M., & Flap, H. D. (1991). The impact of social and human capital on the income attainment of Dutch managers. Social networks, 13(1), 51-73. Boz ionelos, N., & Wang, L. (2006). The relationship of mentoring and network resources with career success in the Chinese organizational environment. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 17(9), 1531-1546. Bozionelos, N., Kostopoulos, K., Van Der Heijden, B., Rousseau, D. M., Bozionelos, G., Hoyland, T., ... & Mikkelsen, A. (20l6). Employability and j ob performance as links in the relationship between mentoring receipt and career success: A study in SMEs. Group & organization management, 41(2), 135-171. Brailovskaia, J., Schonfeld, P., Kochetkov, Y., & Margraf, J. (2017b). What Does Migration Mean to Us? USA and Russia: Relationship Between Migration, Resilience, Social Support, Happiness, Life Satisfaction, Depression, Anxiety and Stress. Current Psychology, l-11. Brailovskaia, J., Schonfeld, P., Zhang, X. C., Bieda, A., Kochetkov, Y., & Margraf, J. (2017a). A Cross-Cultural Study in Germany, Russia, and China: Are Resilient and Social Supported Students Protected Against Depression, Anxiety, and Stress?. Psychological Reports, 0033294117727745. Brand, F. S., & Jax, K. (2007). Focusing the meaning (s) of resilience: resilience as a descriptive concept and a boundary object. Ecology and Society, 12(1), 23. Brandt, S. (2014). Data analysis: statistical and computational methods for scientists and engineers. Springer International Publishing Switzerland. Brannick, M. T., Chan, D., Conway, J. M., Lance, C. E., & Spector, P. E. (2010). What is method variance and how can we cope with it? A panel discussion. Organizalional Research Methods 13(3) 407-420 Bray, N. J., & Williams, L.(2017). A quantitative study on organisational commitment and communication satisfaction of professional staff at a master's institution in the United States. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 39(5), 487-502. Breitsohl, H., & Ehrig, N. (2017). Commitment through Employee Volunteering: Accounting for the Motives of Inter-Organisational Volunteers. Applied Psychology, 66(2), 260-289. Brewerton, P., & Millward, L., (2001) Organizational Research Methods: A Guide for Students and Researchers. SAGE Publications Briggs, R. 0., Reinig, B. A., & de Vreede, G. J. (2006). Meeting Satisfaction for Technology-Supported Groups An Empirical Validation of a Goal-Attainment Model. Small Group Research, 37(6), 585-611. Briscoe, J. P., & Hall, D. T. (2006). The interplay of boundary less and protean careers: Combinations and implications. Journal of Vocational Behaviour, 69(1), 4-18. Briscoe, J. P., Hall, D. T., & DeMuth, R. L. F. (2006). Protean and boundaryless careers: An empirical exploration. Journal of Vocational Behaviour, 69(1), 30-47. Bristow (2010). Resilient regions: re- 'place' ing regional competitiveness. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society 3, 153-167 Broad bridge, A. (2010). Social capital, gender and careers: evidence from retail senior managers. Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal, 29(8), 815-834. Brooks, J., Reed, D., & Savage, B. (2016, June). Taking off with a pilot: the importance of testing research instruments. In ECRM2016-Proceedings of the 15th European Conference on Research Methodology for Business Management": ECRM2016 (p. 51). Academic Conferences and publishing limited. Brown, T. A. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. Guilford Publications. Bruce J.(2013, February 6) How Successful Are You? Answer: How Resilient Are You? Retrieved from: http://www.forbes.com/sites/janbruce/2013/02/06/howsuccessful-are-you-answer-how-resi lient-are-you/#2f020ffa6b le. Bruck, T., Llussa, F., & Tavares, J. A. (2011). Entrepreneurship: The role of extreme events. European Journal of Political Economy, 27, S78-S88. Brune, N. E., & Bossert, T. (2009). Building social capital in post-conflict communities: Evidence from Nicaragua. Social Science and Medicine, 68(5), 885-893. Brunie, A. (2009). Meaningful distinctions within a concept: Relational, collective, and generalized social capital. Social science research, 38(2), 251-265. Brunie, A. (2010). Household awareness of what to do in a disaster: a social capital approach. Int J Mass Emerg Disasters, 28(1), 28. Brush, C. G., Manolova, T. S., & Edelman, L. F. (2008). Separated by a common language? Entrepreneurship research across the Atlantic. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 32(2), 249-266. Bruwer, B., Emsley, R., Kidd, M., Lochner, C., & Seedat, S. (2008). Psychometric properties of the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support in youth. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 49(2), 195-201. Bryman, A. (2008). The end of the paradigm wars?, in Alasuutari, P., Bickman, L., and Brannen, J. (eds.) The Sage Handbook of Social Research Methods, London, Sage. Bullough, A., Renko, M., & Myatt, T. (2014). Danger zone entrepreneurs: The importance of resilience and self-efficacy for entrepreneurial intentions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 38(3), 473-499. Buonanno, P., Montol io, D., & Vanin, P. (2009). Does social capital reduce crime?. Journal of Law and Economics, 52(1), 145-170. Burke, R. J., Burgess, z., & Fallon, B. (2006). Benefits of mentoring to Australian early career women managers and professionals. Equal Opportunities International, 25(1), 71-79. Burkley, E., Anderson, D., Curtis, J., & Burkley, M. (2013). Vicissitudes of goal commitment: Satisfaction, investments, and alternatives. Personality and Individual Differences, 54(5), 663-668. Burns, R. A., & Anstey, K. J. (2010). The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CDRISC): Testing the invariance of a uni-dimensional resilience measure that is independent of positive and negative affect. Personality and Individual Differences, 48(5), 527-531. Burrell, G. & Morgan, G. 1979. Sociological Paradigms and Organisational Analysis: Elements of the Sociology of Corporate Life. London,, Heinemann. Burt, R.S. (2003). The social capital of structural holes. In M.F. Guillen, R. Collins, P. England, and M. Meyer (Eds.), The new economic sociology (pp. 148-190). New Yark: Russell Sage Foundation. Burton, M. D., Anderson, P. C., & Aldrich, H. E. (2009). Owner founders, nonowner founders and helpers. In New firm creation in the United States (pp. 115-133). Springer New York. Bustinza, O. F., Yendrell-Herrero, F., Perez-Arostegui, M., & Parry, G. (2016). Technological capabilities, resilience capabilities and organizational effectiveness. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 1-23. Buttice, Y., Colombo, M. G., & Wright, M. (2017). Serial crowdfunding, social capital, and project success. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 41(2), 183-207. Byrne, B. M. (2005). Factor analytic models: Viewing the structure of an assessment instrument from three perspectives. Journal of personality assessment, 85(1), 17-32. Cabrera-Suarez, M. K., & Martin-Santana, J. D. (2012). Successor's commitment and succession success: dimensions and antecedents in the small Spanish family firm. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 23(13), 2736-2762. Cagney, K. A., Sterrett, D., Benz, J., & Tompson, T. (2016). Social resources and community resilience in the wake of Superstorm Sandy. PloS one, 11(8), e0160824 Cai, Y. (2017). Bonding, bridging, and linking: photovoice for resilience through social capital. Natural Hazards, 1-27. Campa, B. (2010). Critical resilience, schooling processes, and the academic success of Mexican Americans in a community college. Hispanic Journal of Behavioural Sciences. 32(3) 429-455 Campano, S., de Sevin, E., Corruble, V., & Sabouret, N. (2012). An architecture for affective behaviour based on the conservation of resources. In Agents for Educational Games and Simulations (pp. 183-194). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Campbell-Sills, L., & Stein, M. B. (2007). Psychometric analysis and refinement of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC): validation of a 10-item measure of resilience. Journal of traumatic stress, 20(6), 1019. Canal-Dominguez, J. F., & Wall, A. (2014). Factors determining the career success of doctorate holders: evidence from the Spanish case. Studies in Higher Education, 39(10), 1750-1773. Canina, L., Palacios, D., & Devece, C.(2012). Management theories linking individual and organizational level analysis in entrepreneurship research. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 8(3), 271-284. Cannon, N. H., & Herda, D. N. (2016). Auditors' Organizational Commitment, Burnout, and Turnover Intention: A Replication. Behavioural Research in Accounting, 28(2), 69-74. Cantarello, S., Filippini, R., & Nosella, A. (2012). Linking human resource management practices and customer satisfaction on product quality. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 23(18), 3906-3924. Cao, L., Hirschi, A., & Deller, J. (2012). Self-initiated expatriates and their career success. Journal of Management Development, 31(2), 159-172 Cao, L., Hirschi, A., & Deller, J. (2014). Perceived organizational support and intention to stay in host countries among self-initiated expatriates: the role of career satisfaction and networks. The international Journal of Human Resource Management, 25(14), 2013-2032. Cappelli, P. (2000). Managing without commitment. Organizational Dynamics, 28(4), 11-24. Carey, S., Lawson, 8., & Krause, D. R. (2011). Social capital configuration, legal bonds and performance in buyer-supplier relationships. Journal of Operations Management, 29(4), 277-288. Carlsson, 8., Braunerhjelm, P., McKelvey, M., Olofsson, C., Persson, L., & Ylinenpali, H. (2013). The evolving domain of entrepreneurship research. Small Business Economics, 41(4), 913-930. Carnegie, D. (2010). How to win friends and influence people. Simon and Schuster. Carr, J.C., Cole, M. S., Ring, J. K., & Blettner, D. P. (2011). A measure of variations in internal social capital among family firms. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 35(6), 1207-1227. Carree, M.A., & Yerheul, I. (2012). What makes entrepreneurs happy? Determinants of satisfaction among founders. Journal of Happiness Studies, 13(2), 371-387. Carson, E., King, S., & Papatraianou, L. H. (2011). Resilience among social workers: The role of informal learning in the workplace. Practice, 23(5), 267-278. Carter, N., Bryant-Lukosius, D., DiCenso, A., Blythe, J., & Neville, A. J. (2014). The use of triangulation in qualitative research. In Oncology nursing forum, 41 (5), 545-547. Carter, S. (2011). The Rewards of Entrepreneurship: Exploring the Incomes, Wealth, and Economic Well-Being of Entrepreneurial Households. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 35(1), 39-55. Carter-Francique, A. R., Hart, A., & Cheeks, G. (2015). Examining the Value of Social Capital and Social Support for Black Student-Athletes' Academic Success. Journal of African American Studies, 19(2), 157-177. Cartwright, S., Teerikangas, S., Rouzies, A., & Wilson-Evered, E. (2012). Methods in M&A-A look at the past and the future to forge a path forward. Scandinavian Journal of Management, 28(2), 95-106. Caruana, G., & Einav, L. (2008). A theory of endogenous commitment. The Review of Economic Studies, 75(1), 99-116. Casanueva, C., Gallego, A., & Sancho, M. (2013). Network resources and social capital in airline alliance portfolios. Tourism Management, 36, 441-453. Cassar, A., Crowley, L., & Wydick, B. (2007). The effect of social capital on group loan repayment: Evidence from field experiments. The Economic Journal, 117(517), F85-Fl06. Casson M.C. (2010). Entrepreneurship: Theory, Networks, History. Edward Elgar: Cheltenham, UK Casson, M. & Della Giusta, M. (2007). Entrepreneurship and social capital: Analyzing the impact of social networks on entrepreneurial activity from a rational action perspective. International Small Business Journal, 25(3), 220-244. Castiglione, D., Van Deth, J. W., & Wolleb, G. (Eds.). (2008). The handbook of social capital. OUP Oxford. Castle, E. N. (1998) "A Conceptual Framework for the Study of Rural Places," American Journal of Agricultural Economics 80(3): 621-631. Ҫetin, F. (2011). The effects of the organizational psychological capital on the attitudes of commitment and satisfaction: A public sample in Turkey.European Journal of Social Sciences, 21(3), 373-380. Chadwick, S. (2014). Social and Emotional Resilience. ln Impacts of Cyberbullying, Building Social and Emotional Resilience in Schools (pp. 31-55). Springer International Publishing. Chamlee-Wright, E., & Storr, V. H. (2009). Club goods and post-disaster community return. Rationality and Society, 21(4), 429-458. Chamlee-Wright, E., & Storr, V. H. (2011). Social capital as collective narratives and post-disaster community recovery. The Sociological Review, 59(2), 266-282. Champion, V ., Skinner, C. S., & Menon, U. (2005). Development of a self-efficacy scale for mammography. Research in nursing & health, 28(4), 329-336. Chan, K. Y., Moon-ho, R.H., Chernyshenko, O. S., Bedford, O., Uy, M.A., Gomulya, D., ... & Phan, W. M. J. (2012). Entrepreneurship, professionalism, leadership: A framework and measure for understanding boundaryless careers. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 81(1), 73-88. Chan, M.(2015). Mobile phones and the good life: Examining the relationships among mobile use, social capital and subjective well-being. New Media & Society, 17(1), 96-113. Chan, S. H. J., & Mai, X. (2015). The relation of career adaptability to satisfaction and turnover intentions. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 89, 130-139. Chang, S. J., Van Witteloostuijn, A., & Eden, L. (2010). from the editors: Common method variance in international business research. Journal of International Business Studies, 41(2), 178-184. Chaumba, J. (2015). Social Capital and Employment Outcomes of Zimbabwean Immigrants in The United States. Journal of lnJernational Migration and Integration, 17(2), 487-505. Chen, D.R., Myrtle, R., Liu, C., & Fahey, D. (2011). Job and career influences on the career commitment of health care executives: The mediating effect of job satisfaction. Journal of Health Organization and Management, 25(6), 693-710. Chen, M. H., Chang, Y. C., & Hung, S. C. (2008). Social capital and creativity in RandD project teams. RandD Management, 38(1), 21-34. Chen, M. H., Chang, Y. Y ., & Chiang, M. T. (2017). Human capital and career success of creative entrepreneurs: is guanxi network a missing link?. Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship, 1-19. Chen, M. H., Chang, Y. Y., & Lee, C. Y. (2015). Creative entrepreneurs' guanxi networks and success: Information and resource. Journal of Business Research, 68(4), 900-905. Chen, M. H., Chang, Y. Y., & Lo, Y. H. (2015). Creativity cognitive style, conflict, and career success for creative entrepreneurs. Journal of Business Research, 68(4), 906-910. Chen, S., Westman, M., & Hobfoll, S. E. (2015). The commerce and crossover of resources: Resource conservation in the service of resi I ience. Stress and Health, 31(2), 95-105 Chen, X., Stanton, B., Gong, J., Fang, X., & Li, X. (2009). Personal Social Capital Scale: an instrument for health and behavioural research. Health education research, 24(2), 306-317. Chen, X., Wang, P., Wegner, R., Gong, J., Fang, X., & Kaljee, L. (2015). Measuring social capital investment: Scale development and examination of links to social capital and perceived stress. Social indicators research, 120(3), 669-687. Chen, X., Yu, B., Gong, J., Wang, P., & Elliott, A. L (2017). Social Capital Associated with Quality of Life Mediated by Employment Experiences: Evidence from a Random Sample of Rural-to-Urban Migrants in China. Socfol lndicalors Research, 1-20. Chen, Z., Powell, G. N., & Cui, W. (2014). Dynamics of the relationships among work and family resource gain and loss, enrichment, and conflict over time. Journal of Vocational Behaviour, 84(3), 293-302. Chenevert, D., & Tremblay, M. (2002). Managerial career success in Canadian organizations: is gender a determinant?. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 13(6), 920-941. Chernick, M. R. (2011). Bootstrap methods: A guide for practitioners and researchers (619). John Wiley & Sons. Cheshire, L., Esparcia, J., & Shucksmith, M. (2015). Community resilience, social capital and territorial governance. Ager: Revista de estudios sobre despoblación y desarrollo rural= Journal of depopulation and rural development studies, (18), 7-38. Chesnut, S. R., & Burley, H. (2015). Self-efficacy as a predictor of commitment to the teaching profession: A meta-analysis. Educational Research Review, 15, 1-16. Cheung, C. K., & Chan, R. K. H. (2010). Social capital as exchange: Its contribution to morale. Social indicators research, 96(2), 205-227. Chiaburu, D. S., Diaz, L, & De Vos, A. (2013). Employee alienation: relationships with careerism and career satisfaction. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 28(1), 4-20. Chiang, Y. H., Shih, H. A., & Hsu, C. C. (2014). High commitment work system, transactive memory system, and new product performance. Journal of Business Research, 67(4), 631-640. Chiesi, A. M. (2014). Interpersonal Networking and Business Resilience: How Immigrants in Small Business Face the Crisis in Italy. European sociological review, 30(4), 457-469. Childers, D. L., Cadenasso, M. L., Grove, J.M., Marshall, V., McGrath, B., & Pickett, S. T. (2015). An ecology for cities: A transformational nexus of design and ecology to advance climate change resilience and urban sustainability. Sustainability, 7(4), 3774-3791. Chin, W. W. (1998). The partial least squares approach to structural equation modeling. In G. A. Marcoulides (Ed.), Modem methods for business research (pp. 295-358). Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum. Chin, W.W., (2010). How to write up and report PLS analyses. In: Vinzi, V.E., Chin, W.W., Henseler, J., Wang, H. (Eds.), Handbook of Partial Least Squares: Concepts, Methods and Applications in Marketing and Related Fields. Springer, Berlin, pp. 655-690 Chiu, W. Y. B., & Ng, F. F. (2015). Enhancement of organizational commitment through propensity to trust. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 22(3), 272-294. Cho, E., & Tay, L. (2016). Domain satisfaction as a mediator of the relationship between work-family spillover and subjective well-being: a longitudinal study. Journal of Business and Psychology, 31(3), 445-457. Cho, M. S., Lee, S. S., & Kim, J. H. (2014). Relationship of resilience and organizational commitment in dental hygienists. Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene, 14(5), 695-701. Choi, D., Oh, I. S., & Colbert, A. E. (2015). Understanding organizational commitment: A meta-analytic examination of the roles of the five-factor model of personality and culture. Journal of Applied Psychology, 100(5), 1542. Choi, S. (2018). Breaking through the Glass Ceiling: Social Capital Matters for Women's Career Success?. International Public Management Journal, (just accepted). Choo, C., Mazzarol, T., & Reboud, S. (2014). SME planning responses to uncertain environments: Case studies from the Singapore automobile industry. Small Enterprise Association of Australia and New Zealand 27th Annual SEAANZ Conference Proceedings 16-18 Sydney 2014 Chowdhury, I. A., Haque, N., Kamal, M. M., lslam, M. N., Raihan, M. M. H., & Chowdhury, M. I. (2012). The Relationship Between Years of Schooling and the Forms of Social Capital: A Study Conducted in an Urban Area, Under Sylhet City. Studies in Sociology of Science, 3(4), 22. Chua, V., Mathews, M., & Loh, Y. C. (2016). Social capital in Singapore: Gender differences, ethnic hierarchies, and their intersection. Social Networks, 47, 138-150. Ciavolino, E., Carpi ta, M., & Nitti, M. (2015). High-order PLS path model with qualitative external information. Quality & Quantity, 49(4), 1609-1620. Clauss-Ehlers, C. S. (2008). Sociocultural factors, resilience, and coping: Support for a culturally sensitive measure of resilience. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 29(3), 197-212. Clements, A. J., & Kamau, C. (2017). Understanding students' motivation towards proactive career behaviours through goal-setting theory and the job demandsresources model. Studies in Higher Education, 1-15. Clements, A. J., Kinman, G., Leggetter, S., Teoh, K., & Guppy, A. (2015). Exploring commitment, professional identity, and support for student nurses. Nurse education in practice, 16(1), 20-26. Clottey, A. T., & Grawe, J. S. (2014). Non-response bias assessment in logistics survey research: use fewer tests?. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, 44(5), 412-426. Coates, E. E., Phares, V., & Dedrick, R. F. (2013). Psychometric properties of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale 10 among low-income, African American men. Psychological assessment, 25(4), 1349. Cocks, K., & Torgerson, D. J. (2013). Sample size calculations for pilot randomized trials: a confidence interval approach. Journal of clinical epidemiology, 66(2), 197-201. Cohen, A. (2007). Commitment before and after: An evaluation and reconceptualization of organizational commitment. Human Resource Management Review, 17(3), 336-354. Cohen, A. (2014). Organisational commitment research: past, present and future. In Areas of Vocational Education Research (pp. 261-274). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Cohen, B. P. (1989). Developing sociological knowledge: Theory and method. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioural sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Edbaum Associates. Cohn, M.A., Fredrickson, B. L., Brown, S. L., Mikels, J. A., & Conway, A. M. (2009). Happiness unpacked: positive emotions increase life satisfaction by building resilience. Emotion, 9(3), 361. Coleman, J.S. (1988). Social capital in the creation of human capital. American Journal of Sociology, 94, S95-S120 Colton D., & Covert, R.W., (2007). Designing and Constructing Instruments for Social research and Evaluation. John Wiley and Sons. Connor, K. M., & Davidson, J. R. (2003). Development ofa new resilience scale: The Connor-Davidson resilience scale (CD-RISC). Depression and anxiety, 18(2), 76-82. Conway, B., Hammenneister, J., Briggs, L., Young, J., & Flynn, C. (2016). An Alternative Path for Academic Success: Evaluating the Role of Mental Skills in an English Composition Course. Journal of College Student Development, 57(3), 321-325. Conway, J. M., & Lance, C. E. (2010). What reviewers should expect from authors regarding common method bias in organizational research. Journal of Business and Psychology, 25(3), 325-334. Cooper, A. C., & Artz, K. W. (1995). Determinants of satisfaction for entrepreneurs. Journal of Business Venturing, 10(6), 439-457. Cooper, C., Flint-Taylor, J., & Pearn, M. (2013). Building resilience for success: a resource for managers and organizations. Springer. Cooper, J. T., Stanley, L. J., Klein, H. J., & Tenhiälä, A. (2014). Profiles of commitment in standard and fixed-term employment arrangements: Implications for work outcomes. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 25(1), 149-165. Cooper, N., Estes, C. A., & Allen, L. (2004). Bouncing back. Parks & Recreation (Ashburn), 39(4), 28-35. Cooper-Hakim, A., & Viswesvaran, C. (2005). The construct of work commitment: testing an integrative framework. Psychological bulletin, 131(2), 241. Comer, P. D., Singh, S., & Pavlovich, K. (2017). Entrepreneurial resilience and venture failure. International Small Business Journal, 1-22 Cornwell, B., Laumann, E. O., & Schumm, L. P. (2008). The social connectedness of older adults: A national profile. American sociological review, 73(2), 185-203. Corrigan, P. W., Salzer, M., Ralph, R. O., Sangster, Y., & Keck, L. (2004). Examining the factor structure of the recovery assessment scale. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 30(4), 1035. Costa, S. F., Caetano, A., & Santos, S. C. (2016). Entrepreneurship as a career option: do temporary workers have the competencies, intention and willingness to become entrepreneurs?. The Journal of Entrepreneurship, 25(2), 129-154. Coviello, N., and M. V. Jones (2004). Methodological Issues in International Entrepreneurship Research, Journal of Business Venturing 19(4), 485-508. Cox, R. S., & Perry, K. M. E. (2011). Like a fish out of water: Reconsidering disaster recovery and the role of place and social capital in community disaster resilience. American journal of community psychology, 48(3-4), 395-411. Creswel I, J. W. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage publications. Cronbach, L. J., & Meehl, P. E. (1955). Construct validity in psychological tests. Psychological bulletin, 52(4), 281. Crossley, N. (2008). (Net) Working out: social capital in a private health club. The British journal of sociology, 59(3), 475-500. Crotty M. (1998). The foundations of social research: meaning and perspective in the research process. London: SAGE. Cui, D. (201 4). Effectiveness of SMEs' Innovation and Entrepreneurship: the Role of Leading Enterprises. Economic Management, 3(3), 41-50. Culpepper, R. A. (2000). A test of revised scales for the Meyer & Allen (1991) threecomponent commitment construct. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 60(4), 604-616. Dahlberg, R., Johannessen-Henry, C. T., Raju, E., & Tulsiani, S. (2015). Resilience in disaster research: three versions. Civil Engineering and Environmental Systems, 32(1-2), 44-54. Dai, W. D., Mao, Z. E., Zhao, X. R., & Mattila, A. S. (2015). How does social capital influence the hospitality firm's financial performance? The moderating role of entrepreneurial activities. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 51, 42-55. Daily Independence (2014, Februari 27) Insecurity, lack of infrastructure, bane of tourism in Nigeria Adekanye. Retrieved from http://dailyindependentnig.com/2014/02/insecurity-lack-of-in frastructure-baneof-tourism-in-nigeria-adekanye/ Dale, A. (2014). Agency: individual 'Fit' and sustainable community development. Community Development Journal, 49(3), 426-440. Da ly, M., & Silver, H. (2008). Social exclusion and social capital: A comparison and critique. Theory and society, 37(6), 537-566. Damasio, B. F., Borsa, J. C., & da Silva, J. P. (2011). 14-item res ilience scale (RS-14): psychometric properties of the Brazilian version. Journal of Nursing Measurement, 19(3), 131-145. Daniel, B. (2010). Concepts of adversity, risk, vulnerability and resilience: A discussion in the context of the 'child protection system'. Social Policy and Society, 9(02), 231-241. Dany, F. (2014). Time to change: the added value of an integrative approach to career research. Career Development International, 19(6), 718-730. Dasgupta, P., & Serageldin, I. (2000). Social capital: A multifaceted perspective. Washington, DC: World Bank. Dattalo, P. (2008). Determining sample size: Balancing power, precision, and practicality. Oxford University Press. Davidsson, P. (2008), Looking Back at 20 Years of Entrepreneurship Research: What Did We Learn?, In Landstrom, H., Crijns, H., Laveren, E. & Smallbone, D. (Eds.), Entrepreneurship, Sustainable Growth and Performance: Frontiers in European Entrepreneurship Research (pp. 13-26), Glos, UK: Edward Elgar. Davis, L. L. (1992). Instrument review: Getting the most from a panel of experts. Applied nursing research, 5(4), 194-197. Davis, T. C., & Lunati, M. (2011). OECD-Eurostat Entrepreneurship Jndicators Programme: Comparable International Measures of Entrepreneurship and the Factors that Enhance or Impede It. In The Economics of Small Businesses (pp. 49-68). Physica-Verlag HD. Dawes, J. G. (2008). Do data characteristics change according to the number of scale points used? An experiment using 5 point, 7 point and 10 point scales. International journal of market research, 51 (1). Dawley, D. D., Stephens, R. D., & Stephens, D. B. (2005). Dimensionality of organizational commitment in volunteer workers: Chamber of commerce board members and role ful fitlment. Journal of vocational Behaviour, 67(3), 511-525. Dawson, A., Sharma, P., Irving, P. G., Marcus, J., & Chirico, F. (2013). Predictors of Later-Generation Family Members' Commitment to Family Enterprises. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 39(3), 545-569. Day, R., & Allen, T. D. (2004). The relationship between career motivation and selfefficacy with protege career success. Journal of Vocational Behaviour, 64(1), 72-91. De Beuckelaer, A., & Wagner, S. M. (2012). Small sample surveys: increasing rigor in supply chain management research. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, 42(7), 615-639. De Carol is, D. M., & Sapadto, P. (2006). Social capital, cognition, and entrepreneurial opportunities: A theoretical framework. Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 30(1), 41-56. De Carolis, D. M., Litzky, B. E., & Eddleston, K. A. (2009). Why networks enhance the progress of new venture creation: The influence of social capital and cognition. Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 33(2), 527-545. De Clercq, O., Lim, D.S., & Oh, C.H. (2013). Individual-Level Resources and New Business Activity: The Contingent Role of Institutional Context. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 37(2), 303-330. De Clercq, D., Menzies, T. V., Diochon, M., & Gasse, Y. (2009). Explaining nascent entrepreneurs' goal commitment: An exploratory study. Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship, 22(2), 123-139.

Similar Items