Perceived organizational support, perceived supervisory support, job satisfaction and organizational commitment among employees in Companies at Wesports

Perceived organizational support, perceived supervisory support, job satisfaction and organizational commitment among employees in Companies at Wesports

The main objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between perceived organizational support, perceived supervisory support, job satisfaction and organizational commitment among employees in Malaysia shipping industry. Perceived organizational support, perceived supervisory support...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Ramachandran, Bathmavathy
Format: Thesis
Language:eng
eng
Published: 2018
Subjects:
HD28-70 Management
Industrial Management
Online Access:https://etd.uum.edu.my/8143/1/820398_1.pdf
https://etd.uum.edu.my/8143/2/820398_2.pdf
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
id my-uum-etd.8143
record_format uketd_dc
institution Universiti Utara Malaysia
collection UUM ETD
language eng
eng
topic HD28-70 Management
Industrial Management
spellingShingle HD28-70 Management
Industrial Management
Ramachandran, Bathmavathy
Perceived organizational support, perceived supervisory support, job satisfaction and organizational commitment among employees in Companies at Wesports
description The main objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between perceived organizational support, perceived supervisory support, job satisfaction and organizational commitment among employees in Malaysia shipping industry. Perceived organizational support, perceived supervisory support, job satisfaction are independent variables and organizational commitment is the dependent variable. This study used convenience sampling. 200 questionnaires were distributed in Ocean Alliance or west ports shipping organization in Klang valley and 182 questionnaires were returned. Questionnaire was used to collect the data. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 23. Analyses used such as reliability analysis, descriptive analysis, correlation analysis (Pearson Correlation Analysis) and regression analysis (Multiple Regression Analysis). The Pearson correlation analysis revealed a positive and significant relationship between Perceived organizational support, perceived supervisory support, job satisfaction and organizational commitment. The results of regression analysis showed 23% of the factor perceived organizational support, perceived supervisory support, job satisfaction in this study contributed to the organizational commitment. The regression results indicated perceived supervisory support does not indicated significant relationship with organizational commitment, whereas perceived organizational support, and job satisfaction have positive and significant relationship with organizational commitment.
format Thesis
qualification_name Master of Philosophy (MPhil)
qualification_level Master's degree
author Ramachandran, Bathmavathy
author_facet Ramachandran, Bathmavathy
author_sort Ramachandran, Bathmavathy
title Perceived organizational support, perceived supervisory support, job satisfaction and organizational commitment among employees in Companies at Wesports
title_short Perceived organizational support, perceived supervisory support, job satisfaction and organizational commitment among employees in Companies at Wesports
title_full Perceived organizational support, perceived supervisory support, job satisfaction and organizational commitment among employees in Companies at Wesports
title_fullStr Perceived organizational support, perceived supervisory support, job satisfaction and organizational commitment among employees in Companies at Wesports
title_full_unstemmed Perceived organizational support, perceived supervisory support, job satisfaction and organizational commitment among employees in Companies at Wesports
title_sort perceived organizational support, perceived supervisory support, job satisfaction and organizational commitment among employees in companies at wesports
granting_institution Universiti Utara Malaysia
granting_department School of Business Management
publishDate 2018
url https://etd.uum.edu.my/8143/1/820398_1.pdf
https://etd.uum.edu.my/8143/2/820398_2.pdf
_version_ 1747828335898001408
spelling my-uum-etd.81432021-08-11T06:36:55Z Perceived organizational support, perceived supervisory support, job satisfaction and organizational commitment among employees in Companies at Wesports 2018 Ramachandran, Bathmavathy School of Business Management School of Business Management HD28-70 Management. Industrial Management The main objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between perceived organizational support, perceived supervisory support, job satisfaction and organizational commitment among employees in Malaysia shipping industry. Perceived organizational support, perceived supervisory support, job satisfaction are independent variables and organizational commitment is the dependent variable. This study used convenience sampling. 200 questionnaires were distributed in Ocean Alliance or west ports shipping organization in Klang valley and 182 questionnaires were returned. Questionnaire was used to collect the data. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 23. Analyses used such as reliability analysis, descriptive analysis, correlation analysis (Pearson Correlation Analysis) and regression analysis (Multiple Regression Analysis). The Pearson correlation analysis revealed a positive and significant relationship between Perceived organizational support, perceived supervisory support, job satisfaction and organizational commitment. The results of regression analysis showed 23% of the factor perceived organizational support, perceived supervisory support, job satisfaction in this study contributed to the organizational commitment. The regression results indicated perceived supervisory support does not indicated significant relationship with organizational commitment, whereas perceived organizational support, and job satisfaction have positive and significant relationship with organizational commitment. 2018 Thesis https://etd.uum.edu.my/8143/ https://etd.uum.edu.my/8143/1/820398_1.pdf text eng public https://etd.uum.edu.my/8143/2/820398_2.pdf text eng public mphil masters Universiti Utara Malaysia Akram, A., Kamran, M., Iqbal, M. S., Habibah, U., & Atif Ishaq, M. (2018). The impact of supervisory justice and perceived Supervisor support on organizational citizenship behavior and commitment to supervisor: the mediating role of trust. Cogent Business & Management, 5(1), 1493902. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2018.1493902 Akpmar, A. T., Tas,, Y., & Okur, M. E. (2013). The effect of job satisfaction and emotional exhaustion on effective commitment of emergency services employees. British Journal of Economics, Finance and Management Sciences, 7(2), 169- 17 6. Allen, N.J. & Meyer, J.P. (1990) The Measurement and Antecedents of Affective, Continuance and Normative Commitment to the Organization. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 63, 1-18. http://dx.doi.org/l0.l l l l/j.2044-8325.1990.tb00506 Allen, N. J., & Meyer, J.P. (1996). Effective, continuance, and normative commitment to the organization: An examination of construct validity. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 49(3), 252-276.http://dx.doi.org/l 0.1006/jvbe.1996.0043. Allen, N.J. & Grisaffe, 0.8. (2001) Employee Commitment to the Organization and Customer Reactions: Mapping the Linkages. Human Resource Management Review, 11, 209-236. http://dx.doi.org/l 0.1016/S 1053-4822(00)00049-8 Alfan, Ervina . (2015) Fiscal and Financial Incentives: Revitalizing Malaysian Shipping Industry. Retrieved July 10, 2017 from http:// http://www. mi ma. gov .my /v2/ data/img/ content/FiscalandFinanciallncentivesRevital izingMalaysian Shipping industry by Dr Ervina Alfan Arnolds, C. A., & Boshoff, C. (2002). Compensation, esteem valence and job performance: An empirical assessment of Alderfer's ERG theory. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 13, 697-719. Asian Institute of Finance. (2014), Managing Gen Yin the workplace. Asian Link, Retrieved August 12,2017 from http:// https://www .aif.org.my/clients/aif_ d0 1 /assets/multimediaMS/publication/ ASIAN LINK-15.pdf ASEAN Merchandise Trade Statistics Database (2014) (compiled/computed from data submission, publications and websites of ASEAN Member States' national ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFT A) units, national statistics offices, customs departments/agencies, or central banks) Angeline, T. (2011), Managing generational diversity at the workplace expectations and perceptions of different generations expectations and perceptions of different generations. African Journal of Business Management,5(2), 249-255. Armeli, S., Eisenberger, R., Fasolo, P., & Lynch, P. (1998). Perceived organizational support and police performance: The moderating influence of socioemotional needs. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83, 288-297. 10.1037/0021-9010.83.2.288. Awamleh, N. A. H. K. (1996). "Organizational Commitment of Civil Service Managers in Jordan: A Field Study." Journal of Management Development 15 (5): 65-74. doi:10.1108/ 02621719610117277. Azeem, S. M.(2010). Job Satisfaction and Organization~! Commitment among Employees in the Sultanate of Oman. Psychology,01(04), 295-299. doi : I0.4236/psych.2010.14038 Baran, B., Shanock, L., & Miller, L. (2012). Advancing Organizational Support Theory into the Twenty-First Century World of Work. Journal if business psychology . doi:I0.1007/s10869-011-9236-3 Batt, R. (2002). Managing customer services: Human resource practices, quit rates, and sales growth, Academy of Management Journal, 45(3): 587-97. Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 497- 529. 10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.497. Blount, H. (2013). For many Millennial's, food service is more than a job. Becker, H., ( 1960). Notes on the concept of commitment. American Journal of Sociology, 66, 32-42. Beer, A., Faulkner, D., & Gabriel, M., (2006). 21st century housing careers and Australia's housing future: Literature review. Adelaide: Australian Housing and Urban Research Institute. Bishop, J.W., Scott, K.D., Goldsby, M.G. and Crapanzano, R. (2005), "A construct validity study of commitment and perceived support variables", Group and Organization Management, Vol. 39 No. 2, pp. 153-80. Blau, P.M. (1964). Exchange and Power in Social Life, Wiley, New York, NY. Boehman, J. (2007). Effective commitment among student affairs professionals. NASP A Journal, 44(2) , 307-326. Burke, M. J., Borucki, C. C., & Hurley, A. E. (1992). Re conceptualizing psychological climate in a retail service environment: A multiple-stakeholder perspective. Journal of Applied Psychology, 77(5), 717. Burke R. (2003) Nursing staff attitudes following restructuring: the role of perceived organizational support, restructuring processes and stressors. Int J Socio) Soc Policy 2003; 23(8-9): 129-157. Casper, (2011 ). Work-family conflict, perceived supervisor support and organizational commitment among Brazilian professionals, Journal of Vocational Behavior 79 (2011) 640-652. Chuebang, P ., & Boatham, S. (2011 ). Voluntary turnover intentions: Effects on perceived organizational support and organizational commitment of Thai employees of Raj ab hat universities. Review of Business Research, I I (3), 51-63. Chen, Z.X., Aryee, S. &Lee, C. (2005). "Test of a mediation model of perceived organizational support", Journal of Vocational Behavior, Vol. 66, pp. 457-70. Cheung, &C-K. (2000). "Commitment to the organization in exchange for support from the organization", Social Behavior and Personality, Vol. 28 No. 2, pp. 125-40 Cheng, B-S., Jiang, D-Y., & Riley, J.H. (2003). Organizational commitment, supervisory commitment, and employee outcomes in the Chinese context: proximal hypothesis or global hypothesis? Journal of Organizational Behavior, 24(3), 313-334. Choo. ( 2016). Flexible Working Arrangement toward Organizational Commitment and Work-Family Conflict, Studies in Asian Social Science, Vol. 3, No. 1; 2016. Chin WW, ( 1998). The Partial Least Squares Approach for Structural Equation Modeling." In GA Marcoulides (ed.), Modern Methods for Business Research, pp. 295{336. Lawrence Erratum Associates. Chao, M.C.-H. & Spillan, J.E. (2010). "The journey from market orientation to firm performance: a comparative study of US and Taiwanese SMEs", Management Research Review, Vol. 33, No. 5, pp. 472-483. Crampton, S. M., & Hodge, J. W. (2006). The supervisor and generational differences. Proceedings of the Academy of Organizational Culture, Communications and Conflict, 11 , I 9-22. Creswell, J. (2003). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods approaches (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. Creswell, J. W. (2011). Controversies in mixed methods research. In N. Denzin & Y. Lincoln (Eds.) Cropanzano R, Howes JC, Grandey AA & Toth P .(1997). The relationship of organizational politics and support to work behaviors, attitudes, and stress. Cropanzano, R., & Mitchell, M. S. (2005). Social exchange theory: An interdisciplinary review. Journal of Management, 31: 874-900. Culibrk, J., Delic, M., Mitrovic, S., & Culibrk, D. (2018). Job Satisfaction, Organizational Commitment and Job Involvement: The Mediating Role of Job Involvement. Frontiers in Psychology, Vol 9. Currie, P. & Dollery, B. (2006), Organizational commitment and perceived organizational support in the NSW police, Policing: An international Journal of Police Strategies & Management, Vol. 29. No. 4, pp. 741-756 Davis, J.A. (1971). Elementary survey analysis. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. DeCotiis, T.A. & Summers, T.P. (1987), "A path analysis of a model of the antecedents and consequences of organizational commitment", Human Relations, Vol. 40 No.7, pp. 445-470. Dickinson, N.S., & Perry, R.E. (2002). Factors influencing the retention of specially educated public child welfare workers. Journal of Health and Social Policy, 15 (3,4), 89-103. Douglas, A. (2014 ). Millennial's in the hospitality workforce: Bridging the generational gap. Retrieved from http://www.algovernorsconference.com/presentations/ Dunham, R. B., Grube, J. A., & Castaneda, M. B. (1994). Organizational commitment: The utility of an integrative definition. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79, 370-380. Abou Hashish, Ebtsam Aly (2015). Relationship between ethical work climate and nurses perception of organizational support, commitment, job satisfaction and turnover intent. Nursing Ethics 24 (2):151-166. Eisenberger, R., Faso lo, P.M., & Davis-LaMastro, V. (1990). Effects of perceived organizational support on employee diligence, innovation, and commitment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 53, 51-59. Eisenberger, R., Cummings, J., Armeli, S., & Lynch, P. (1997). Perceived organizational support, discretionary treatment, and job s~tisfaction. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82, 812-820. Eisenberger R, Armeli S, Rexwinkel B, Lynch PD, Rhoades L. (2001). Reciprocation of perceived organizational support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 42-51 Eisenberger, R., Stinglhamber, F., Vandenberghe, C., Sucharski, I. L., & Rhoades, L. (2002). Perceived supervisor support: Contributions to perceived organizational support and employee retention. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(3), 565-573. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.87.3.565 Eisenberger, R., Aselage, J., Sucharski, I. L., & Jones, J. R. (2004). Perceived organizational support. In J. A-M Coyle-Shapiro, L. M. Shore, M. S. Taylor, & L. E. Tetrick (Eds.), The employment relationship: Psychological and contextual perspectives, 206-225 Eisenberger, R., & Stinglhamber, F. (2011). Perceived organizational support: Fostering enthusiastic and productive employees. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Eisenberger, R., Malone, G., & Presson, W.(2016.). Optimizing Perceived Organizational Support to Enhance Employee Engagement. Eren, E. (2001). The impact of managers' leadership behaviors on job satisfaction and performance of employees. Journal of Business Management Vol.5 (30), pp.11836-11843 doi: 10.5897/AJBMl0.1229 Erickson, R. A., & Roloff, M. E. (2007). Reducing attrition after downsizing: Analyzing the effects of organizational support, supervisor support, and gender on organizational commitment. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 15(1), 35-55. doi: 10.1108/19348830710860147 Fuller & Barnett.(2003). A social identity perspective on the relationship between perceived organizational support and organizational commitment. Journal of Social Psychology, 143(6), 789. Fuller, J.B., Hester, K., Barnett, T., Frey, L. & Rel yea, C. (2006). Perceived organizational support and perceived external prestige (PEP): predicting organizational attachment for university faculty, staff and administrators. The Journal of Social Psychology, 146(3), 327-347. Fields, D.L. (2002). Taking the measure of work: A guide to validated scales for organizational research and diagnosis. Thousand Oaks, Fishman A. A. (2016). How generational differences will impact America's aging workforce: Strategies for dealing with aging Millennial, Generation X, and Baby Boomers. Strategic HR Review, 15(6), 250-257. 10.1108/SHR-08-2016-0068 Gamze Yorganc1oglu Tarcan, Menderes Tarcan & Mehmet Top (2016): An analysis of relationship between burnout and job satisfaction among emergency health professionals, Total Quality Management & Business Excellence, doi:I 0.1080/14783363.2016.1141659 Gakovic, A. & Tetrick, L.E. (2003), "Perceived organizational support and work status: a comparison of the employment relationships of part-time and full-time employees attending university classes", Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol. 24 No. 5, pp. 649-66. Garland, B., Hogan, N., Kelley, T., Kim, B., & Lambert, E. (2013). To be or not to be committed: The effects of continuance and effective commitment on absenteeism and turnover intent among private prison personnel. Journal of Applied Security Research, 8, 1-23. Gaetane Caesens, Florence Stinglhamber, Stephanie Demoulin & Matthias De Wilde .(2017), Perceived organizational support ap.d employees' well-being: the mediating role of organizational dehumanization, European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, doi: 10.1080/1359432X.2017.1319817 Huby, G., Gerry, M., McKinstry, B., Porter, M., Shaw, J., & Wrate, R. (2002). Morale among general practitioners: Qualitative study exploring relations between partnership arrangements, personal style, and workload. BMJ: British Medical Journal, 325(7356), 140-145.doi: http://dx.doi.org/10. l 136/bmj.325.7356.140 Glazer, S. (2006). Social support across cultures. International Journal of Inter cultural Relations, 30(5), 605-622. Goh, L. (2012, February 19). Why job- hoppers hop. The Star Online. Retrieved April, 2017, from http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2012/2/19 /nation/20120219070805&sec=nation Gouldner, A. W. (1960). The norm of reciprocity: A preliminary statement. American Sociological Review, 25, 161-178. · Grant-Vallone,Ensher,E,A & Elisa,], (2001). An examination of work and personal life conflict, organizational support, and employee health among international expatriates, International Journal of Intercultural Relations. Hausknecht, J.P., D. V. Day, & S. C. Thomas. (2004). "Applicant Reactions to Selection Procedures: An Updated Model and Meta-Analysis." Personnel Psychology 57 (3): 639-683. doi: 1 O. l 11 l/peps.2004.57.issue-3. Hannah, D. & Iverson, R. (2004) 'Employment relationships in context: implications for policy and practice', in Coyle-Shapiro, J., Shore, L., Taylor, S. and Tetrick, L. (Eds.): The Employment Relationship: Examining Psychological and Contextual Perspectives, pp.332-350, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Hausknecht, J. P., Day, D. V., & Thomas, S. C. (2004). Applicant reactions to selection procedures: An updated model and meta-analysis. Hee Jung Kang, Anthony Gatling & Jungsun Kim ,(2015).The Impact of Supervisory Support on Organizational Commitment, Career Satisfaction, and Turnover Intention for Hospitality Front line Employees, Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality & Tourism. Hill, C. A. (1987). Affiliation motivation: People who need people but in different ways. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 1008-1018. 10.1037/0022-3514.52.5. l 008. Huam.H.T, Teo,P.N & Amran,M,R.,(2012). Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment in a Malaysian Public University's Library, International Journal of Management Sciences and Business research ISSN (2226-8235) "volume 1, issue 6" Hutchison, S., & Garstka, M.L. (1996). Sources of Perceived Organizational Support: Goal Setting and Feedback 1. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 26(15), 1351-1366. Islam, Md. A., Teh, W.C., Yusuf, D.H.M., & Desa, H. (2011). A study on 'Generation Y' behaviors at workplace in Penang. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 5(11), 1802-1812. Iverson, R.D. & Roy, P. (1994). A causal model of behavioral commitment: Evidence from a Study of Australian blue collar employees. Journal of Management, 20(1), 15-41. Jaros, S., Jermier, J ., Koehler, J., & Sincich, T. (1993). Effects of continuance, effective, and moral commitment on the withdrawal process: An evaluation of eight structural equation models. Academy of Management Journal, 36, 951- 995. James,J.,Bibb,S & Walker,S. (2008). Generation Y: Comparison between Asia and the rest of the world. Retrieved May 25, 2018, from https://talentsmoothie.com/ Jackson, D, N.(1998), Organizational commitment and job performance :it's the nature of commitment that counts. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol 74(1), Feb 1989, 152-156. Johnson. M. K. (2002). Social Origins, Adolescent Experiences, and Work Value Trajectories during the Transition to Adulthood. Social Forces 80: 1307-1341. Jones, E., Busch, P., & Dacin, P. (2003). Firm market orientation and salespersons' customer orientation: Interpersonal and interpersonal influences on customer service and retention in business-to-business buyer-seller relationships. Journal of Business Research, 56,323 -340 Judge, T, Thoresen, C, Bono, J & Patton, G ,(2001 ). 'The job satisfaction-job performance relationship: a qualitative and quantitative review' , Psychological Bulletin, vol.127, no.3, pp.376-407 Jurkiewicz, C.E. & Brown, R.G. (1998). "GenXers vs Boomers vs Matures: generational comparisons of public employee motivation", Review of Public Personnel Administration, Vol. 18, pp. 18-37. Kane, S. (2013). Generation Y. Retrieved March 10, 2013, from Legal Career: http:/ /legalcareers.about.com/ od/practicetips/ a/Generation Y .htm Kaufman, J.D., Stamper, C.L. & Tesluk, P.E. (2001) . "Do supportive organizations make for good corporate citizens?", Journal of Managerial Issues, Vol. 13 No. 4, pp. 436-49. Kidd, J.M., & Smewing, C. (2001). The role of the supervisor in career and organizational commitment. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 10(1), 25-40. K. Nath Gangaiv & R. Agrawal. (2015). Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment: Is it important for Employee Performance, Int. J. Manag. Bus. Res., 5 (4), 269-278, Autumn 2015 Kobasa, S. C. (1982). Commitment and coping in stress resistance among lawyers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42, 707-717 Kurtessis, J., Eisenberger, R., Ford, M., Buffardi, L., Stewart, K., & Adis, C. (2015). Perceived Organizational Support: A Meta-Analytic Evaluation of Organizational Support Theory. Journal of Management. doi: 10.1177/0149206315575554. Kwantes.C.T (2009) "Culture, job satisfaction and organizational commitment in India and the United States", Journal of Indian Business Research, Vol. 1 Issue: 4, pp.196-212, doi: 10.1108/17554190911013265 LaMastro, V. (2000), Commitment and perceived organizational support. National Forum Journals, 13(3). Landsman, M. J. (2001). Commitment in public child Welfare. Social Service Review, 75(3), 386-419. Lance, C.E. (1991). Evaluation of a structural model relating job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and precursors to voluntary turnover. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 26. 137-62. Leedy, P. 0., & Ormrod, J.E. (2005). Practical research: Planning and design (8th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Lee Su Teng & Tay Angelline. (2012). Historical Moments that are Meaningful to the Three Generations of Employees in Malaysia, World Journal of Social Sciences Vol. 2. No. 3. May 2012. Pp. Lee, T.Y., Tzeng, W .C., Lin, C.H., & Yeh, M.L.(2009): Effects of a preceptorship programme on turnover rate, cost, quality and professional development. J. Clin. Nurs. 18, 1217-1225. Leiter, M. P ., & Maslach, C. ( 1988). The impact of interpersonal environment of burnout and organizational commitment. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 9, 297 308. Lim, S. (2008). Job Satisfaction of Information Technology Workers in Academic Libraries. Library and Information Science R~search, The Journal of Academic Librarianship, 33( 4), 115-121. Lincoln, J.R., & Kalleberg, A.L. (1990). Culture, control, and commitment: A study of work organization and work orientations im the United States and Japan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Liao, H., & Chuang, A. (2004). A multilevel investigation of factors influencing employee service performance and customer outcomes. Academy of Management Journal, 47, 41-58 Lowe 0., Levitt K. J., & Wilson T. (2008). Solutions for retaining Generation Y employees in the workplace. Business Renaissance Quarterly, 3(3), 43-57. London, M., Smither, J. W ., & Adsit, 0. J. ( 1997). Accountability: The Achilles' heel of multi source feedback. Group & Organization management, 22(2), 162-184 London, M., (1983). Toward a theory of career motivation. ACAD. Manage. Rev., 8(4): 620- 630 Locke, E. A. ( 1976),The nature and causes of job satisfaction', M. D. Dunnette (Eds.), Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Chicago: Rand McNally. Luo Lu, Cary L. Cooper & Hui Yen Lin, (2013). "A cross-cultural examination of presentiment and supervisory support", Career Development International , Vol. 18 Issue: 5, pp.440-456, doi: 10.1108/COI-03-2013-0031 Lu, L., Cooper, C. L., & Lin, H. Y. (2013). A cross-cultural examination of presentiment and supervisory support. Career Development International, 18(5), 440-456. Lynch, P. 0., Eisenberger, R., & Armeli, S. (1999). Perceived organizational support: Inferior versus superior performance by wary employees. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84, 467-483. 10.1037/0021-9010.84.4.467 Malik, A. & Nilakant, V. (2011), "Extending the 'size r:natters' debate: drivers of training in three business process outsourcing SMEs in India", Management Research Review, Vol. 34 No. 1, pp. 111-132. Makanjee CR, Hartzer YF & Uys IL (2006). The effect of perceived organizational support on organizational commitment of diagnostic imaging radiographers. Radiography 12(2): 118-126. Mathews, B. P., & Shepherd, J. L. (2002). Dimensionality of Cook and Wall's (1980) British Organizational Commitment Scale revisited. Journal of Occupational & Organizational Psychology, 75, 369-375. Marzec, I., van der Heijden, B.I., Scholarios, D., Van der Schoot, E., Jedrzejowicz, P., Bozionelos, N., Epitropaki, 0., Knauth, P., Mikkelsen, A. & Van der Heijde, C. (2009), "Employ ability management practices in the Polish ICT sector", Human Resource Development International, Vol. 12 No. 5, pp. 471-492. Marissa Orlowski, Kevin S. Murphy & Denver Severt .(2016), Commitment and conflict in the restaurant industry: Perceptions from the penetration Y viewpoint, Journal of Food service Business Research, doi : 10.1080115378020.2016.1206772 Martin, S. S. (2008), Relational and economic antecedents of organizational commitment, Personal Review, Vol. 37, No. 6, pp. 589- 608 Martin C. A. (2005). From high maintenance to high productivity: What managers need to know about Generation Y. Industrial and Commercial Training, 37(1), 39-44. Mathieu, J.E., & Farr, J.L. (1991). Further evidence for the discriminant validity of measures of organizational commitment, job involvement, and job satisfaction. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76, 127-133 McElroy, J., Morrow, P., & Wardlow, T. (1999), A career stage analysis of police officer work commitment. Journal of Criminal Justice, 27, 507-516. Mcphee, S. D., & Townsend, L. J. (1992). A Study of Organizational Commitment and Job Satisfaction among air force occupational therapy officers. Military Medicine, 157(3), 117-121. doi:I0.1093/milmed/157.3.117 Meyer, J. & Allen, N., (1991), A three component conceptualization of organizational commitment. Human resources management review, 1 (61), 61-89. Meyer, J.P., & Allen, N. J. (1997), Commitment in the workplace: Theory, research, and application. Thousand Oaks, Meyer, J.P., Irving, P. G., & Allen, N. J. (1998), Examination of the combined effects of work values and early work experiences on organizational commitment. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 19( 1 ), 29-52. Meyer, J.P. & L. Herscovitch. (2001), Commitment in the Workplace: Toward a General Model, Human Resource Management Review 11, 299-326. Meyer JP, Stanley DJ, Herscovitch L & Topolnytsky L (2002), "Affective, Continuance and Normative Commitment to the Organization: A Meta-analysis of Antecedents, Correlates, and Consequences", Journal of Vocational Behavior, Vol. 61 , pp. 20-52. Meyer, J. P., Becker, T. E., & Vandenberghe, C. (2004), Employee commitment and motivation: A conceptual analysis and integrative model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89, 991-1007. Meyer,J.P & Parfyonova, N.M. (2009), Normative commitment in the workplace: A theoretical analysis and re-conceptualization, Human Resource Management Volume 20, Issue 4, December 2010, Pages 283-294. Morena William Nkomo, (2017) Influences of Mentoring Functions on Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment of Graduate Employees. 197-206. 10.1007/978-3-3l9-60018-5 20 Mohsen,Mohamad Adel & Mohamad Samy, (2016), Committed generations: a case study on generations X and Y employees in Saudi hotels, An International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality, Research ,Volume 2 7-2016-Issues 4 Mowday, R.T. (1999). Reflections on the study and relevance of organizational commitment. Human Resource Management Review, 8(4), 387-401 Mohd Hanif, I. & Chia, A. (2013), The challenge of talent retention in today 's globalized economy. HR Asia, 17, 18-19. Mowday, R.T., Steers, R.M., & Porter, L.W. (1979), 'T~e Measurement of Organizational Commitment,' Journal of Vocational Behavior, 14, 224-247. Mowday, R. T., Steers, R. M. & Porter, L. W. (1982). Employee Organizational Linkages: The Psychology of Commitment, Turnover and Absenteeism, Academic Press, New York Mohd Hanif, I. & Chia, A. (2013). The Challenger of talent retention in today' s globalized economy. HR Asia, 17, 18-19. Mukundan, S., Dhanya, M., & Saraswathyamma, K.P., (2013), "A study on the conflict resolution styles of Generation Y students in Indian context", International Journal of Global Business, Vol. 6 no. 1, pp. 81-90. Mueller, C.W., Boyer, E.M., Price, J.L., & Iverson, R.D. (1994). Employee attachment and non coercive conditions of work: The case of dental hygienists. Work and Occupations, 21, 179-212. Nadarajah, S, Kadiresan, V, Kumar, N, Kamil, A & Yusff, YM, (2012). 'The relationship of HR practices of academicians toward Career development in Malaysian private higher institutions', Procedia-Social and Behavioral sciences, vol.57, pp.102-118. Najihah Hanisah,Mizan.H, Norsyamina.Z, Jeniwaty & M.J.,(2010). Organizational commitment and job burnout among employees in Malaysia, 2010 International Conference on Business and Economics, vol. I (2011) © (2011) IACSIT Press, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Ng, E, S. W .. , Schweitzer, L., & Lyons, S. (2010). New generation, great expectations: A field study of the millennial generation. Bus Psycho!, (25), 281 -292 Ng, E. S., Lyons, S. T., & Schweitzer, L. (2017). Millennial's in Canada: Young Workers in a challenging labor market. In E. Parry & J. McCarthy (Eds.), The Pa/grave handbook of age diversity and work (pp. 325-344). Nish ii, L. H., Lepak, D. P. & Schneider, B. (2008). Employee attributions of the "why" of HR practices: Their effects on employee attitudes and behaviors, and customer satisfaction. Nouruddeen Bashir & Choi Sang Long . (2015), "The relationship between training and organizational commitment among academicians in Malaysia", Journal of Management Development, Vol. 34 Iss 10 pp. Permanent link to this document: http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1108/JMD-01-2015-0008 Norizan, I. (2012). Organizational Commitment and Job Satisfaction among Staff of Higher Learning Education Institutions in Kelantan. pp. 1-73. Nunn, J. (2000). Career Planning Key to Employee Retention. Journal of Property Management, 65 (5), pp. 20-21. Nunnally, J.C. (1978). Psychometric theory (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Nye, L. G., & Witt, L. A. (1993). Dimensionality and construct validity of the Perceptions of Organizational Politics Scale (POPS). educational and Psychological Measurement, 53, 821-829. O'Driscoll M, Ruiz-Perez VL, Woods CG, Jeggo PA & Goodship JA. (2003). A splicing mutation affecting expression of ataxia televangelist and Rad3-related protein (ATR) results in Seckel syndrome. Nat Genet 3~(4):497-501 Ostroff, C. (1992). The relationship between satisfaction, attitudes, and performance: An organizational Level Analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 77, 963-974. Panaccio, C. Vandenberghe ,(2009).Perceived organizational support, organizational commitment and psychological well-being: f,. longitudinal study Journal of Vocational Behavior, 75. Parker, S. K., Williams, H. M., & Turner, N. (2006). Modeling the antecedents of proactive behavior at work. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 63~52. Powell, D. M., & Meyer, J.P. (2004). Side-bet theory find the three-component model of organizational commitment. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 65( 1 ), 157-177. Pupim D, Filho LI, Takeshita WM & Iwaki LV, (2013). Evaluation of accuracy of portable fingertip pulse oximeter, as compared to that of a hospital oximeter with digital sensor. Porter, L.W., Steers, R.M., Mowday, R.T. & Boulian, P.V. (1974), "Organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and turnover among psychiatric technicians", Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 59 No. 5, p1• 603 P. Sharma (2017), Organizational culture as a predictor of job satisfaction: The role of age and gender., Journal of Management, Vol. 22, 2017, 1, pp. 35-48. Queiri, A., Yusoff, W. W., Zakaria, S., & Hisham, R. (2015). Explaining Generation-Y Employees' Turnover in Malaysian Context, Asian Social Science; Vol. 11, No. 10; Rahaman, H.M.S. (2003). Organizational Commitment, Perceived Organizational Support, and Job Satisfaction Among School Teachers: Comparing Public and Private Sectors in Bangladesh. South Asian Journal of Management, 19 (3): 7-17. Randall, D.M., (1990). The consequences of organizational commitment: Methodological investigation. J. Organ. Behav., 11(5): 361-378 Randall, D.M. ( 1993), "Cross-cultural research on organizational commitment: a review and application of Hofstadter's value survey module", Journal of Business Research, Vol. 26 No. 1, pp. 91-110. Rhoades, L., & Eisenberger, R. (2002). Perceived organizational support: A review of the literature. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 698-714. Riketta, M. (2002). Attitudinal organizational commitment and job performance: A meta analysis. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23, 257-266. Robbins, S.P. & Judge, T.A. (2015) Organisational Behavior, 16th Ed. Harlow, England, Pearson Education Limited. Rodsutti, M.C. & Swierczek, F.W (2002), "Leadership and organizational effectiveness in multinational enterprises in southeast Asia ", Leadership & Organization Development Journal, Vol. 23 No. 5, pp. 250-259. Saks,A,M (2006) Antecedents and consequences of employee engagement, Journal of Managerial Psychology, Vol. 21 Issue: 7, pp.600-619, doi: 10.1108/02683940610690169 Salahudin,S,N., Alwi, M,N., Baharuddin,S,S., & Abd ~amad,N,I (2016), Generation Y: Organizational Commitment and Turnover Intervention, International Conference on Business and Economics, 21 - 23. http:/ldx.doi.qrg/10.15405/epsbs.2016.11.02.41 Schwepker, C.H. (2001), 'Ethical Climate's Relationship to Job Satisfaction, Organizational Commitment, and Turnover Intention in the Salesforce,' Journal of Business Research, 54, 39-52. Sekaran, Marilyn, Pelosi & Sandifier (2005). Research Methods for Business: A skill building approach (4th ed). John Wiley & Sons. Sekaran,S (2006). Research Methods for Business: A S~ill Building Approach, 4th Ed Sekaran, U. & Bougie, R. (2009) Research Methods for Business: A Skill-Building Approach. 5th Edition, John Wiley and Sons Inc., Hoboken. Sekaran & roger Bougie (2010), Research methods for business, United Nations e government survey 20 I 0. http://unpan3.un.org/egovkb/global reports/I 0report.htm, Sekaran, U. & Bougie, R. (2013) Research Methods for Business-A Skill Building Approach. 6th Edition, John Wiley and Sons, West Sussex. Settoon, R., Bennett, N., & Liden, R. (1996). Social exchange in organizations: Perceived organizational support, leader-member exchange, and employee reciprocity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81(3), 219-227. Shaw, W. S., Reme, S. E., Pransky, G., Woiszwillo, M. J., Steenstra, I. A., & Linton, S. J.(2013). The pain recovery inventory of concerns and expectations: a psycho social screening instrument to identify intervention needs among patients at elevated risk of back disability. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 55, 885-894. Shore, L. M., & Tetrick, L. E. (1991). A construct valid~ty study of the survey of perceived organizational support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76, 637-643. Shore, L. M., Coyle-Shapiro, J. A., & Tetrick, L. E. C+012). The employee organization relationship: Applications for the 21st century. New York: Routledge/Psychology Press. Shore, L. M., & S. J. Wayne. (1993). "Commitment and Employee Behavior: Comparison of Effective Commitment and Continuance Commitment with Perceived Organizational Support." Journal of Applied Psychology 78 (5): 774-780. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.78.5 .774. Sharidan M. Ali ,(2017). Westport Holding Berhad New shipping alliances may affect Westports, retrieved from the star April 2017. Stephen Choo & Christine Bowley, (2007) "Using training and development to affect job satisfaction within franchising" , Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, Vol. 14 Issue: 2, pp.339-352 Smith, B. D. ,(2005). Job retention in child welfare: Effects of perceived organizational support, supervisor support, and intrinsic job value. Children and Youth Services Review 27: 153-169. Srivastava, S. (2013). Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment Relationship: Effect of Personality Variables. Vision: The Journal of Business Perspective, 17(2), pp.159-167. Sow Hup Chan & Hua Han Qiu (2011) Loneliness, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment of migrant workers: empirical evidence from China, The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 22:05, 1109-1127, DOI: 10.1080/09585192.201 l .556785 Solnet, D., Kralj, A., & Kandampully, J. (2012). Generation-Y Employees: An Examination of Work Attitudes Differences. Journal of Applied Management and Entrepreneurship, 17(3), 36-54. Solnet, D., & Hood, A. (2008). Generation-Y as Hospitality Employees: Framing a Research Agenda. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 15, 59-68. http://dx.doi.org/l0.1375/jhtm. l 5.59 Suliman, A. M. T. (2002), "Is It Really A Mediating Construct? The Mediating Role of Organizational Commitment in Work Climate-Performance Relationship." Susskind, A.M., Kacmar, K.M & Borchgrevink, C.P. (2007), How organizational standards and coworker support improve restaurant service. Cornell Hotel Restaur. Adm. Q. 48 (4), 370---379 S.Z. Eyupoglu, K. I. Jabbarova & K. R. Aliyeva (2017): The Identification of Job Satisfaction under Z-Information, Intelligent Automation & Soft Computing, DOI: 10.1080/10798587.2017.1327156. Talat Islam, Saif Ur Rehman Khan, Ungku Norulkamar Bt Ungku Ahmad, Ghulam Ali, Ishfaq Ahmed, & Zulfqar Ahmad Bowra. (2013). Turnover intentions: The influence of perceived organizational support and organizational commitment. Social and Behavioral Sciences, 103, 1238-1242. Tett, R.P. & Meyer, J.P. (1993), "Job satisfaction, organizational commitment, turnover intention, and turnover: path analyses based on meta-analytic findings", Personnel Psychology, Vol. 46 No. 2, pp. 259-293. Thompson, C.A., Beauvais, L.L., & Lyness, K.S. ( I 999), 'When Work-Family Benefits are Not Enough: The Influence of Work-Family)' Culture on Benefit Utilization, Organizational Attachment, and Work-Family Conflict,' Journal of Vocational Behavior, 54, 392-415. Thompson, C.A., Thomas, C.C., & Maier, M. (1992), 'Work-Family Conflict: Reassessing Corporate Policies and Initiatives,' in Womanpower: Managing in Times of Demographic Turbulence. Thomas, J. L., Bliese, P. D., & Jex, S. M. (2005), Interpersonal conflict and organizational commitment: Examining two levels of sup~rvisory support as multilevel moderators. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 35(11), 2375-2398. Thamrin,H.M.(2012), The Influence of Transformation Leadership and Organizational Commitment on Job Satisfaction and Employee Performance, International Journal of Innovation, Management and Technology, Vol. 3, No. 5. DOI: 10.7763/IJIMT.2012. V3.299 Tonges, M. C., Rothstein, H. & Carter, H.K. (1998). Sources of Satisfaction in Hospital Nursing Practice: A Guide to Effective Job Design. Journal of Nursing Administration, 28 (5), pp. 47-61. Tourigny, L., Baba, V. Y., & Lituchy, T. R. (2005), Job burnout among airline employees in Japan: A study of the buffering effects of absence and supervisory support.International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 5(1), 67-85. Traynor, M. & Wade, B. (1993), "The development of a measure of job satisfaction for use in monitoring the morale of community nurses in four trusts", Journal of Advanced Nursing, Vol. 18 No. I, pp. 127-36. Twenge, J, (2010). A Review of the Empirical Evidence on Generational Differences in Work Attitudes. Journal Business Psychology, 25, 201-210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007 Is 10869-010-9165-6 Twenge JM, Campbell WK, Freeman ECJ Pers Soc Psycho!. 2012 May; 102(5):1045-62. Van de Velde, E. G. Mandy, J. A. Feij, & H. V. Emmerik. Change in Work Values and Norms Among Dutch Young Adults: Ageing or Societal Trends. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 1998, 22: 55-76. Vandenberg, R. J., & Lance, C. E. (1992). Examining the casual order of job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Journal of Management, 18(1), 153-167. Valaei, N., Rezaei, S. & Emami, M. (2016a), "Impact of exploitative learning strategy on Malaysian SMEs' creativity and innovation capabilities", International Journal of Management and Enterprise Development, Vol. 15 No. 4, pp. 328-354. Wasti, Arzu S. ,(2004) Effective and continuance commitment to the organization: test of an integrated model in the Turkish context, International Journal of intercultural Relations, Vol.26, No.5, September 2002, 525-550 Wallace, J. (1997), Becker's side-bet theory of commitment revised: Is it a time for a moratorium or a resurrection? Human Relations, 50, 727-774 Wang & Zhang. (2010), Relationship among Organizational Support, Organizational Commitment and Organizational Citizenship Behavior of University Faculty Members. Wayne, S. J., Kraimer, M. L., & Sparrowe, R. T. (2003). The dual commitments of contingent workers: An examination of contingents' commitment to the agency and the organization. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 24: 609-635. Wayne, S.J., Shore, L.M. & Liden, R.C. (1997), Perceived organizational support and leader-member exchange: a social exchange perspective. Academy of Management Journal, 40( I), 82-11 I. Wadhwa, P. (2012). The relationship between high involvement work systems, supervisory support, and organizational effectiveness: The Foley of employee experiences at work Wei-Chi Tsai & Hao-Yi Chen. (2016), A multilevel investigation of antecedents of employee positive effective displays: the roles of customer negative effective displays and employee perceived supervisory support, European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, DOI: 10.1080/1359432X.2016.127605681 Wiener, Y. (1982), A normative view. Academy of Management Review, 7, 418-428. Williams, L.J. & Anderson, S.E. (1991), "Job satisfaction and organizational commitment as predictors of organizational citizenship and in-role behaviors", Journal of Management, Vol. 17 No. 3, pp. 601-617. Williams, L.J. & Hazer, J. T. ( 1986), "Antecedents and consequences of satisfaction and commitment in turnover models: a reanalysis using latent variable structural equation methods", Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 71 No. 2, p. 219. W.L. Kuean, S.Kaur & Wong E.S.K. (2010), The Relationship between Organizational Commitment and Intention to Quit: The Malaysian Companies Perspective. Journal of Applied Sciences, 10: 2251-2260 Xiong hui-bing & Luo Dong-xia, (2008). An Empirical Study on Relationship between Perceived Organizational Support, Collective Serf-esteem and Organizational Commitment: from the Perspective of Social Identity Theory, Economic Management Yankelovich.D. (1994), How Changes in the Economy are Reshaping American Values.ln T. E. Mann, H. J. Aaron & T. Taylor. Values and Public Policy, (ed.). Washington D.C.: The Brookings Institute. Yoon, J., & Thye, S. R. (2002). A Dual Process Model of Organizational Commitment. Work and Occupations, 29, 97-124. Yusoff, W. W., Queiri, A., Zakaria, S., & Hisham, R. (2013), Generation-Y Turnover Intention in Business Process Outsourcing Sector. Kota Kinabalu, ICMEF Yu-Huei Pan, Chi-Chang Lin & Chung-Shang Yang. (2011), The Effects of Perceived Organizational Support, Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment on Job Performance in Bulk Shipping, Maritime Quarterly Vol. 20 No. 4 Yucel, I., & Bektas, C. (2012). Job Satisfaction, Organizational Commitment and Demographic Characteristics Among Teachers in Turkey: Younger is Better? Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 46, 15 98-1608. doi: 10.1016/j .sbspro.2012.05.346 Zikmund, W.G. (2003) Business Research Methods. 7th Edition, Thomson South Western, Zuboff, S & J. Maxmin.( 2002), The Support Economy: Why Corporations are Failing Individuals and the Next Episode of Capitalism. New York: Viking.

Similar Items