Effects of Fish Amino Acid (FAA) and boron application on growth and yield of Solanum lycopersicum (Tomato) in soil and soilles media

<p>An application of chemical fertilizers to enhance crop yields by increasing the</p><p>availability of nutrient has been raised in agriculture sector but excessive</p><p>consumption of chemical fertilizers recently causing serio...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Rosma Che Nordin
Format: thesis
Language:eng
Published: 2023
Subjects:
Online Access:https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=11434
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
id oai:ir.upsi.edu.my:11434
record_format uketd_dc
institution Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
collection UPSI Digital Repository
language eng
topic S Agriculture (General)
spellingShingle S Agriculture (General)
Rosma Che Nordin
Effects of Fish Amino Acid (FAA) and boron application on growth and yield of Solanum lycopersicum (Tomato) in soil and soilles media
description <p>An application of chemical fertilizers to enhance crop yields by increasing the</p><p>availability of nutrient has been raised in agriculture sector but excessive</p><p>consumption of chemical fertilizers recently causing serious environmental</p><p>problems. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to determine the effects of</p><p>different liquid organic fertilizers and boron (B) application on growth and yield of</p><p>tomato in soil and soilless media. There were 2 main experiments in this study. In</p><p>Preliminary Experiment, there were 16 treatments with 5 replications, including</p><p>controls, liquid organic fertilizers (fish amino acid [FAA] and shrimp extract [SE])</p><p>and B application. In Experiment 2, there were 6 treatments with 4 replications were</p><p>chosen from the previous experiment. The experiment was designed in a factorial</p><p>RCBD and data were analyzed by using ANOVA, SPSS software and the differences</p><p>between treatments mean were compared using Tukey HSD test with significant</p><p>level (P<0.05). The parameters observed were plant height, number of leaves, shoot</p><p>and root biomass, pH media, organic matter content, fresh weight and number of</p><p>fruits. Results on study of effects of FAA application on growth and yield of tomato</p><p>in soilless media was successfully achieved. Treatment with 30 mL/L FAA (T3) were</p><p>showed the significant effect on plant number of leaves and the result were similar to</p><p>the result using AB fertilizers (T4). Meanwhile, studies on effects of boron</p><p>application on growth and yield of tomato in soilless media was also successful.</p><p>Treatment 30 mL/L FAA + 1.87 mg/L boron (T4) gave similar result to treatment</p><p>using inorganic fertilizer (T6) on plant number of leaves. This study proved that the</p><p>application of FAA and B can contribute positive effects on plant growth</p><p>development for certain parameters. Thus, they can also be used as an alternative</p><p>fertilizer to reduce the usage of chemical fertilizer.</p>
format thesis
qualification_name
qualification_level Master's degree
author Rosma Che Nordin
author_facet Rosma Che Nordin
author_sort Rosma Che Nordin
title Effects of Fish Amino Acid (FAA) and boron application on growth and yield of Solanum lycopersicum (Tomato) in soil and soilles media
title_short Effects of Fish Amino Acid (FAA) and boron application on growth and yield of Solanum lycopersicum (Tomato) in soil and soilles media
title_full Effects of Fish Amino Acid (FAA) and boron application on growth and yield of Solanum lycopersicum (Tomato) in soil and soilles media
title_fullStr Effects of Fish Amino Acid (FAA) and boron application on growth and yield of Solanum lycopersicum (Tomato) in soil and soilles media
title_full_unstemmed Effects of Fish Amino Acid (FAA) and boron application on growth and yield of Solanum lycopersicum (Tomato) in soil and soilles media
title_sort effects of fish amino acid (faa) and boron application on growth and yield of solanum lycopersicum (tomato) in soil and soilles media
granting_institution Perpustakaan Tuanku Bainun
granting_department Fakulti Teknikal dan Vokasional
publishDate 2023
url https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=11434
_version_ 1811774767510847488
spelling oai:ir.upsi.edu.my:114342024-09-23 Effects of Fish Amino Acid (FAA) and boron application on growth and yield of Solanum lycopersicum (Tomato) in soil and soilles media 2023 Rosma Che Nordin S Agriculture (General) <p>An application of chemical fertilizers to enhance crop yields by increasing the</p><p>availability of nutrient has been raised in agriculture sector but excessive</p><p>consumption of chemical fertilizers recently causing serious environmental</p><p>problems. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to determine the effects of</p><p>different liquid organic fertilizers and boron (B) application on growth and yield of</p><p>tomato in soil and soilless media. There were 2 main experiments in this study. In</p><p>Preliminary Experiment, there were 16 treatments with 5 replications, including</p><p>controls, liquid organic fertilizers (fish amino acid [FAA] and shrimp extract [SE])</p><p>and B application. In Experiment 2, there were 6 treatments with 4 replications were</p><p>chosen from the previous experiment. The experiment was designed in a factorial</p><p>RCBD and data were analyzed by using ANOVA, SPSS software and the differences</p><p>between treatments mean were compared using Tukey HSD test with significant</p><p>level (P<0.05). The parameters observed were plant height, number of leaves, shoot</p><p>and root biomass, pH media, organic matter content, fresh weight and number of</p><p>fruits. Results on study of effects of FAA application on growth and yield of tomato</p><p>in soilless media was successfully achieved. Treatment with 30 mL/L FAA (T3) were</p><p>showed the significant effect on plant number of leaves and the result were similar to</p><p>the result using AB fertilizers (T4). Meanwhile, studies on effects of boron</p><p>application on growth and yield of tomato in soilless media was also successful.</p><p>Treatment 30 mL/L FAA + 1.87 mg/L boron (T4) gave similar result to treatment</p><p>using inorganic fertilizer (T6) on plant number of leaves. This study proved that the</p><p>application of FAA and B can contribute positive effects on plant growth</p><p>development for certain parameters. Thus, they can also be used as an alternative</p><p>fertilizer to reduce the usage of chemical fertilizer.</p> 2023 thesis https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=11434 https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=11434 text eng openAccess Masters Perpustakaan Tuanku Bainun Fakulti Teknikal dan Vokasional <p>Abbasi, P. A., Cuppels, D. A., & Lazarovits, G. (2003). Effect of foliar applications of neem oil and fish emulsion on bacterial spot and yield of tomato and pepper. Can. J. Plant Pathol., 25(1): 41-48.</p><p></p><p>Abo-Hamad, S. A., & El-Feky, S. S. (2014). Effect of boron on growth and some physiological activities of tomato plant. Life Science Journal, 11(7), 403-408.</p><p></p><p>Adams, P. (2002). Nutritional control in hydroponics. Hydroponic production of vegetables and ornamental. Embryo Publications - Athens.</p><p></p><p>Adekiya, A.O., Ojeniyi. S.O., & Agbede, M.T. (2012). Poultry manure effects on soil properties, leaf nutrient status, growth and yield of cocoyam in a tropical Alfisol. Nigerian JournSoil Science. 22(2): pp 30 39.</p><p></p><p>Ahmad, W., Zia, M. H., Malhi, S. S., Niaz, A., & Ullah, S. (2012). Boron deficiency in soils and crops: a review. Crop plant, 2012, 65-97.</p><p></p><p>Ali, M. H., A. M. Rahman and M. J. Ullah. (1990). Effect of plant population and nitrogen on yield and oil content of rape seed (Brassica campestris). Ind. J. Agric. Sci. 60(9): 627-630.</p><p></p><p>Alli, H., Perumala,V & Md. Isa,A. (2016). Mata pelajaran elektif ikhtisas pertanian Tingkatan 4. Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia.</p><p></p><p>Alsamir, M., Mahmood, T., Trethowan, R & Ahmad, N. (2021). An overview of heat stress in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Saudi. J. Biol. Sci., 28, 16541663.</p><p></p><p>Alvarez, C.E., Garcia, C. & Carracedo A.E. (1988). Soil fertility and mineral nutrition of organic banana plantation in Tenerife. Biological Agriculture and Horticulture. 5: 313323.</p><p></p><p>Anterola, A. M. & Lewis, N. G. (2002). Trends in lignin modification: A comprehensive analysis of the effects of genetic manipulations/mutations on lignification and vascular integrity. Phytochemistry, 61(30), 221-294.</p><p></p><p>Arancon, N., Edwards, C., Bierman, P., Welch, C., & Metzger, J. D. (2006). Influences of vermicomposts on field strawberries: Part 1. Effects on growth and yields. Biores Tech, 2004; 93: 145-153.</p><p></p><p>Ardic, M., Sekmen, A.H., Tokur, S., Ozdemir, F., & Turkan, I. (2009). Antioxidant responses of chickpea plants subjected to boron toxicity. Plant Biol. 11, 328338</p><p></p><p>Arif, A. R., Ischaidar, N. H., & Dali, S. (2013). Isolasi kitin dari limbah udang putih (penaeus merguiensis) secara enzimatis. Seminar Nasional Kimia.</p><p></p><p>Aung L. H. & Flick G.J. (1980). The influence of fish soluble on growth and fruiting of tomato. Hort. Sci., 15(1):32- 33.</p><p></p><p>Baghdadi, A., Halim, R. A., Ghasemzadeh, A., Ramlan, M. F., & Sakimin, S. Z. (2018). Impact of organic and inorganic fertilizers on the yield and quality of silage corn intercropped with soybean. PeerJ, e5280. https:// doi. org/ 10. 7717/ peerj. 5280</p><p></p><p>Bauchet, G., & Causse, M. (2012). Genetic Diversity in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and Its Wild Relatives. INTECH Open Access Publisher,p. 133.</p><p></p><p>Berova, M., Karanatsidis, G., Sapundzhieva, K., & Nikolova, V. (2010). Effect of organic fertilization on growth and yield of pepper plants (Capsicum annuum L.). Folia Horticulturae, 22(1).</p><p></p><p>Bertin, N., & Gnard, M. (2018). Tomato quality as influenced by preharvest factors. Sci. Hortic, 233, 264276.</p><p></p><p>Bilalis, D., Krokida, M., Roussis, I., Papastylianou, P., Travlos, I., Cheimona, N., & Dede, A. (2018). Effects of organic and inorganic fertilization on yield and quality of processing tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). Folia Horticulturae, 30(2), 321-332.</p><p></p><p>Bergougnoux, V. (2014). The history of tomato: from domestication biopharming. Biotechnology advances, 32(1), 170-189.</p><p></p><p>Brown,P.H., Bellaloui, N., Wimmer, M.A., Bassil, E.S., Ruiz, J., Hu. H., Pfeffer, H., Dannel, F., & Rmheld. V. (2002). Boron in plant biology. Plant Biol., 4, 205-23.</p><p></p><p>Brown, P. H., & Hu, H. (1996). Phloem mobility of boron is species dependent: evidence for phloem mobility in sorbitol-rich species. Annals of Botany, 77(5), 497-506.</p><p></p><p>Camacho-Cristbal, J. J., Martn-Rejano, E. M., Herrera-Rodrguez, M. B., Navarro-Gochicoa, M. T., Rexach, J., & Gonzlez-Fontes, A. (2015). Boron deficiency inhibits root cell elongation via an ethylene/auxin/ROSdependent pathway in Arabidopsis seedlings. J. Exp. Bot. 66, 38313840. doi: 10.1093/jxb/erv186</p><p></p><p>Canellas, L.P., Olivares, F.L., Aguiar, N.O., Jones, D.L., Nebbioso, A., Mazzei, P., & Piccolo, A. (2015). Humic and fulvic acids as biostimulants in horticulture. Sci. Hortic. 196, 1527.</p><p></p><p>Chaudhry, V., Rehman, A., Mishra, A., Chauhan, P.S., & Nautiyal, C.S. (2012). Changes in bacterial community structure of agricultural land due to long-term organic and chemical amendments. Microb. Ecol. 64, 450460.</p><p></p><p>Cheng, H.M., Koutsidis, G., Lodge, J.K., Ashor, A., Siervo, M., & Lara, J. (2017). Tomato and lycopene supplementation and cardiovascular risk factors: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Atherosclerosis. 257, 100108.</p><p></p><p>Choi, E.Y.; Park, H.I.; Ju, J.H.; Yoon, Y.H. (2015). Boron availability alters its distribution in plant parts of tomato. Hortic. Environ. Biotechnol. 56, 145151.</p><p></p><p>Colvine, S. (2008). Changes in production and consumption of tomato products. 8th World Congress on Processing Tomato and XI ISHS Symposium on Processing Tomato, June 8-11, 2008, Toronto, Canada. (Oral presentation)</p><p></p><p>Da Costa, P. B., Beneduzi, A., de Souza, R., Schoenfeld, R., Vargas, L. K., & Passaglia, L. M. (2013). The effects of different fertilization conditions on bacterial plant growth promoting traits: guidelines for directed bacterial prospection and testing. Plant and soil, 368, 267-280.</p><p></p><p>Davis, J. M., Sanders, D. C., Nelson, P. V., Lengnick, L., & Sperry, W. J. (2003). Boron Improves Growth, Yield, Quality, and Nutrient Content of Tomato. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 128(3), 441-446.</p><p></p><p>Diouf, I. A., Derivot, L., Bitton, F., Pascual, L., and Causse, M. (2018). Water deficit and salinity stress reveal many specific qtl for plant growth and fruit quality traits in tomato. Front. Plant Sci. 9, 279. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00279</p><p></p><p>DOA (2014). DOA & MOA Open data. http://www.doa.gov.my/index.php/pages/view/759?mid=231</p><p></p><p>Dursun, A., Turan, M., Ekinci, M., Gunes, A., Ataoglu, N., Esringu, A., & Yildirim, E. (2010). Effects of boron fertilizer on tomato, pepper, and cucumber yields and chemical composition. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 41(13): 1576-1593.</p><p></p><p>Drdane. Y; Naif, G.; Yusuf, Y. Mine, A. & Perihan, C. (2011). Effect of different organic fertilizers on yield and fruit quality of indeterminate tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum). Scientific Research and Essays.,6(17):3623-3628.</p><p></p><p>Drinkwater, L.E., Letourneau, D.K., Workneh, F., Bruggen, A.H.C., & Shennan, C. (1995). Fundamental difference between conventional and organic tomato agroecosystems in California. Ecological Applications. 5: 10981112.</p><p></p><p>El-Feky, Soad, S., El-Shintinawy, Fatma, A., Mohamed, S., Eman & Shams, E.D., Hassan, A. (2013). Effect of Elevated Boron Concentrations on The Growth and Yield of Barley (Hordeum Vulgare L.) and Alleviation of Its Toxicity Using Different Plant Growth Modulators. Tanta University, Egypt. AJCS 6(12):1687-1695 (2012) ISSN:1835-2707</p><p></p><p>Ellyzatul, A. B., Yusoff, N., Mat, N., & Khandaker, M. M. (2018). Effects of fish waste extract on the growth, yield and quality of Cucumis sativus L. Journal of Agrobiotechnology, 9(1S), 250-259.</p><p></p><p>Eko, S. Y. (2019). The role of nutrients in improving the yield of strawberry plants. Russian Journal of Agricultural and Socio-Economic Sciences, 85(1), 540-545.</p><p></p><p>Epule, E. T., Bryant, C. R., Akkari, C., & Daouda, O. (2015). Can organic fertilizers set the pace for a greener arable agricultural revolution in Africa Analysis, synthesis and way forward. Land Use Policy, 47, 179-187.</p><p></p><p>Fernando, P.C., (2017). Pesticides, environment, and food safety. Food. Energy. Secure. 6 (2), 4860.</p><p></p><p>Fleischer, A., Titen, C., & Ehwald, R., (1998). The boron requirement and cell wall properties of growing and stationary suspension-cultured Chenopodium album L. Cells. J Plant Physiol 1998; 117:1401-1410.</p><p></p><p>Florence, W., & Divya. (2018). A Comparative Study of The Effect of Fish Amino Acid Fertilizer and Egg Amino Acid Fertilizer on Growth of Amaranthus Species. Scire Science Multidisciplinary Journal 2(3), 2018, ISSN 2457-0575 Doi: Https://Doi.Org/10.25129/2457-0575.Ssmjra2018.164</p><p></p><p>Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). (2008). Crops Production. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC</p><p></p><p>Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). (2017). Crops Production. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC</p><p></p><p>Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). (2016). Crops Production. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC </p><p></p><p>Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). (2021). http://www.fao.org/news/archive/news-by-date/2021/en/.</p><p></p><p>Foth, H.D. (1990). Fundamental of Soil Science 8th Edition. Michigan State University. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.</p><p></p><p>Gad, A.A., Ghamriny, E.A., Bardisi, A., & Shazly, A.A. (2007). Effect of farmyard manure and mineral nitrogen sources and rates on dry weight, photosynthetic pigments and yield of tomato grown in sandy soil. Zagazig. J. Agric. Res., 34(5): 845- 869.</p><p></p><p>Gaffer, M. A., & Razzaque, A. H. M. (1983). Response of mustard to different levels of N, P, K fertilizers under two methods of seeding. Bangladesh Association for the Advancement of Sci. Dhaka. In: Proceeding 8th Bang. Sci. Conference BAAS, Dhaka, Bangladesh.</p><p></p><p>Ganie, Mumtaz,A., Akhter, Farida, M., Bhat, A., Malik, A. R., Mohd. J., Jan, M. Abas Shah., Hussain Bhat, Arif., & Bhat, Tauseef A. (2013). Boron a critical nutrient element for plant growth and productivity with reference to temperate fruits. Shere--Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology,India</p><p></p><p>Garg, N., Cheema, D.S., & Pathak, D. (2008). Heterosis breeding in tomato involving rin, nor and alc alleles: A review of literature. Adv.Hort. Sci. 22, 5462.</p><p></p><p>Goldberg, S. (1997). Reactions of boron with soils. Plant Soil. 193, 3548.</p><p></p><p>Grnik, K., Grzesik, M., & Romanowska-Duda, B. (2008). The effect of chitosan on rooting of grapevine cuttings and on subsequent plant growth under drought and temperature stress. Journal of Fruit and Ornamental Plant Research, 16, 333-343.</p><p></p><p>Gore, N. S., & Sreenivasa, M. N. (2011). Influence of liquid organic manures on growth, nutrient content and yield of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) in the sterilized soil. Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 24(2).</p><p></p><p>Gruda, N. S. (2019). Increasing Sustainability of Growing Media Constituents and Stand-Alone Substrates in Soilless Culture Systems. Agronomy, 9(6), 298.</p><p></p><p>Grusak, M. A. (2001). Plant Macro-and Micronutrient Minerals. e LS.</p><p></p><p>Gu, M. Y., Jiang, H. Huang & Peng, F. (1995). The translocation and distribution of foliar-applied boron during blooming of apple trees. Acta Agric. Nucl. Sin. 9, 8690.</p><p></p><p>Gunawan, B., Huda, N., & Mulyono, A. (2018). Supplying liquid organic fertilizer (POC) with organic waste materials on the growth and product of lettuce (Lactuca Sativa L.). Agricultural Science, 4(2), 104-112.</p><p></p><p>Han, M. G. (1997). The Newest Foods. Hyungsul Publishing Co.</p><p></p><p>Hariyadi, B. W., & Ali, M. (2020). Effect of Giving Growth Regulatory Substances (ZPT) Superior Plant Hormones (Ghosts) on Growth and Yields of Shallots (Allium Ascalonicum L). Agricultural Science, 3(2), 135143.</p><p></p><p>Haque, M. E., Paul, A. K., & Sarker, J. R. (2011). Effect of Nitrogen and Boron on the Growth and Yield of Tomato (Lycopersicon Esculentum M.). International Journal of Bio-resource and Stress Management, 2(Sep, 3), 277-282.</p><p></p><p>Harmanto, (2006). Evaluation of net greenhouses for tomato production in the tropics. Ph.D. thesis. Hannover University, Germany.</p><p></p><p>Herrera-Rodriguez, M.B., A. Gonzalez-Fontes, J. Rexach, J.J. Camacho-Cristobal, J.M. Maldonado & M.T. Navarro-Gochicao. (2010). Role of boron in vascular plants and response mechanism to boron stresses. Plant Stress 4: 115-122.</p><p></p><p>Heuvelinm, E. (2018). Tomatoes. Wegeningen University & Research, The Netherland</p><p></p><p>Hou, J.Q.; Li, M.X.; Mao, X.H.; Hao, Y.; Ding, J.; Liu, D.M.; Xi, B.D.; Liu, H.L.(2017) Response of microbial community of organic-matter-impoverished arable soil to long-term application of soil conditioner derived from dynamic rapid fermentation of food waste. PLoS ONE 2017, 12, e0175715.</p><p></p><p>Hossain, M. S., & Iqbal, A. (2014). Production and Characterization of Chitosan from Shrimp Waste. Bangladesh Agricultural University, Bangladesh. J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 12(1): 153160, 2014 ISSN 1810-3030</p><p></p><p>Hussain, A., Iqbal, K., Aziem, S., Mahato, P., & Negi, A. K. (2014). A review on the science of growing crops without soil (soilless culture)-a novel alternative for growing crops. International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences, 7(11), 833.</p><p></p><p>Hong, J., & Gruda, N.S. (2020). The Potential of Introduction of Asian Vegetables in Europe. Horticulturae. 6, 38.</p><p></p><p>Ibrahim, S. S., F. A. Moharum., & N. M. Abd El-Ghany., (2015). The cotton mealybug Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) as a new insect pest on tomato plants in Egypt. Journal of Plant Protection Research 55:4851.</p><p></p><p>Islam, M.A., Islam, S., Ayasha, A., Md Habibur, R., & Dilip, N. (2017). Effect of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers on Soil Properties and the Growth, Yield and Quality of Tomato in Mymensingh, Bangladesh. Agriculture, 7, 18.</p><p></p><p>Islam, M. R., Riasat, T. M., & Lahiruddin, M. (1997). Direct and residual effects of S, Zn and B on yield and nutrient uptake in a rice-mustard cropping system. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science, 45(1), 126-129.</p><p></p><p>Islam. M.S., & Anwar. M.N. (1994). Production technologies of vegetable crops. Recommendation and Future plan. In: proceedings of workshop on transfer of technology of CDP crops under Research Extension linkage programme, BARI, Gazipur, 20-27.</p><p></p><p>Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia. (2020). Malaysia Trade Statistics Review Vol 1//2020. Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia.</p><p></p><p>Jabatan Pertanian Malaysia. (2010). Pakej teknologi tanaman tomato secara fertigasi. Jabatan Pertanian Malaysia</p><p></p><p>Jabatan Pertanian Semenanjung Malaysia. (1997). Pakej teknologi tanaman tomato. Jabatan Pertanian Semenanjung Malaysia</p><p></p><p>Jeyasanta, I.K., Aiyamperumal, V. & Patterson, J. (2013), Utilization of trash fishes as edible fish powder and its quality characteristics and consumer acceptance. World Journal of Dairy & Food Sciences. Vol. 8 No. 1, pp. 1-10.</p><p></p><p>Ji, R., Dong, G., Shi, W., & Min, J. (2017). Effects of liquid organic fertilizers on plant growth and rhizosphere soil characteristics of chrysanthemum. Sustainability, 9(5), 841.</p><p></p><p>Johari, N. S., Asilah, A. M., Zalina, I., Fazhana, I., Ab-Latif, Z., ShaibatulIslamiah, C. M., & Tang, J. R. (2020). Effects of fish amino acid (FAA) application on growth and development of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) at different sampling times. Education, 3(2), 35-42.</p><p></p><p>Kalaiarasan, P., Lakshmanan, P., Rajendran, G., & Samiyappan, R. (2006). Chitin and chitinolytic biocontrol agents for the management of root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne arenaria in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cv. Co3. Indian J Nematol 36:200205</p><p></p><p>Karim, N. U., Lee, M. F. M. A., & Arshad, A. M. (2015). The effectiveness of fish silage as organic fertilizer on post-harvest quality of pak choy (Brassica rapa L. subsp. chinensis). European International Journal of Science and Technology, 4(5), 163-174.</p><p></p><p>Kochakinezhad, H., Peyvast, G., Kashi,A.K., Olfati J.A,. & Asadii A. (2012). A comparison of organic and chemical fertilizers for tomato production. Journal of Organic Systems, 7(2), 201. ISSN 1177-425</p><p></p><p>Kokalis-Burelle, N., Martinez-Ochoa, N., Rodrguez-Kbana, R., Kloepper, J.W. (2002). Development of multi-component transplant mixes for suppression of Meloidogyne incognita on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum). J Nematol 34:362369</p><p></p><p>Korayem, A.M., Youssef, M.MA., & Mohamed, M.M.M. (2008). Effect of chitin and abamectin on Meloidogyne incognita infecting rapeseed. J Plant Protect Res 48:365370</p><p></p><p>Kumar, R., Kumar, R., & Prakash, O. (2019). Chapter-5 the impact of chemical fertilizers on our environment and ecosystem. Chief Ed, 35, 69.</p><p></p><p>Ladner, D.C., Tchounwou, P.B., & Lawrence, G.W. (2008). Evaluation of the effect of ecologic on root knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita, and tomato plant, Lycopersicon esculenum. Inter J Environ Res Public Health 5:104110</p><p></p><p>Lee, J. (2010). Effect of application methods of organic fertilizer on growth, soil chemical properties and microbial densities in organic bulb onion production. Scientia Horticulturae. 124: 299 305.</p><p></p><p>Li, Y., Li, J., Gao, L. & Tian, Y. (2018). Irrigation has more influence than fertilization on leaching water quality and the potential environmental risk in excessively fertilized vegetable soils. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1371/ journal. pone. 02045 70</p><p></p><p>Luthria, D., Singh, A. P., Wilson, T., Vorsa, N., Banuelos, G. S., & Vinyard, B. T. (2010). Influence of conventional and organic agricultural practices on the phenolic content in eggplant pulp: Plant-to-plant variation. Food Chemistry, 121(2), 406-411.</p><p></p><p>Lynch, J. (1995). Root architecture and plant productivity. Plant physiology, 109(1), 7.</p><p></p><p>MARDI. (2019). Laporan Tahunan dan Penyataan Kewangan MARDI. MARDI</p><p></p><p>Mengel, K., & Kirkby, E.A. (1987). Principles of Plant Nutrition. 4th Ed. International Potash Institute, Worblaufen-Bern, Switzerland.</p><p></p><p>Mengel, K., Kosegarten, H., Kirkby, E.A., & Appel, T. (2001). Principles of Plant Nutrition. Springer Science and Business Media. Dordrecht, The Netherlands.</p><p></p><p>Mikkelsen, R., & Hartz, T. K. (2008). Nitrogen sources for organic crop production. Bettercrops, 92(4), 16-19.</p><p></p><p>Milagres., C.d. C., Maia, J.T.L.S., Ventrella, M.C., & Martinez, H.E.P. (2019). Anatomical changes in cherry tomato plants caused by boron deficiency. Braz. J. Bot. 2019, 42, 319328</p><p></p><p>Mondal, M. R. I. & Gaffer, M. A. (1983). Effect of different levels of nitrogen and phosphorus on the yield and yield contributing characters of mustard. Bang. J. Agric. Res. 8(1): 37-43.</p><p></p><p>Mondala, A., Al-Mubarak, R., Atkinson, J., Shields, S., Young, B., Senger, Y. D. S., & Pekarovic, J. (2015). Direct solid-state fermentation of soybean processing residues for the production of fungal chitosan by Mucor rouxii. Journal of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, 3(02), 11</p><p></p><p>Mooy, L. M., Hasan, A., & Onsili, R. (2019). Growth and yield of Tomato (Lycopersicum esculantum Mill.) as influenced by the combination of liquid organic fertilizer concentration and branch pruning. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. IOP Publishing.</p><p></p><p>Morris, M., Kelly, V.A., Kopicki, R.J., & Byerlee, D. (2007). Fertilizer Use in African Agriculture: Lessons Learned and Good Practice Guidelines. Washington, DC: The World Bank. The Rain Forest Area of Nigeria. Applied Tropical Agriculture 5: pp 20-23.</p><p></p><p>Mowa, E., Akundabweni, L., Chimwamurombe, P., Oku, E., & Mupambwa, H. A. (2017). The influence of organic manure formulated from goat manure on growth and yield of tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum). Afr. J. Agric. Res. 12(41), 30613067. https:// doi. org/ 10. 5897/ AJAR2 017. 12657</p><p></p><p>Motamedzadegan, A. & Tabarestani, H. S. (2018). Tomato Production, Processing, and Nutrition. In: Siddiq. M. & Uebersax, M. A. (Eds.). Handbook of Vegetables and Vegetable Processing (2nd edition). West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.</p><p></p><p>Muhammad, M.N., Wayayok, A., Mohamed Shariff, A.R., Abdullah, A.F., & Husin, E.M. (2019). Droplet deposition density of organic liquid fertilizer at low altitude UAV aerial spraying in rice cultivation. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 167(May). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2019.105045</p><p></p><p>Muliarta, I. N., & Darmawan, I. K. (2021). Processing Household Organic Waste into Eco-Enzyme as an Effort to Realize Zero Waste. Agriwar Journal, 1(1), 6-11.</p><p></p><p>Murray, Robert and Anderson, R, G. (2004). Organic Fertilizers and Composts for Vegetable Transplant Production. University of Kentucky, Lexington.</p><p></p><p>Murillo-Amador, B., Morales-Prado, L. E., Troyo-Diguez, E., Crdoba-Matson, M. V., Hernndez-Montiel, L. G., Rueda-Puente, E. O., & Nieto-Garibay, A. (2015). Changing environmental conditions and applying organic fertilizers in Origanum vulgare L. Frontiers in Plant Science, 6, 549.</p><p></p><p>Naika, S., De Jeude, J. V. L., de Goffau, M., Hilmi, M., & van Dam, B. (2005). Cultivation of tomato. Production, processing and marketing, Agromisa/CTA. Revised edition.</p><p></p><p>Naika, S., De Jeude, J. V. L., de Goffau, M., Hilmi, M., & van Dam, B. (2019). Cultivation of tomato. Production, processing and marketing, Agromisa/CTA. Revised edition.</p><p></p><p>Naz, R. M. M., Muhammad, S. A. H. F., Hamid, A., & Bibi, F. (2012). Effect of boron on the flowering and fruiting of tomato. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture, 28(1), 37-40.</p><p></p><p>Nejad, S.A.G., Etesami, H. (2020). The Importance of Boron in Plant Nutrition. Met. Plants Adv. Future Prospect. 433449.</p><p></p><p>Nonnecke, I. L. (1989). Vegetable production. Springer Science & Business Media.</p><p></p><p>Ohtani,T., Kawabata, M., Sase, A., & Fukami, M. (2007). Cadmium and nutrient heavy metals uptake by rice, barley, and spinach as affected by four ammonium salts. J Plant Nutr 30:599610</p><p></p><p>Ojeniyi, S.O. (2002). Soil management, national resources and environment. Oke-Ado: Adeniran press. pp 24.</p><p></p><p>Peryea, F. J., Neilsen, D., & Neilsen, G. (2003). Boron maintenance sprays for apple: Early-season applications and tank-mixing with calcium chloride. HortScience, 38(4), 542-546.</p><p></p><p>Phibunwatthanawong, T., & Riddech, N. (2019). Liquid organic fertilizer production for growing vegetables under hydroponic condition. International Journal of Recycling of Organic Waste in Agriculture, 8, 369-380.</p><p></p><p>Pichyangkura, R., & Chadchawan, S. (2015). Biostimulant activity of chitosan in horticulture. Sci. Hortic. 2015, 196, 4965.</p><p></p><p>Pratibha, P., & Shachi, S. (2016). Impact of Fertilizers and Pesticides on Soil Microflora. Sustainable Agriculture Reviews, Sustainable Agriculture Reviews.</p><p></p><p>Preedy, V. R., & Watson, R.R. (2008). Tomatoes and Tomato Products: Nutritional, Medicinal and Therapeutic Properties. Science Publishers, U.S</p><p></p><p>Priyanka, B., Anoob,D., Gowsika, M., Kavin, A., Kaviya, S.S., Krishna, K.R., Sangeetha, G.R., Sivamonica,B., Devi, G., & Theradimani, M. (2019). Effect of Fish Amino Acid and Egg Amino Acid as Foliar Application to Increase the Growth and Yield of Green Gram. The Pharma Innovation Journal 2019; 8(6): 684-686.</p><p></p><p>Putra, P. A., & Yuliando, H. (2015). Soilless culture system to support water use efficiency and product quality: A review. Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia, 3, 283-288.</p><p></p><p>Radovich, T. J. (2018). Biology and classification of vegetables. Handbook of vegetables and vegetable processing, 1-23.</p><p></p><p>Radwan, M. A., Farrag, S. A., Abu-Elamayem, M. M., & Ahmed, N. S. (2012). Extraction, characterization, and nematicidal activity of chitin and chitosan derived from shrimp shell wastes. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 48(4), 463-468.</p><p></p><p>Rahim, H., Wahab, M. A. M. A., Amin, M. Z. M., Harun, A. & Haimid, M. T. (2017). Technological adoption evaluation of agricultural and food sectors towards modern agriculture: Tomato. Economic and Technology Management Review, 12(2017), 4153.</p><p></p><p>Ramesh, S., Rathika, A., Murugan, R. R., Soniya, Kishore K. M., & Prabharani, B. (2020). Foliar Spray of Fish Amino Acid as Liquid Organic Manure on The Growth and Yield of Amaranthus. Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, India.</p><p></p><p>Rashid, T.S., Sijam, K., Kadir, J., Saud, H.M., Awla, H.K., Zulperi, D. & Hata, E.M. (2016) Screening for Active Compounds in Rhus coriaria L. Crude Extract That Inhibit the Growth of Pseudomonas syringae and Ralstonia solanacearum. Indian Journal of Agricultural Research.</p><p></p><p>Rattanamanee, A., Niamsup, H., Srisombat, L.O., Punyodom, W., Watanesk, R., & Watanesk, S. (2015). Role of chitosan on some physical properties and the urea-controlled release of the silk fibroin/gelatin hydrogel. J. Polym. Environ. 23, 334340.</p><p></p><p>Rauf A.B., M. N. H., & Shahruddin, S. (2022). The effect of different growing media on physical morphology of rockmelon (Cucumis Melo Linn cv. Glamour) seedling. AgroTech-Food Science, Technology and Environment, 1(1), 17-24.</p><p></p><p>Rees, R., Robinson, B.H., Menon, M., Lehmann, E., Gnthardt-Goerg, M.S., & Schulin, R. (2011). Boron accumulation and toxicity in hybrid poplar (Populus nigraeuramericana). Environ. Sci. Technol. 45, 1053810543.</p><p></p><p>Sadek, S., Rafael, R., Shakouri, M., Rafomanana, G., Ribeiro, F.L., & Clay, J. (2002). Shrimp aquaculture in Africa and the Middle East: the current reality and trends for the future. Report prepared under the World Bank, NACA, WWF and FAO Consortium Program on Shrimp Farming and the Environment. Work in Progress for Public Discussion. Published by the Consortium, Bangkok, Thailand, pp 142</p><p></p><p>Safari, Z. S., Ding, P., Nakasha, J. J., & Yusoff, S. F. (2021). Controlling Fusarium oxysporum tomato fruit rot under tropical condition using both chitosan and vanillin. Coatings, 11(3), 367.</p><p></p><p>Sainju, U.M., & Dris, R. (2006). Sustainable Production of Tomato. p.190-216. In: R. Dris (ed.), Crops: Quality, growth, and biotechnology. WFL Publisher, Helsinki, Finland.</p><p></p><p>Sarkar, S., S, R. Singh., & R, P. Singh. (2003). The Effect of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizer on Soil Physical Condition and the Productivity of Rice-Lentil Cropping Sequence in India. Journal of Agricultural Science. 140 (4): pp 419-425</p><p></p><p>Savci, S. (2012). An agricultural pollutant: chemical fertilizer. International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, 3(1), 73.</p><p></p><p>Savvas, D. (2002). Hydroponic production of vegetables and ornamentals (pp. 15-23). H. Passam (Ed.). Athens: Embryo publications.</p><p></p><p>Savvas, D., & Gruda, N. (2018). Application of soilless culture technologies in the modern greenhouse industryA review. Eur. J. Hortic. Sci, 83(5), 280-293.</p><p></p><p>Savvas, D., Gianquinto, G., Tuzel,Y., & Nazim, G. (2013). Good Agricultural Practices for greenhouse vegetable crops Principles for Mediterranean climate areas: Soilless Culture. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations</p><p></p><p>Serpil, S. (2012). An Agricultural Pollutant: Chemical Fertilizers. Bozok University, Turkey. International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, Vol. 3, No. 1</p><p></p><p>Shahena, S., Maya, R., Vinaya, C., &Linu, M. (2021). Conventional Methods Of</p><p>Fertilizer Release School of Biosciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India. ISBN 978-0-12-819555-0 https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-819555-0.00001-7</p><p></p><p>Shahid, M., Salim, J., Noor M.R.F., Hamid, A.H.A, Manas, M.A., & Ahmad, S.W. (2019). Manual Teknologi Fertigasi Penanaman Cili, Rockmelon dan Tomato. Institut Penyelidikan dan Kemajuan Pertanian Malaysia (MARDI). Serdang.</p><p></p><p>Sharma, A., & Chetani, R. (2017). A Review on the Effect of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers on Plants. International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET), 677.</p><p></p><p>Shep. P. (2019). Tomato production.</p><p>https://www.jica.go.jp/project/english/kenya/015/materials/c8h0vm0000f7o8cj-att/materials_26.pdf</p><p></p><p>Siddiq, M.& Uebersax, M. A. (Eds.). Handbook of Vegetables and Vegetable Processing (2nd edition). West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.</p><p></p><p>Simpson, R. J., Oberson, A., Culvenor, R. A., Ryan, M. H., Veneklaas, E. J., Lambers, H. & Richardson, A. E. (2011). Strategies and agronomic interventions to improve the phosphorus-use efficiency of farming systems. Plant and Soil, 349, 89-120.</p><p></p><p>Singh, M. (2021). Organic farming for sustainable agriculture. Indian Journal of Organic Farming, 1(1), 1-8.</p><p></p><p>Skarpa, Petr. (2013). Effect of boron foliar application at critical growth stages on sunflower (helianthus annus l) yield and quality. Mendel University of Bonn. Germany</p><p></p><p>Smit,J . N., & Combrink,N. J.J.(2013). The effect of boron levels on nutrient solutions on fruit production and quality of greenhouse tomatoes. South African Journal of Plant and Soil, 21:3, 188-191, DOI: 10.1080/02571862.2004.10635046</p><p></p><p>Sudrajat, H. R. (2006). Mengelola sampah kota. Niaga Swadaya.</p><p></p><p>Sultana, Sadia., Niaz, Abid., Ahmed, Z. A., Anwer, S.A., Anjum, M.A., & Ilyas, M. (2007). Effect of boron application on growth, yield and quality of bitter gourd. Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad, Pakistan. ISSN 2345-5463</p><p></p><p>Sukerta, I. M., Pratiwi, N. P. E., & Ananda, K. D. (2021). The effectiveness of organic fertilization in improving the physical properties of soil.</p><p></p><p>Sun, J., Zhang, Q., Zhou, J., Wei, Q.P. (2014). Pyrosequencing technology reveals the impact of different manure doses on the bacterial community in apple rhizosphere soil. Appl. Soil Ecol. 2014, 78, 2836.</p><p></p><p>Tejada, M., Rodrguez-Morgado, B., Gmez, I., Franco-Andreu, L., Bentez, C., & Parrado, J. (2016). Use of biofertilizers obtained from sewage sludges on maize yield. Eur. J. Agron.78, 1319.</p><p></p><p>Thanaporn, P., & Nuntavun, R. (2019). Liquid Organic Fertilizer Production for Growing Vegetables Under Hydroponic Condition. International Journal of Recycling of Organic Waste in Agriculture 8:369380 Https://Doi.Org/10.1007/S40093-019-0257-7</p><p></p><p>The university of Tennessee. (2023). Fertilizers and their use. https://extension.tennessee.edu/publications/documents/pb1637.pdf</p><p></p><p>Thurzo, S., Szabo, Z., Nyeki, J., Silva, A. P., Nagy, P. T. & Goncalves, B. (2010). Effect of boron and calcium sprays on photosynthetic pigments, total phenols and flavonoid content of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.). Acta Hortic., 868, 457461.</p><p></p><p>Trisilawati, O., Hartoyo, B., Bermawie, N., & Pribadi, E. R. (2019). Application of AMF (Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi) and Organic Fertilizer to Increase the Growth, Biomass and Bioactive Content of Centella. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 292, No. 1, p. 012067). IOP Publishing.</p><p></p><p>Tonfack, L. B., Bernadac, A., Youmbi, E., Mbouapouognigni, V. P., Ngueguim, M., & Akoa, A. (2009). Impact of organic and inorganic fertilizers on tomato vigor, yield and fruit composition under tropical andosol soil conditions. Fruits, 64(3), 167-177.</p><p></p><p>Toonsiri, P., Del Grosso, S.J., Sukor, A., & Davis, J.G. (2016). Greenhouse gas emissions from solid and liquid organic fertilizers applied to lettuce. J. Environ. Qual. 45, 18121821.</p><p></p><p>Tzel, Y., Gl, A., Tzel, I. H., & ztekin, G. B. (2019). Different soilless culture systems and their management. Journal of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, JAFES, 73(3), 7-12.</p><p></p><p>Unit Geospatial Pertanian Dan Statistik Bahagian Perancangan Strategik. (2020). Statistik Tanaman (Sub-Sektor Tanaman Makanan). Jabatan Pertanian Semenanjung Malaysia.</p><p></p><p>U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). (2016). USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference Release 18. http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/Data/</p><p></p><p>United state department of agriculture USDA. (2023). Classification for Kingdom Plantae Down to Species Solanum lycopersicum L.</p><p>https://plants.usda.gov/home/classification/55438</p><p></p><p>United Nations, (2015). Population Pyramids of the World from 1950 to 2100. World Population Prospects. https://un.org</p><p></p><p>Vassilev, N., Vassileva, M., Lopez, A., Martos, V., Reyes, A., Maksimovic, I., Eichler-Lbermann, B., & Malus, E. (2015). Unexploited potential of some biotechnological techniques for biofertilizer production and formulation. Appl. Microbiol. Biot, 99, 49834996.</p><p></p><p>Wang, Q., L.U. Longdou, W.U. Xiaoqin, L.I. Yiqin and L.I.N Jinxing. (2003). Boron influences pollen germination and pollen tube growth in Picea meyeri. Tree Physiology 23: 345351.</p><p></p><p>Wang, Y.T., Liu, R.L., Huang, S.W., & Jin, J.Y. (2009). Effects of potassium application on flavor compounds of cherry tomato fruits. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 32, 1451-1468. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01904160903092663</p><p></p><p>Weinert, E. J., Miller, S. A., Ikeda, D. M., Chang, K. S., McGinn, J. M., & DuPonte, M. W. (2014). Natural Farming: Fish Amino Acid. Sustainable Agriculture. SA-12. University of Hawaii, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources.</p><p></p><p>Wjcik, P., Cieslinski, G. & Mika, A. (1999). Apple yield and fruit quality as influenced by boron applications. J. Plant Nutr., 1999, 9, 13651378.</p><p></p><p>Wjcik, P., Wojcik, M. & Klamkowski, K. (2008). Response of apple trees to boron fertilization under conditions of low spoil boron availability. Sci. Hortic., 2008, 116, 5864.</p><p></p><p>Xinhua, Z. (2007). Analysis of the Tomato Products Industry in China. http://www. researchandmarkets.com/reports/457721. 11/12/2008</p><p></p><p>Xu, Y., Gallert, C., & Winter, J. (2008). Chitin purification from shrimp wastes by microbial deproteination and decalcification. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 79:687</p><p></p><p>Xu, W., Wang, P., Yuan, L., Chen, X., & Hu, X. (2021). Effects of application methods of boron on tomato growth, fruit quality and flavor. Horticulturae, 7(8), 223.</p><p></p><p>Zhou, R., Kong, L., Wu, Z., Rosenqvist, E., Wang, Y., & Zhao, L. (2019). Physiological response of tomatoes at drought, heat and their combination followed by recovery. Physiol. Plant 165, 144154</p><p></p><p>Zulia, C., Purba, DW, & Hirawan, Hd (2017). The effect of giving urea fertilizer and organic fertilizer city waste on the growth and production of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). Bernas, 13(3), 17.</p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p>