Synthesis, characterisation and application of amphiphilic chitosan derivatives for water-insoluble pesticide formulations (IR)

Synthesis, characterisation and application of amphiphilic chitosan derivatives for water-insoluble pesticide formulations (IR)

This study investigates the feasibility of amphiphilic chitosan derivatives, namely oleoyl carboxymethyl chitosan (OCMCs), N,N-dimethylhexadecyl carboxymethyl chitosan (DCMCs) and deoxycholic acid carboxymethyl chitosan (DACMCs) as carrier agents for rotenone in water-insoluble pesticide formulation...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Nurul Farhana Ahmad Aljafree
Format: thesis
Language:eng
Published: 2017
Subjects:
TP Chemical technology
Online Access:https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=215
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
id oai:ir.upsi.edu.my:215
record_format uketd_dc
institution Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
collection UPSI Digital Repository
language eng
topic TP Chemical technology
spellingShingle TP Chemical technology
Nurul Farhana Ahmad Aljafree
Synthesis, characterisation and application of amphiphilic chitosan derivatives for water-insoluble pesticide formulations (IR)
description This study investigates the feasibility of amphiphilic chitosan derivatives, namely oleoyl carboxymethyl chitosan (OCMCs), N,N-dimethylhexadecyl carboxymethyl chitosan (DCMCs) and deoxycholic acid carboxymethyl chitosan (DACMCs) as carrier agents for rotenone in water-insoluble pesticide formulations. This research is divided into three parts, such as characterisation studies, performance studies and pot experiments. The characterisation studies were carried out using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectrometer, Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR) Spectrometer, CHN-O Elemental Analyser (CHN-O), Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) and Thermogravimetric Analyser (TGA). The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of amphiphilic chitosan derivatives was determined using a Fluorescence Spectrometer. The ability of OCMCs, DCMCs and DACMCs to load and release rotenone in vitro system was determined using a High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The pot experiments were conducted for 12 weeks to evaluate the effectiveness of pesticide formulations. Chilli (Capcisum annuum) was used as an indicator to monitor the effects of aphids and thrips infestation. Based on TEM analysis, findings have shown that amphiphilic chitosan derivatives formed self-assembly and exhibited spherical shape. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) for OCMCs, DCMCs and DACMCs were determined as 0.093, 0.098 and 0.468 mg/mL, respectively. The encapsulation efficiency (EE) values were within the range of 60.3 to 98.7%, meanwhile the loading capacity (LC) values were within the range of 0.97 to 7.90%. OCMCs, DCMCs and DACMCs micelles exhibited an excellent ability to control the release of rotenone, of which 90.0% of rotenone was released within 40 to 52 h. Based on pot experiments, the application of OCMCs as a carrier agent and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as an emulsifier was proven to be the most effective formulation to treat aphids and trips infected plants. In conclusion, OCMCs, DCMCs and DACMCs possess several key features to act as effective carrier agents for pesticide formulations. The implication of this study is the utilisation of amphiphilic chitosan derivatives could reduce the application of organic solvents in agrochemicals production by 33.3%, creating a greener and safer environment.
format thesis
qualification_name
qualification_level Master's degree
author Nurul Farhana Ahmad Aljafree
author_facet Nurul Farhana Ahmad Aljafree
author_sort Nurul Farhana Ahmad Aljafree
title Synthesis, characterisation and application of amphiphilic chitosan derivatives for water-insoluble pesticide formulations (IR)
title_short Synthesis, characterisation and application of amphiphilic chitosan derivatives for water-insoluble pesticide formulations (IR)
title_full Synthesis, characterisation and application of amphiphilic chitosan derivatives for water-insoluble pesticide formulations (IR)
title_fullStr Synthesis, characterisation and application of amphiphilic chitosan derivatives for water-insoluble pesticide formulations (IR)
title_full_unstemmed Synthesis, characterisation and application of amphiphilic chitosan derivatives for water-insoluble pesticide formulations (IR)
title_sort synthesis, characterisation and application of amphiphilic chitosan derivatives for water-insoluble pesticide formulations (ir)
granting_institution Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
granting_department Fakulti Sains dan Matematik
publishDate 2017
url https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=215
_version_ 1747832860969009152
spelling oai:ir.upsi.edu.my:2152020-02-27 Synthesis, characterisation and application of amphiphilic chitosan derivatives for water-insoluble pesticide formulations (IR) 2017 Nurul Farhana Ahmad Aljafree TP Chemical technology This study investigates the feasibility of amphiphilic chitosan derivatives, namely oleoyl carboxymethyl chitosan (OCMCs), N,N-dimethylhexadecyl carboxymethyl chitosan (DCMCs) and deoxycholic acid carboxymethyl chitosan (DACMCs) as carrier agents for rotenone in water-insoluble pesticide formulations. This research is divided into three parts, such as characterisation studies, performance studies and pot experiments. The characterisation studies were carried out using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectrometer, Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR) Spectrometer, CHN-O Elemental Analyser (CHN-O), Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) and Thermogravimetric Analyser (TGA). The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of amphiphilic chitosan derivatives was determined using a Fluorescence Spectrometer. The ability of OCMCs, DCMCs and DACMCs to load and release rotenone in vitro system was determined using a High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The pot experiments were conducted for 12 weeks to evaluate the effectiveness of pesticide formulations. Chilli (Capcisum annuum) was used as an indicator to monitor the effects of aphids and thrips infestation. Based on TEM analysis, findings have shown that amphiphilic chitosan derivatives formed self-assembly and exhibited spherical shape. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) for OCMCs, DCMCs and DACMCs were determined as 0.093, 0.098 and 0.468 mg/mL, respectively. The encapsulation efficiency (EE) values were within the range of 60.3 to 98.7%, meanwhile the loading capacity (LC) values were within the range of 0.97 to 7.90%. OCMCs, DCMCs and DACMCs micelles exhibited an excellent ability to control the release of rotenone, of which 90.0% of rotenone was released within 40 to 52 h. Based on pot experiments, the application of OCMCs as a carrier agent and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as an emulsifier was proven to be the most effective formulation to treat aphids and trips infected plants. In conclusion, OCMCs, DCMCs and DACMCs possess several key features to act as effective carrier agents for pesticide formulations. The implication of this study is the utilisation of amphiphilic chitosan derivatives could reduce the application of organic solvents in agrochemicals production by 33.3%, creating a greener and safer environment. 2017 thesis https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=215 https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=215 text eng closedAccess Masters Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris Fakulti Sains dan Matematik Abdullah, R. (2016, March 6). 39 mangsa keracunan makanan empat daripadanya kritikal selepas bersarapan di sebuah gerai. Utusan Online, pp. 4-5. Retrieved from http://www.utusan.com.my/berita/nahas?bencana/39?mangsa?keracunan makananAbdullah, S. A., & Hezri, A. A. (2008). From forest landscape to agricultural landscape in the developing tropical country of Malaysia: Pattern, process, and their significance on policy. Environmental Management, 42(5), 907917. doi:10.1007/s00267-008-9178-3Adeyemi, M. M. H. (2010). The potential of secondary metabolites in plant material as deterents against insect pests : A review. African Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry, 4(11), 243246Aguiar, J., Carpena, P., Molina-Bol??var, J. A., & Carnero Ruiz, C. (2003). On the determination of the critical micelle concentration by the pyrene 1:3 ratio method. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 258(1), 116122. doi:10.1016/S0021-9797(02)00082-6Akelah, A. (2013). Functionalized polymeric materials in agriculture and the food industry. Food Science & Nutrition, doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7061-8Al-Samarrai, G., Singh, H., & Syarhabil, M. (2012). Evaluating eco-friendly botanicals (natural plant extracts) as alternatives to synthetic fungicides. Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine, 19(4), 673-676. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23311787Alam, M. M., Siwar, C., Molla, R. I., Talib, B., & Toriman, M. E. (2012). Paddy farmers adaptation practices to climatic vulnerabilities in Malaysia. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 17(4), 415423. doi:10.1007/s11027-011-9333-7Alegria, H. A., Wong, F., Jantunen, L. M., Bidleman, T. F., Figueroa, M. S., Bouchot, G. G., Infanzon, R. (2008). Organochlorine pesticides and PCBs in air of southern Mexico (2002-2004). Atmospheric Environment, 42(38), 88108818. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.04.053Ali, A., Noah, R. M., & Malik, S. A. (2012). Legal Implications on Sales and Purchase, Uses and Misuses of Agro Chemicals in Smallholders Agro Production in Malaysia. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 68(0), 156163. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.12.215Ali, H. R., Arifin, M. M., Sheikh, M. A., Shazili, N. A. M., Bakari, S. S., & Bachok, Z. (2014). Contamination of diuron in coastal waters around Malaysian Peninsular. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 85(1), 287291.doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.05.049Al-Samarrai, G., Singh, H., & Syarhabil, M. (2012). Evaluating eco-friendly botanicals (natural plant extracts) as alternatives to synthetic fungicides. Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine, 19(4), 673676Anderson, T. A., Salice, C. J., Erickson, R. A., McMurry, S. T., Cox, S. B., & Smith, L. M. (2013). Effects of landuse and precipitation on pesticides and water quality in playa lakes of the southern high plains. Chemosphere, 92(1), 8490. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.02.054Arshad, F. M., Abdullah, N. M. R., Kaur, B., & Abdullah A. M. (2007) 50 years of Malaysian Agriculture: Transformaational Issues, Challenges and Direction. Serdang: Penerbit Universiti Putra Malaysia.Asaduzzaman, M., Shim, J.-K., Lee, S., & Lee, K.-Y. (2016). Azadirachtin ingestion is lethal and inhibits expression of ferritin and thioredoxin peroxidase genes of the sweetpotato whitefly Bemisia tabaci. Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology, 19(1), 14. doi:10.1016/j.aspen.2015.10.011Attia, S., Grissa, K. L., Lognay, G., Bitume, E., Hance, T., & Mailleux, A. C. (2013). A review of the major biological approaches to control the worldwide pest Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) with special reference to natural pesticides: Biological approaches to control Tetranychus urticae. Journal of Pest Science, 86(3), 361386. doi:10.1007/s10340-013-0503-0Awalludin, M. F., Sulaiman, O., Hashim, R., & Nadhari, W. N. A. W. (2015). An overview of the oil palm industry in Malaysia and its waste utilization through thermochemical conversion, specifically via liquefaction. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 50, 14691484. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.05.085Awang, N. A., Islam, M. R., Ismail, M. R., Zulkarami, B., & Omar, D. (2013). Effectiveness of different elicitors in inducing resistance in chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) against pathogen infection. Scientia Horticulturae, 164, 461465. doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2013.08.038Balan, V., Dodi, G., Tudorachi, N., Ponta, O., Simon, V., Butnaru, M., & Verestiuc, L. (2015). Doxorubicin-loaded magnetic nanocapsules based on N-palmitoyl chitosan and magnetite: Synthesis and characterization. Chemical Engineering Journal, 279, 188197. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2015.04.152Barik, T. K., Sahu, B., & Swain, V. (2008). Nanosilica-From medicine to pest control. Parasitology Research, 103(2), 253258. doi:10.1007/s00436-008-0975-7Barraza, D., Jansen, K., van Wendel de Joode, B., & Wesseling, C. (2011). Pesticide use in banana and plantain production and risk perception among local actors in Talamanca, Costa Rica. Environmental Research, 111(5), 708717. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2011.02.009Bezzar-Bendjazia, R., Kilani-Morakchi, S., & Aribi, N. (2016). Larval exposure to azadirachtin affects fitness and oviposition site preference of Drosophila melanogaster. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology. doi:10.1016/j.pestbp.2016.02.009Bhutia, N. D., Seth, T., Shende, V. D., Dutta, S., & Chattopadhyay, A. (2015). Estimation of heterosis, dominance effect and genetic control of fresh fruit yield, quality and leaf curl disease severity traits of chilli pepper (capsicum annuum L.). Scientia Horticulturae, 182, 4755. doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2014.11.017Bielska, D., Karewicz, A., Kami?ski, K., Kie?kowicz, I., Lachowicz, T., Szczubia?ka, K., & Nowakowska, M. (2013). Self-organized thermo-responsive hydroxypropyl cellulose nanoparticles for curcumin delivery. European Polymer Journal, 49(9), 24852494. doi:10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2013.02.012Bigucci, F., Abruzzo, A., Saladini, B., Gallucci, M. C., Cerchiara, T., & Luppi, B. (2015). Development and characterization of chitosan/hyaluronan film for transdermal delivery of thiocolchicoside. Carbohydrate Polymers, 130, 3240. doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.04.067Butani, D. K., & Jotwani M. G. (2013) Insects in Vegetables. New Delhi: Daya Publishing House.Campos, E. V. R., de Oliveira, J. L., Fraceto, L. F., & Singh, B. (2014). Polysaccharides as safer release systems for agrochemicals. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 35(1), 4766. doi:10.1007/s13593-014-0263-0Carraher, C. E. (2014) Polymer Chemistry Ninth Edition. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis Group.Castorina, R., Bradman, A., Fenster, L., Barr, D. B., Bravo, R., Vedar, M. G., Eskenazi, B. (2010). Comparison of current-use pesticide and other toxicant urinary metabolite levels among pregnant women in the CHAMACOS cohort and NHANES. Environmental Health Perspectives, 118(6), 856863. doi:10.1289/ehp.0901568Chen, J., Shi, H., Sivakumar, B., & Peart, M. R. (2016). Population, water, food, energy and dams. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 56, 1828. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.11.043Chen, X. G., & Park, H. J. (2003). Chemical characteristics of O-carboxymethyl chitosans related to the preparation conditions. Carbohydrate Polymers, 53(4), 355359. doi:10.1016/S0144-8617(03)00051-1Chen, X., Xu, H., Yang, W., & Liu, S. (2009). Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B : Biology Research on the effect of photoprotectants on photostabilization of rotenone. Journal of Photochemistry & Photobiology, B: Biology, 95(2), 93100. doi:10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2009.01.003Choi, M. J., Soottitantawat, A., Nuchuchua, O., Min, S. G., & Ruktanonchai, U. (2009). Physical and light oxidative properties of eugenol encapsulated by molecular inclusion and emulsion-diffusion method. Food Research International, 42(1), 148156. doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2008.09.011Choochottiros, C., Yoksan, R., & Chirachanchai, S. (2009). Amphiphilic chitosan nanospheres: Factors to control nanosphere formation and its consequent pH responsive performance. Polymer, 50(8), 18771886. doi:10.1016/j.polymer.2009.02.029Colinet, I., Dulong, V., Hamaide, T., Le Cerf, D., & Picton, L. (2009). New amphiphilic modified polysaccharides with original solution behaviour in salt media. Carbohydrate Polymers, 75(3), 454462. doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2008.08.002Corazzari, I., Nistic, R., Turci, F., Faga, M. G., Franzoso, F., Tabasso, S., & Magnacca, G. (2015). Advanced physico-chemical characterization of chitosan by means of TGA coupled on-line with FTIR and GCMS: Thermal degradation and water adsorption capacity. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 112, 19. doi:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2014.12.006CropLife International. (2003) Acutely Toxic Pesticides: Risk assessment, risk management and risk reduction in Developing Countries and Economies in Transition. Retrieved from http://www.croplife.orgda Costa, J. T., Forim, M. R., Costa, E. S., De Souza, J. R., Mondego, J. M., & Boia Junior, A. L. (2014). Effects of different formulations of neem oil-based products on control Zabrotes subfasciatus (Boheman, 1833) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) on beans. Journal of Stored Products Research, 56, 4953. doi:10.1016/j.jspr.2013.10.004Dash, S., Murthy, P. N., Nath, L., & Chowdhury, P. (2010). Kinetic modeling on drug release from controlled drug delivery systems. Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica, 67(3), 21723. doi:10.1016/S0928-0987(01)00095-1Dayan, F. E., Cantrell, C. L., & Duke, S. O. (2009). Natural products in crop protection. Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry, 17(12), 40224034. doi:10.1016/j.bmc.2009.01.046de Neergaard, A., Magid, J., & Mertz, O. (2008). Soil erosion from shifting cultivation and other smallholder land use in Sarawak, Malaysia. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 125(14), 182190. doi:10.1016/j.agee.2007.12.013de Oliveira, J. L., Campos, E. V. R., Bakshi, M., Abhilash, P. C., & Fraceto, L. F. (2014). Application of nanotechnology for the encapsulation of botanical insecticides for sustainable agriculture: Prospects and promises. Biotechnology Advances. doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2014.10.010De Siqueira, M. T., Braga, C., Cabral-Filho, J. E., Augusto, L. G. D. S., Figueiroa, J. N., & Souza, A. I. (2010). Correlation between pesticide use in agriculture and adverse birth outcomes in Brazil: An ecological study. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 84(6), 647651. doi:10.1007/s00128-010-0027-8Di Martino, A., Kucharczyk, P., Zednik, J., & Sedlarik, V. (2015). Chitosan grafted low molecular weight polylactic acid for protein encapsulation and burst effect reduction. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 496(2), 912921. doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.10.017Dong, Z., Ma, Y., Hayat, K., Jia, C., Xia, S., & Zhang, X. (2011). Morphology and release profile of microcapsules encapsulating peppermint oil by complex coacervation. Journal of Food Engineering, 104(3), 455460. doi:10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2011.01.011Dutta, P. K., Dutta, J., & Tripathi, V. S. (2004). Chitin and chitosan : Chemistry , properties and applications. Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research, 63, 2031El Hadrami, A., Adam, L. R., El Hadrami, I., & Daayf, F. (2010). Chitosan in plant protection. Marine Drugs, 8(4), 96887. doi:10.3390/md8040968El-Wakeil, N. E. (2013). Botanical Pesticides and Their Mode of Action. Gesunde Pflanzen, 65, 125149. doi:10.1007/s10343-013-0308-3FAO, IFAD, & WFP. (2015). The State of Food Insecurity in the World: Meeting the 2015 international hunger targets: taking stock of uneven progress. FAO, IFAD and WFP. Retrievef from http://doi.org/I4646E/1/05.15Fei, X., Yu, M., Zhang, B., Cao, L., Yu, L., Jia, G., & Zhou, J. (2016). Spectrochimica Acta Part A : Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy The fluorescent interactions between amphiphilic chitosan derivatives and water-soluble quantum dots, 152, 343351. doi:10.1016/j.saa.2015.07.068Fu, J., Cai, Z., Gong, Y., OReilly, S. E., Hao, X., & Zhao, D. (2015). A new technique for determining critical micelle concentrations of surfactants and oil dispersants via UV absorbance of pyrene. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 484, 18. doi:10.1016/j.colsurfa.2015.07.039Gao, F., Li, L., Zhang, H., Yang, W., Chen, H., Zhou, J., Zhang, Q. (2010). Deoxycholic acid modified-carboxymethyl curdlan conjugate as a novel carrier of epirubicin: In vitro and in vivo studies. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 392(12), 254260. doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.03.044Gao, F. P., Zhang, H. Z., Liu, L. R., Wang, Y. S., Jiang, Q., Yang, X. Du, & Zhang, Q. Q. (2008). Preparation and physicochemical characteristics of self-assembled nanoparticles of deoxycholic acid modified-carboxymethyl curdlan conjugates. Carbohydrate Polymers, 71(4), 606613. doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2007.07.008Garrido, J., Cagide, F., Melle-Franco, M., Borges, F., & Garrido, E. M. (2014). Microencapsulation of herbicide MCPA with native ??-cyclodextrin and its methyl and hydroxypropyl derivatives: An experimental and theoretical investigation. Journal of Molecular Structure, 1061(1), 7681. doi:10.1016/j.molstruc.2013.12.067Ghisari, M., Long, M., Tabbo, A., & Bonefeld-Jrgensen, E. C. (2015). Effects of currently used pesticides and their mixtures on the function of thyroid hormone and aryl hydrocarbon receptor in cell culture. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 284(3), 292303. doi:10.1016/j.taap.2015.02.004Gierszewska-Dru?y?ska, M., & Ostrowska-Czubenko, J. (2012). Mechanism of water diffusion into noncrosslinked and ionically crosslinked chitosan membranes. Progress on Chemistry and Application of Chitin and Its Derivatives, 2012, 5966.Goldmann, L. (2004) Childhood pesticide poisoning information for advocacy and action. Retrieved from World Health Organization website: http://www.who.int/ceh/publications/pestpoisoning.pdfGoldner, W. S., Sandler, D. P., Yu, F., Hoppin, J. A., Kamel, F., & Levan, T. D. (2010). Pesticide use and thyroid disease among women in the agricultural health study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 171(4), 455464. doi:10.1093/aje/kwp404Gonzlez-Alzaga, B., Lacasaa, M., Aguilar-Garduo, C., Rodrguez-Barranco, M., Ballester, F., Rebagliato, M., & Hernndez, a. F. (2013). A systematic review of neurodevelopmental effects of prenatal and postnatal organophosphate pesticide exposure. Toxicology Letters, 230, 104121. doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.11.019Gonzalez-coloma, A., & Agrarias-ccma, I. D. C. (2010). Natural Product-Based Biopesticides for Insect Control. Retrieved from Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias-CCMAGregorc, A., & Poklukar, J. (2003). Rotenone and oxalic acid as alternative acaricidal treatments for Varroa destructor in honeybee colonies. Veterinary Parasitology, 111(4), 351360. doi:10.1016/S0304-4017(02)00408-9Grillo, R., dos Santos, N. Z. P., Maruyama, C. R., Rosa, A. H., de Lima, R., & Fraceto, L. F. (2012). Poly(-caprolactone)nanocapsules as carrier systems for herbicides: Physico-chemical characterization and genotoxicity evaluation. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 231232, 19. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.06.019Grillo, R., Pereira, A. D. E. S., de Melo, N. F. S., Porto, R. M., Feitosa, L. O., Tonello, P. S., Fraceto, L. F. (2011). Controlled release system for ametryn using polymer microspheres: Preparation, characterization and release kinetics in water. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 186(23), 16451651. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.12.044Grillo, R., Pereira, A. E. S., Nishisaka, C. S., De Lima, R., Oehlke, K., Greiner, R., & Fraceto, L. F. (2014). Chitosan/tripolyphosphate nanoparticles loaded with paraquat herbicide: An environmentally safer alternative for weed control. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 278, 163171. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.05.079Guevara-Gonzalez, R., & Torres-Pacheco, I. (2014). Chapter 1 strategies for sustainable plant food production: facing the current agricultural challengesagriculture for today and tomorrow. Biosystems Engineering: Biofactories for Food Production in the Century XXI, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-03880-3_1Ha, H. (2015). Land and disaster management strategies in Asia. Land and Disaster Management Strategies in Asia, 1265. doi:10.1007/978-81-322-1976-7Hadwiger, L. a. (2013). Multiple effects of chitosan on plant systems: solid science or hype. Plant Science : An International Journal of Experimental Plant Biology, 208, 429. doi:10.1016/j.plantsci.2013.03.007Hallmann, C. a, Foppen, R. P. B., Turnhout, C. a M. Van, Kroon, H. De, & Jongejans, E. (2014). Declines in insectivorous birds are associated with high neonicotinoid concentrations. Nature, 511(7509), 341343. doi:10.1038/nature13531Hamed, I., zogul, F., & Regenstein, J. M. (2016). Industrial applications of crustacean by-products (chitin, chitosan, and chitooligosaccharides): A review. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 48, 4050. doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2015.11.007Herforth, A., & Ahmed, S. (2015). The food environment, its effects on dietary consumption, and potential for measurement within agriculture-nutrition interventions. Food Security, 505520. doi:10.1007/s12571-015-0455-8Higueras, L., Lpez-Carballo, G., Cerisuelo, J. P., Gavara, R., & Hernndez-Mu?oz, P. (2013). Preparation and characterization of chitosan/HP--cyclodextrins composites with high sorption capacity for carvacrol. Carbohydrate Polymers, 97(2), 262268. doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.04.007Hill, J. M., Egan, J. F., Stauffer, G. E., & Diefenbach, D. R. (2014). Habitat availability is a more plausible explanation than insecticide acute toxicity for U.S. grassland bird species declines. PLoS ONE, 9(5). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0098064Hoffmann, H. (2007). Natural alternatives to synthetic chemicals. Retrieved from Department of Agriculture and Food website: https://www.agric.wa.gov.au/mechanical-physical-and-cultural/natural-alternatives-synthetic-chemicalsHough, P. (2014). Sustainable food production includes human and environmental health. Agroecology, doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7454-4Huo, M., Zhang, Y., Zhou, J., Zou, A., Yu, D., Wu, Y., Li, H. (2010). Synthesisand characterization of low-toxic amphiphilic chitosan derivatives and their application as micelle carrier for antitumor drug. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 394(12), 162173. doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.05.001Idris, S. S., Rahman, N. A., Ismail, K., Alias, A. B., Rashid, Z. A., & Aris, M. J. (2010) Investigation on thermochemical behaviour of low rank Malaysian coal, oil palm biomass and their blends during pyrolysis via thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Bioresource Technology, 101(12), 4584-4592. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.01.059IPCS (2002). The WHO recommended classification of pesticides by hazard. Geneva: Internationa Programme on Chemical Safety.Ismail, B. S., Prayitno, S., & Tayeb, M. A. (2015). Contamination of rice field water with sulfonylurea and phenoxy herbicides in the Muda Irrigation Scheme, Kedah, Malaysia. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 187(7), 406. doi:10.1007/s10661-015-4600-9Isman, M. B. (2006). Botanical insecticides, deterrents, and repellents in modern agriculture and an increasingly regulated world. Annual Review of Entomology, 51, 4566. doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.51.110104.151146Isman, M. B., & Machial, C. M. (2006). Chapter 2 Pesticides based on plant essential oils: from traditional practice to commercialization. Advances in Phytomedicine, 3(C), 2944. doi:10.1016/S1572-557X(06)03002-9Isman, M. B., Miresmailli, S., & MacHial, C. (2011). Commercial opportunities for pesticides based on plant essential oils in agriculture, industry and consumer products. Phytochemistry Reviews, 10(2), 197204. doi:10.1007/s11101-010-9170-4Jakobsen, F., Hartstein, N., Frachisse, J., & Golingi, T. (2007). Sabah shoreline management plan (Borneo, Malaysia): Ecosystems and pollution. Ocean and Coastal Management, 50(12), 84102. doi:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2006.03.013Jian, G. (2007). A weak hydolticalCu(II) complex derived from condensation of N,N- dimethylbiguanide with 2-pyridine carbaldehyde synthesis, crystal structure and biological activity. Synth. Nano-Met.Chem, 37, 621. Retrieved from http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/10157/16/17_chapter%206.pdfJin, Y. H., Hu, H. Y., Qiao, M. X., Zhu, J., Qi, J. W., Hu, C. J., Chen, D. W. (2012). PH-sensitive chitosan-derived nanoparticles as doxorubicin carriers for effective anti-tumor activity: Preparation and in vitro evaluation. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 94, 184191. doi:10.1016/j.colsurfb.2012.01.032Kah, M., & Hofmann, T. (2014). Nanopesticide research: current trends and future priorities. Environment International, 63, 22435. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2013.11.015Kah, M., Machinski, P., Koerner, P., Tiede, K., Grillo, R., Fraceto, L. F., & Hofmann, T. (2014). Analysing the fate of nanopesticides in soil and the applicability of regulatory protocols using a polymer-based nanoformulation of atrazine. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 19. doi:10.1007/s11356-014-2523-6Kashyap, P. L., Xiang, X., & Heiden, P. (2015). Chitosan nanoparticle based delivery systems for sustainable agriculture. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 77, 3651. doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.02.039Kim, S.-K., Khim, J. S., Lee, K.-T., Kannan, K., Lee, D.-S., & Koh, C.-H. (2007). Persistent Organic Pollutants in Asia: Sources, Distributions, Transport and Fate. Developments in Environmental Science, 7(7), 31157. doi:10.1016/S1474-8177(07)07002-7Knowles, A. (2007). Recent developments of safer formulations of agrochemicals. The Environmentalist, 28(1), 3544. doi:10.1007/s10669-007-9045-4Khler, A., Pirk, C. W. W., & Nicolson, S. W. (2012). Honeybees and nectar nicotine: Deterrence and reduced survival versus potential health benefits. Journal of Insect Physiology, 58(2), 286292. doi:10.1016/j.jinsphys.2011.12.002Kordali, S., Cakir, A., Ozer, H., Cakmakci, R., Kesdek, M., & Mete, E. (2008). Antifungal, phytotoxic and insecticidal properties of essential oil isolated from Turkish Origanum acutidens and its three components, carvacrol, thymol and p-cymene. Bioresource Technology, 99(18), 87888795. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2008.04.048Kumar, S., Chauhan, N., Gopal, M., Kumar, R., & Dilbaghi, N. (2015). Development and evaluation of alginatechitosan nanocapsules for controlled release of acetamiprid. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 81, 631637. doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.08.062Lai, D., Jin, X., Wang, H., Yuan, M., & Xu, H. (2014). Gene expression profile change and growth inhibition in Drosophila larvae treated with azadirachtin. Journal of Biotechnology, 185, 5156. doi:10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.06.014Lao, S.-B., Zhang, Z.-X., Xu, H.-H., & Jiang, G.-B. (2010). Novel amphiphilic chitosan derivatives: Synthesis, characterization and micellar solubilization of rotenone. Carbohydrate Polymers, 82(4), 11361142. doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.06.044Lari, S. Z., Khan, N. a, Gandhi, K. N., Meshram, T. S., & Thacker, N. P. (2014). Comparison of pesticide residues in surface water and ground water of agriculture intensive areas. Journal of Environmental Health Science & Engineering, 12(1), 11. doi:10.1186/2052-336X-12-11Lavkush Bhaisare, M., Pandey, S., Shahnawaz Khan, M., Talib, A., & Wu, H. F. (2015). Fluorophotometric determination of critical micelle concentration (CMC)of ionic and non-ionic surfactants with carbon dots via Stokes shift. Talanta, 132, 572578. doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2014.09.011Leadbeater, A. J. (2014). Plant Health Management: Fungicides and Antibiotics. Encyclopedia of Agriculture and Food Systems (Vol. 4). Elsevier Ltd. doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-52512-3.00179-0Lee, K. E., Mokhtar, M., Goh, C. T., Singh, H., & Chan, P. W. (2015). Initiatives and challenges of a chemical industries council in a developing country: the case of Malaysia. Journal of Cleaner Production, 86, 417423. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.08.010Li, W., Peng, H., Ning, F., Yao, L., Luo, M., Zhao, Q., Xiong, H. (2014). Amphiphilic chitosan derivative-based core-shell micelles: Synthesis, characterisation and properties for sustained release of Vitamin D3. Food Chemistry, 152, 307315. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.11.147Li, Y. F., & Macdonald, R. W. (2005). Sources and pathways of selected organochlorine pesticides to the Arctic and the effect of pathway divergence on HCH trends in biota: A review. Science of the Total Environment, 342(13), 87106. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.12.027Li, Y., Zhang, S., Meng, X., Chen, X., & Ren, G. (2011). The preparation and characterization of a novel amphiphilic oleoyl-carboxymethyl chitosan self-assembled nanoparticles. Carbohydrate Polymers, 83(1), 130136. doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.07.030Li, Y.-Y., Chen, X.-G., Yu, L.-M., Wang, S.-X., Sun, G.-Z., & Zhou, H.-Y. (2006). Aggregation of hydrophobically modified chitosan in solution and at the airwater interface. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 102(2), 19681973. doi:10.1002/app.24485Liu, T.-X., Xu, H.-H., & Luo, W.-C. (2006). Naturally Occurring Bioactive Compounds. Advances in Phytomedicine, 3, 171197. doi:10.1016/S1572-557X(06)03008-XLiu, Y., Sun, Y., He, S., Zhu, Y., Ao, M., Li, J., & Cao, Y. (2013). Synthesis and characterization of gibberellin-chitosan conjugate for controlled-release applications. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 57, 2137. doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.03.024Loo, Y. Y., Billa, L., & Singh, A. (2015). Effect of climate change on seasonal monsoon in Asia and its impact on the variability of monsoon rainfall in Southeast Asia. Geoscience Frontiers, 6(6), 817823. doi:10.1016/j.gsf.2014.02.009Lu, W., Lu, M. L., Zhang, Q. P., Tian, Y. Q., Zhang, Z. X., & Xu, H. H. (2013). Octahydrogenated retinoic acid-conjugated glycol chitosan nanoparticles as a novel carrier of azadirachtin: Synthesis, characterization, and in vitro evaluation.Journal of Polymer Science, Part A: Polymer Chemistry, 51(18), 39323940. doi:10.1002/pola.26801Luo, Y., Teng, Zi., & Wang, Q. (2012). Development of zein nanoparticles coated with carboxymethyl chitosan for encapsulation and controlled release of Vitamin D3. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 60, 836-843. dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf204194zMahmood, Q., Bilal, M., & Jan, S. (2014). Herbicides, Pesticides, and Plant Tolerance: An Overview. An Overview. Emerging Technologies and Management of Crop Stress Tolerance: Biological Techniques (Vol. 1). Elsevier Inc. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-800876-8.00017-5Malaysian National Committee of ICID. (2013). Water for food and development and country position. Retrieved from http://www.icid.org/v_malaysia.pdfMazlan, N., & Mumford, J. (2005). Insecticide use in cabbage pest management in the Cameron Highlands, Malaysia. Crop Protection, 24(1), 3139. doi:10.1016/j.cropro.2004.06.005Memarizadeh, N., Ghadamyari, M., Adeli, M., & Talebi, K. (2014). Preparation, characterization and efficiency of nanoencapsulated imidacloprid under laboratory conditions. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 107, 7783. doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.05.009Millot, F., Berny, P., Decors, A., & Bro, E. (2015). Little field evidence of direct acute and short-term effects of current pesticides on the grey partridge. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 117, 4161. doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.03.017Mishra, K., Sharma, R. C., & Kumar, S. (2013). Contamination profile of DDT and HCH in surface sediments and their spatial distribution from North-East India. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 95, 113122. doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.05.029Mishra, S. K., & Kannan, S. (2014). Development , mechanical evaluation and surface characteristics of chitosan / polyvinyl alcohol based polymer composite coatings on titanium metal. Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, 40, 314324. doi:10.1016/j.jmbbm.2014.08.014Mohamad, S. F. S., Mohamad, S., & Aziz, A. A. (2013). The susceptibility of aphids, aphis gossypii glover to lauric acid based natural pesticide. Procedia Engineering, 53, 2028. doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2013.02.004Mohamed, Z., Terano, R., Sharifuddin, J., & Rezai, G. (2016). Determinants of Paddy Farmers Unsustainability Farm Practices. Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia, 9, 191196. doi:10.1016/j.aaspro.2016.02.120Mourya, V. ., Inamdar, N. N., & Tiwari, A. (2010). Carboxymethyl chitosan and itsapplications. Advanced Materials Letters, 1(1), 1133. doi:10.5185/amlett.2010.3108Msangi, J. P. (2014). Food security among small-scale agricultural producers in Southern Africa. Food Security Among Small-Scale Agricultural Producers in Southern Africa, 2050, 1173. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-09495-3Mulqueen, P. (2003). Recent advances in agrochemical formulation. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 106(13), 83107. doi:10.1016/S0001-8686(03)00106-4Murad, M. W., & Pereira, J. J. (2011). Malaysia:Environmental Health Issues. Elseiveir, 577-593Oates, L., & Cohen, M. (2011). Assessing diet as a modifiable risk factor for pesticide exposure. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 8(6), 17921804. doi:10.3390/ijerph8061792Odegard, I. Y. R., & van der Voet, E. (2014). The future of food - Scenarios and the effect on natural resource use in agriculture in 2050. Ecological Economics, 97, 5159. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2013.10.005Oghenekaro, A. O., Miettinen, O., Omorusi, V. I., Evueh, G. A., Farid, M. A., Gazis, R., & Asiegbu, F. O. (2014). Molecular phylogeny of Rigidoporus microporus isolates associated with white rot disease of rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis). Fungal Biology, 118(56), 495506. doi:10.1016/j.funbio.2014.04.001Olawale, A., Ahmad, O., Abdullah, M., & Ramli, M. F. (2012). Factors affecting agricultural land use for vegetables production- a case study of the state of Selangor ,. Journal of Agricultural Research, 7(44), 59395948. doi:10.5897/AJAR11.1726Orlinskiy, P., Mnze, R., Beketov, M., Gunold, R., Paschke, A., Knillmann, S., & Liess, M. (2015). Forested headwaters mitigate pesticide effects on macroinvertebrate communities in streams: Mechanisms and quantification. Science of The Total Environment, 524525, 115123. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.03.143Ortiz-Hernndez, M. L., Snchez-Salinas, E., Olvera-Velona, A., & Folch-Mallol, J. L. (2011). Pesticides in the Environment : Impacts and Their Biodegradation as a Strategy for Residues Treatment. Pesticides - Formulations, Effects, Fate, 552574. doi: 10.5772/13534Ott, K. C., & D, P. (2006). Rotenone. A Brief Review of its Chemistry, Environmental Fate, and the Toxicity of Rotenone Formulations. Fisheries (Bethesda). Retrieved from http://www.newmexicotu.org/Rotenone summary.pdfPan, H., Jiang, L., & Kuil, M. E. (2012). Pesticide monitoring in the Netherlands: Can it be improved? Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 184(5), 31333139.doi:10.1007/s10661-011-2177-5Pang, H. T., Chen, X. G., Park, H. J., Cha, D. S., & Kennedy, J. F. (2007). Preparation and rheological properties of deoxycholate-chitosan and carboxymethyl-chitosan in aqueous systems. Carbohydrate Polymers, 69(3), 419425. doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2006.12.026Pang, Y. P. (2014). Insect acetylcholinesterase as a target for effective and environmentally safe insecticides. Advances in Insect Physiology, 46 doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-417010-0.00006-9Pant, M., Dubey, S., & Patanjali, P. K. (2016). Herbal Insecticides, Repellents and Biomedicines: Effectiveness and Commercialization, 117126. doi:10.1007/978-81-322-2704-5Paret, M. L., Palmateer, A. J., & Knox, G. W. (2013). Evaluation of a light-activated nanoparticle formulation of titanium dioxide with zinc for management of bacterial leaf spot on Rosa 'Noare'. HortScience, 48(2), 189192. Retrieved from http://hortsci.ashspublications.org/content/48/2/189.full.pdf+htmlParveen, S. (2010). Rice Farmers Knowledge About the Effects of Pesticides on Environmental Pollution in Bangladesh. Bangladesh Research Publication Journal, 3(4), 12141227. Retrived from http://www.bdresearch.org/home/attachments/article/nArt/Rice_Farmers_Knowledge_about_effect.pdfPatel, K. (2014). Preparation and characterization of insulin loaded calcium alginate nanoparticles (Unpublished master's thesis). The University of Toledo.Peppas, N. A., & Sahlin, J. J. (1989). A simple equation for the description of solute release. III. Coupling of diffusion and relaxation. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 57(2), 169172. doi:10.1016/0378-5173(89)90306-2Pimentel, D. (2009). Agriculture and food problems. Principles of Environmental Sciences, 513-516. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.upm.edu.my:2098/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4020-9158-2_28Pivato, A., Barausse, A., Zecchinato, F., Palmeri, L., Raga, R., Lavagnolo, M. C., & Cossu, R. (2015). An integrated model-based approach to the risk assessment of pesticide drift from vineyards. Atmospheric Environment, 111, 136150. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.04.005Po, M., & Saka, M. (2015). Micellization parameters (number average , aggregation number and critical micellar concentration) of bile salt 3 and 7 ethylidene derivatives : Role of the steroidal skeleton II. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-General Subjects 1850, 13451353. doi:10.1016/j.bbagen.2015.03.010Poissant, L., Beauvais, C., Lafrance, P., & Deblois, C. (2008). Pesticides in fluvial wetlands catchments under intensive agricultural activities. Science of the TotalEnvironment, 404(1), 182195. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.05.030Poon, W. C., Herath, G., Sarker, A., Masuda, T., & Kada, R. (2016). River and fish pollution in Malaysia: A green ergonomics perspective. Applied Ergonomics, 57, 1-14. doi:.1016/j.apergo.2016.02.009Popp, J., Peto, K., & Nagy, J. (2013). Pesticide productivity and food security. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 33(1), 243255. doi:10.1007/s13593-012-0105-xPoulsen, M. E., Andersen, J. H., Petersen, A., & Jensen, B. H. (2017). Results from Danish monitoring programme for pesticide residues from the period 2004-2011. Food Control, 74, 25-33. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.11.022Pozo, K., Harner, T., Lee, S. C., Sinha, R. K., Sengupta, B., Loewen, M., Volpi, V. (2011). Assessing seasonal and spatial trends of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in Indian agricultural regions using PUF disk passive air samplers. Environmental Pollution, 159(2), 646653. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2010.09.025Prabaharan, M., Reis, R. L., & Mano, J. F. (2007). Carboxymethyl chitosan-graft-phosphatidylethanolamine: Amphiphilic matrices for controlled drug delivery. Reactive and Functional Polymers, 67(1), 4352. doi:10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2006.09.001Pretty, J. (2005). The Pesticide Detox. United Kingdom: Earthscan.Rice, D., & Barone Jr., S. (2000). Critical Periods of Vulnerability for the Developing Nervous System: Evidence\nfrom Humans and Animal Models. Environmental Health Perspectives, 108, 511533. doi:10.1289/ehp.00108s3511Ritger, P. L., & Peppas, N. A. (1987). A simple equation for description of solute release II. Fickian and anomalous release from swellable devices. Journal of Controlled Release, 5(1), 3742. doi:10.1016/0168-3659(87)90035-6Riyajan, S. a., & Sakdapipanich, J. T. (2009). Development of a controlled release neemcapsule with a sodium alginate matrix, crosslinked by glutaraldehyde and coated with natural rubber. Polymer Bulletin, 63(4), 609622. doi:10.1007/s00289-009-0126-zRutnakornpituk, M., Ngamdee, P., & Phinyocheep, P. (2005). Synthesis, characterization and properties of chitosan modified with poly(ethylene glycol)polydimethylsiloxane amphiphilic block copolymers. Polymer, 46(23), 97429752. doi:10.1016/j.polymer.2005.08.051Sachdev, D. P., & Cameotra, S. S. (2013). Biosurfactants in agriculture. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 97(3), 10051016. doi:10.1007/s00253-012-4641-8Sadeghi, M. M. A. (2008). Peroral Insulin Delivery : New Concepts and Excipients(Dictoral dissertation, Leiden University). Retrieved from https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/handle/1887/13343Salleh, M. M. (2010). Tropical fruits and vegetables in Malaysia : Production and impact on health, (August 2006), 15.Samsudin, S., & Twyman, D. L. (1988). The synthesis and characterisation of dendritic macromolecules for drug delivery application (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/2290/Santos, J. S. D, Schwanz, T. G., Coelho, A. N., Heck-Marques, M. C., Mexia, M. M., Emanuelli, T., & Costabeber, I. (2015). Estimated daily intake of organochlorine pesticides from dairy products in Brazil. Food Control, 53, 2328. doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.12.014Sapari, P., & Ismail, B. S. (2012). Pollution levels of thiobencarb, propanil, and pretilachlor in rice fields of the muda irrigation scheme, Kedah, Malaysia. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 184(10), 63476356. doi: 10.1007/s10661-011-2424-9Sarigiannis, D. A., Kontoroupis, P., Solomou, E. S., Nikolaki, S., & Karabelas, A. J. (2013). Inventory of pesticide emissions into the air in Europe. Atmospheric Environment, 75, 614. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.04.003Schreinemachers, P., & Tipraqsa, P. (2012). Agricultural pesticides and land use intensification in high, middle and low income countries. Food Policy, 37(6), 616626. doi:10.1016/j.foodpol.2012.06.003Senthil Nathan, S., Kalaivani, K., Sehoon, K., & Murugan, K. (2006). The toxicity and behavioural effects of neem limonoids on Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guene), the rice leaffolder. Chemosphere, 62(8), 13811387. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.07.051Shafawati, S. N., & Siddiquee, S. (2013). Composting of oil palm fibres and Trichoderma spp. As the biological control agent: A review. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation, 85, 243253. doi:10.1016/j.ibiod.2013.08.005Shukla, S. K., Mishra, A. K., Arotiba, O. a, & Mamba, B. B. (2013). Chitosan-based nanomaterials: a state-of-the-art review. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 59, 4658. doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.04.043Siepmann, J., & Peppas, N. A. (2001). Modeling of drug release from delivery systems based on hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC). Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 48(23), 139157. doi:10.1016/S0169-409X(01)00112-0Silva, M. D. S., Cocenza, D. S., Grillo, R., Melo, N. F. S. De, Tonello, P. S., Oliveira, L. C. De, Fraceto, L. F. (2011). Paraquat-loaded alginate/chitosan nanoparticles: Preparation, characterization and soil sorption studies. Journal ofHazardous Materials, 190(13), 366374. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.03.057Sinclair, G. W., & Peppas, N. A. (1984). Analysis of non-fickian transport inpolymers using simplified exponential expressions. Journal of MembraneScience, 17(3), 329331. doi:10.1016/S0376-7388(00)83223-8Singh, Y., Mandal, K., & Singh, B. (2015). Persistence and risk assessment ofcypermethrin residues on chilli (Capsicum annuum L.). EnvironmentalMonitoring and Assessment, 187(3), 120. doi:10.1007/s10661-015-4341-9Slotkin, T. A., Bodwell, B. E., Levin, E. D., & Seidler, F. J. (2008). Neonatalexposure to low doses of diazinon: long-term effects on neural cell developmentand acetylcholine systems. Environmental Health Perspectives, 116(3), 340348.doi:10.1289/ehp.11005Specht, K., Siebert, R., Hartmann, I., Freisinger, U. B., Sawicka, M., Werner, A., Dierich, A. (2013). Urban agriculture of the future: an overview of sustainabilityaspects of food production in and on buildings. Agriculture and Human Values,119. doi:10.1007/s10460-013-9448-4Sudhir-Yadav, Evangelista, G., Faronilo, J., Humphreys, E., Henry, A., & Fernandez,L. (2014). Establishment method effects on crop performance and waterproductivity of irrigated rice in the tropics. Field Crops Research, 166, 112127.doi:10.1016/j.fcr.2014.06.001Sun, C., Shu, K., Wang, W., Ye, Z., Liu, T., Gao, Y., Yin, Y. (2014).Encapsulation and controlled release of hydrophilic pesticide in shell crosslinkednanocapsules containing aqueous core. International Journal ofPharmaceutics, 463(1), 10814. doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.12.050Sun, G. Z., Chen, X. G., Li, Y. Y., Zheng, B., Gong, Z. H., Sun, J. J., Lin, W. X.(2008). Preparation of H-oleoyl-carboxymethyl-chitosan and the function as acoagulation agent for residual oil in aqueous system. Frontiers of MaterialsScience in China, 2(1), 105112. doi:10.1007/s11706-008-0019-3Suresh Kumar, R. S., Shiny, P. J., Anjali, C. H., Jerobin, J., Goshen, K. M., Magdassi,S., Chandrasekaran, N. (2013). Distinctive effects of nano-sized permethrin inthe environment. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 20(4), 25932602. doi:10.1007/s11356-012-1161-0Tadros, T. (2013). Encyclopedia of Colloid and Interface Science. Encyclopedia ofColloid and Interface Science. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-20665-8Tey, Y. S., Mad Nasir, S., Zainalabidin, M., Jinap, S., & Abdul Gariff, R. A. (2009).Demand for quality vegetables in Malaysia. International Food ResearchJournal, 16(3), 313327. Retrieved fromhttp://www.ifrj.upm.edu.my/16%20(3)%202009/5[1]%20Tey.pdfThe University of Arizona. (2000). Pesticides types and formulations. Retrieved fromhttp://extension.arizona.edu/sites/extension.arizona.edu/files/pubs/az1149_3.pdfThurman, E. M., Bastian, K. C., & Mollhagen, T. (2000). Occurrence of cottonherbicides and insecticides in playa lakes of the High Plains of West Texas.Science of the Total Environment, 248(23), 189200. doi:10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00542-2Ujvry, I. (2001). Pest Control Agents from Natural Products. Hayes Handbook ofPesticide Toxicology, Elsevier. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-374367-1.00003-3Usman, A., Zia, K. M., Zuber, M., Tabasum, S., Rehman, S., & Zia, F. (2016). Chitinand chitosan based polyurethanes: A review of recent advances and prospectivebiomedical applications. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules,86, 630645. doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.02.004Vitale, J., & Greenplate, J. (2014). The role of biotechnology in sustainableagriculture of the twenty-first century: the commercial introduction of bollgard IIin Burkina Faso. Convergence of Food Security, Energy Security andSustainable Agriculture, doi:10.1007/978-3-642-55262-5Wang, F., Zhang, D., Duan, C., Jia, L., Feng, F., Liu, Y., Zhang, Q. (2011).Preparation and characterizations of a novel deoxycholic acidOcarboxymethylatedchitosanfolic acid conjugates and self-aggregates.Carbohydrate Polymers, 84(3), 11921200. doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.01.017Willers, J. L., DeFauw, S. L., English, P. J., & Jenkins, J. N. (2014). Integrated PestManagement. Integrated Pest Management, 3758. doi:1016/B978-0-12-398529-3.00004-XWoranuch, S., & Yoksan, R. (2013). Eugenol-loaded chitosan nanoparticles: I.Thermal stability improvement of eugenol through encapsulation. CarbohydratePolymers, 96(2), 57885. doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.08.117Xu, H.-X., Zheng, X.-S., Yang, Y.-J., Tian, J.-C., Lu, Y.-H., Tan, K.-H., Lu, Z.-X.(2015). Methyl eugenol bioactivities as a new potential botanical insecticideagainst major insect pests and their natural enemies on rice (Oriza sativa). CropProtection, 72, 144149. doi:10.1016/j.cropro.2015.03.017Yadav, I. C., Devi, N. L., Syed, J. H., Cheng, Z., Li, J., Zhang, G., & Jones, K. C.(2015). Current status of persistent organic pesticides residues in air, water, andsoil, and their possible effect on neighboring countries: A comprehensive reviewof India. Science of The Total Environment, 511, 123137.doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.12.041Yan, M., Li, B., & Zhao, X. (2010). Determination of critical aggregationconcentration and aggregation number of acid-soluble collagen from walleyepollock (Theragra chalcogramma) skin using the fluorescence probe pyrene.Food Chemistry, 122(4), 13331337. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.03.102Yao, F., & Weiyuan, J. K. (2010). Drug Release Kinetics and Transport Mechanismsof Non- degradable and Degradable Polymeric Delivery Systems. ExpertOpinion Drug Delivery, 7(4), 429444. doi:10.1517/17425241003602259.DrugYi, Y., Xu, S., Sun, H., Chang, D., Yin, Y., Zheng, H., Lou, Y. (2011). Gelation ofphotocrosslinkable carboxymethyl chitosan and its application in controlledrelease of pesticide. Carbohydrate Polymers, 86(2), 10071013.doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.05.057Yinsong, W., Lingrong, L., Jian, W., & Zhang, Q. (2007). Preparation andcharacterization of self-aggregated nanoparticles of cholesterol-modified Ocarboxymethylchitosan conjugates. Carbohydrate Polymers, 69(3), 597606.doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2007.01.016Yoshida, N., Takechi, M., Asano, T., Moroi, Y., Humphry-Baker, R., & Grtzel, M.(2000). Thermodynamics and kinetics of solubilization of naphthalene intoanionic micelles. Chemical Physics Letters, 332(December), 265270.doi:10.1016/S0009-2614(00)01266-5Zahari, R. (2016, March 24). Mangsa keracunan makanan meninggal dunia. SinarOnline, pp.13.Zanuncio, J. C., Lemes, P. G., Antunes, L. R., Maia, J. L. S., Mendes, J. E. P.,Tanganelli, K. M., Serro, J. E. (2016). The impact of the Forest StewardshipCouncil (FSC) pesticide policy on the management of leaf-cutting ants andtermites in certified forests in Brazil. Annals of Forest Science.doi:10.1007/s13595-016-0548-3Zawiyah, S., Che Man, Y. B., Nazimah, S. a H., Chin, C. K., Tsukamoto, I.,Hamanyza, a. H., & Norhaizan, I. (2007). Determination of organochlorine andpyrethroid pesticides in fruit and vegetables using SAX/PSA clean-up column.Food Chemistry, 102(1), 98103. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.05.003Zhang, C., Ping, Q., Zhang, H., & Shen, J. (2003). Preparation of N-alkyl-O-sulfatechitosan derivatives and micellar solubilization of taxol. Carbohydrate Polymers,54(2), 137141. doi:10.1016/S0144-8617(03)00090-0Zhao, J., Li, Y., Liu, Q., & Gao, K. (2010). Antimicrobial activities of some thymolderivatives from the roots of Inula hupehensis. Food Chemistry, 120(2), 512516. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.10.045Ziani, K., Ursa, B., & Mat, J. I. (2010). Application of bioactive coatings based onchitosan for artichoke seed protection. Crop Protection, 29(8), 853859.doi:10.1016/j.cropro.2010.03.002Zou, L., Peng, S., Liu, W., Chen, X., & Liu, C. (2015). A novel delivery systemdextran sulfate coated amphiphilic chitosan derivatives-based nanoliposome:Capacity to improve in vitro digestion stability of ()-epigallocatechin gallate.Food Research International, 69, 114120. doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2014.12.015

Similar Items