Development and evaluation of DoCtor WoRM's module in improving multiplication skills among year four low achievers

The purpose of this study is to develop and evaluate the effectiveness of DoCtorWoRMs Module in improving multiplication skills among Year Four low achievers in National-TypeChinese Primary School (SJKC). DoCtor WoRMs Module had been designed based onConstructivist Theory, mastery learning, and game...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Yoong, Soo May
Format: thesis
Language:eng
Published: 2018
Subjects:
Online Access:https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=5768
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
id oai:ir.upsi.edu.my:5768
record_format uketd_dc
institution Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
collection UPSI Digital Repository
language eng
topic LB Theory and practice of education
spellingShingle LB Theory and practice of education
Yoong, Soo May
Development and evaluation of DoCtor WoRM's module in improving multiplication skills among year four low achievers
description The purpose of this study is to develop and evaluate the effectiveness of DoCtorWoRMs Module in improving multiplication skills among Year Four low achievers in National-TypeChinese Primary School (SJKC). DoCtor WoRMs Module had been designed based onConstructivist Theory, mastery learning, and game-based learning. The module was developedbased on Sideks Module Development Model. Quantitative approaches with quasi-experimental designwere used for this study. A number of 60 Year Four low achievers from Manjung Districtwere selected using random sampling. The sample was divided into the treatment and controlgroups. The former went through a teaching and learning process using DoCtor WoRMs Module, whilethe latter learnt through traditional teaching. After the pre-test, three months of interventionwas carried out to both groups of sample, followed by a post-test. Data was analysed usingdescriptive and inferential statistics. Dependent t-test showed that there was a significantincrease in the achievement of treatment group from pre-test (M = 59.47, SD = 27.242) topost-test (M = 91.53, SD = 12.566), t(29) = 6.254,p
format thesis
qualification_name
qualification_level Master's degree
author Yoong, Soo May
author_facet Yoong, Soo May
author_sort Yoong, Soo May
title Development and evaluation of DoCtor WoRM's module in improving multiplication skills among year four low achievers
title_short Development and evaluation of DoCtor WoRM's module in improving multiplication skills among year four low achievers
title_full Development and evaluation of DoCtor WoRM's module in improving multiplication skills among year four low achievers
title_fullStr Development and evaluation of DoCtor WoRM's module in improving multiplication skills among year four low achievers
title_full_unstemmed Development and evaluation of DoCtor WoRM's module in improving multiplication skills among year four low achievers
title_sort development and evaluation of doctor worm's module in improving multiplication skills among year four low achievers
granting_institution Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
granting_department Fakulti Pembangunan Manusia
publishDate 2018
url https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=5768
_version_ 1747833225557835776
spelling oai:ir.upsi.edu.my:57682021-04-06 Development and evaluation of DoCtor WoRM's module in improving multiplication skills among year four low achievers 2018 Yoong, Soo May LB Theory and practice of education The purpose of this study is to develop and evaluate the effectiveness of DoCtorWoRMs Module in improving multiplication skills among Year Four low achievers in National-TypeChinese Primary School (SJKC). DoCtor WoRMs Module had been designed based onConstructivist Theory, mastery learning, and game-based learning. The module was developedbased on Sideks Module Development Model. Quantitative approaches with quasi-experimental designwere used for this study. A number of 60 Year Four low achievers from Manjung Districtwere selected using random sampling. The sample was divided into the treatment and controlgroups. The former went through a teaching and learning process using DoCtor WoRMs Module, whilethe latter learnt through traditional teaching. After the pre-test, three months of interventionwas carried out to both groups of sample, followed by a post-test. Data was analysed usingdescriptive and inferential statistics. Dependent t-test showed that there was a significantincrease in the achievement of treatment group from pre-test (M = 59.47, SD = 27.242) topost-test (M = 91.53, SD = 12.566), t(29) = 6.254,p 2018 thesis https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=5768 https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=5768 text eng closedAccess Masters Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris Fakulti Pembangunan Manusia Agustina Sri Hafidah. (2016). Developing the Lift and Shift Game to Introduce Tenses atthe Initial Stage to Children as Young Learners. Journal of Education and Practice, 7(5),7-25.Amalia Madihie & Sidek Mohd Noah. (2012). An Application of the Sidek Module Development in REBTCounseling Intervention Module Design for Orphans. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 84,1481-1491.Ampadu, E. & Danso, A. (2018). Constructivism in Mathematics Classrooms: Listening toGhanaian Teachers and Students Views. Africa Education Review, 15(3), 49-71.Andin, J., Ronnberg, J., & Rudner, M. (2013). Deaf Signers Use Phonology to doArithmetic. Learning and Individual Differences, 32, 246-253.Azwin Arif, Nor Yazi, Mohammad Musab, Mohd Shafeirul Zaman, Supyan Hussin, & Mohamed Amin Embi.(2014). Development of Self Access Internet Based English Module to Support Student CentredLearning (SCL) of Engineering Education. Asian Social Science, 10(7), 153-162.Bahr, P.R. (2013). The Aftermath of Remedial Math: Investigating the Low Rate of CertificateCompletion among Remedial Math Students. Research in Higher Education, 54, 171-200.Bicknell, B., Young-Loveridge, J., & Nguyen, N. (2016). A Design Study to Develop Young ChildrensUnderstanding of Multiplication and Division. Mathematics Educational Research Journal, 28(4),567-583.Boaler, J. (2014). The Mathematics of Hope: Moving From Performance to Learning in MathematicsClassrooms. Retrieved 12 August 2017 from https://bhi61nm2cr3mkdgk1dtaov18-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/The-Mathe matics-of-Hope-5.pdfBoyle, S. (2011). An Introduction to Game Based Learning. UCD Teaching and LearningResources. Retrieved 30 March 2017 from https://www.ucd.ie/t4cms/UCDTLT0044.pdf.pdfBroza, O. & Kolikant, Y.B.D. (2015). Contingent Teaching to Low-Achieving Students inMathematics: Challenges and Potential for Scaffolding Meaningful Learning. ZDM MathematicsEducation, 47(7), 1093-1105.Bruner J.S. (2006). In Search of Pedagogy Volume 1: The Selected Works of JeromeS. Bruner. London: Routledge.Castellar, E.N., All, A., de Marez, L., & Van Looy, J. (2015). Cognitive Abilities,Digital Games and Arithmetic Performance Enhancement: A Study Comparing the Efects of aMath Game and Paper Exercises. Computers & Education, 85, 123-133.Chang, R.C. & Yang, C.Y. (2016). Developing a Mobile App for Game-Based Learning inMiddle School Mathematics Course. Proceedings of the International Conference on AppliedSystem Innovation. Okinawa Convention Center, Japan. 28 May-1 June 2016.Cherry, G. & Overbaugh, R. (2004). An Overview of Jerome Brunner His Theory of Constructivism.Retrived 29 March 2017 from http://cird.unive.it/dspace/bitstream/123456789/314/1/FISICA_BRUNNER_COSTRUTTIVISMO.pdfChristensen, L.B., Johnson, R.B., & Turner, L.A. (2011). Research Methods, Design, and Analysis(Eleventh Edition). United States of America: Pearson Education.Chua, Y.P. (2014). Kaedah dan Statistik Penyelidikan Buku 1. Kaedah Penyelidikan: Edisi Ketiga.Selangor: McGraw-Hill Education.Chuang, T.Y. & Tsai, C.M. (2015). Forecast the Scarcity of Game Generation: Digital Game Literacy.New Media and Learning in the 21?? Century, 37-65.Church, M.C. (2004). The Conceptual and Operational Definition of Quality of Life: A SystematicReview of the Literature. Master of Science Thesis, Texas A&M University.Clercq-Quaegebeur, M.D., Casalis, S., Vilette, B., Lemaitre, M.P., & Vallee, L. (2017).Arithmetic Abilities in Children with Developmental Dyslexia: Performance on FrenchZAREKI-R Test. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 1-14.Cojocariu, V.M. & Boghian, I. (2014). Teaching the Relevance of Game-Based Learning toPreschool and Primary Teachers. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Science, 142, 640-646.Dabkowska, E. & Sosnovski, B. (2016). Remedial-Math Workshop: Opening Doors to Graduation.Community College Journal of Research and Practice, 40(11), 954-960.Davrajoo, E., Rohani Ahmad Tarmizi, Mokhtar Nawawi, & Aminuddin Hassan. (2010). EnhancingAlgebraic Conceptual Knowledge with Aid of Module using Mastery Learning Approach. ProcediaSocial and Behavioral Science, 8, 362-369.Ding, Y., Liu, R.D., Xu, L., Wang, J., & Zhang, D. (2016). Working Memory Load and Automaticityin Relation to Mental Multiplication. The Journal ofEducational Research, 110(5), 554-564.Elliot, A.C. & Woodward, W.A. (2016). IBM SPSS by Example: A Practical Guide to Statistical DataAnalysis. 2nd Edition. United States of America: SAGE Publications, Inc.Eronen, L. & Karna, E. (2017). Students Acquiring Expertise through Student- CenteredLearning in Mathematics Lessons. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, 1-19.Everingham, Y.L., Gyuris, E., & Connolly, S.R. (2017). Enhancing Student Engagement toPositively Impact Mathematics Anxiety, Confidence and Achievement for InterdisciplinaryScience Subjects. International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology. InPress, 1 April 2017: 1-13.Fauzi Hussin, Jamal Ali, & Mohd Saifoul Zamzuri Noor. (2014). Kaedah Penyelidikan &Analisis SPSS. Sintok: Penerbit Universiti Utara Malaysia.Gentile, J.R. & Lalley, J.P. (2003). Standards and Mastery Learning: Aligning Teachingand Assessment So All Children Can Learn. California: A Sage Publications Company.Hale, T. (2015). Check Out The Simple Way Japanese Kids Learn Multiplication. Retrieved5 April 2017 from http://www.iflsciWence.com/editors-blog/check-out-simple-way-japanese-kids-learn-multiplication/Handayani, A.D., Herman, T., Fatimah, S., Setyowidodo, I., & Katminingsih, Y. (2018).Inquiry Based Learning: a Student Centered Learning to Develop Mathematical Habits of Mind.Journal of Physics, 1013(1).Hayati, R., Fauzan, A., Iswari, M., & Khairdir, A. (2018). Designing of HolisticMathematic Eduction Model Based-System Among at Low Grade Elementary School. IOPConference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 335(1).Hickey, T., Ju, Q. & Van Emden, M.H. (2001). Interval Arithmetic: from Principles toImplementation. Journal of the ACM (JACM), 26(3), 401-414.Mohd Razak Mohd Nordin, Shaharuddin Shaari, & Normah Kamarodzan. (2014). Cabaran GuruProgram LINUS (Literasi) di Sekolah-Sekolah Murid Orang Asli Negeri Perak. JurnalPenyelidikan Dedikasi, 8, 1-18.Holt, L.C. & Kysilka, M. (2006). Instructional Patterns: Strategies for Maximizing StudentLearning. California: Sage Publications, Inc.Hsiao, I.Y.T., Yang, S.J.H., Wei, Y.H., Chang, T.L., & Lan, Y.J. (2016). Creating a 3D Game-BasedLearning System in a Virtual World for Low-Achieving Students in Mathematics. 2016 IEEE16th International Conference onAdvanced Learning Technologies. 518-519.Hsieh, T.C., Lee, M.C., & Su, C.Y. (2013). Desigining and Implementing a PersonalizedRemedial Learning System for Enhancing the Programming Learning. Journal of EducationalTechnology & Society, 16(4), 32-46.Huang, T.H., Liu, Y.C., & Chang, H.C. (2012). Learning Achievement in Solving Word-BasedMathematical Questions through a Computer-Assisted Learning System. Educational Technology &Society, 15(1), 248-259.Huang, Y.M. & Huang, Y.M. (2015). A Scaffolding Strategy to Develop Handheld Sensor-BasedVocabulary Games for Improving Students Learning Motivation and Performance. EducationTechnology Research and Development, 63(5), 691-708.Huck, S.W. (2014). Reading Statistics and Research (Sixth Edition). United States of America:Pearson Education Limited.Jasmi Abu Talib, Zakaria Mohamad, & Norwaliza Abdul Wahab. (2015). Validity andReliability of Career Exploration Module. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research,23(11), 2639-2655.Johnson, K. & Street, E.M. (2013). Response to Intervention and Precision Teaching.New York: The Guilford Press.Johnson, R.B. & Christensen, L. (2014). Educational Research: Quantitative, Qualitative,and Mixed Approaches (5th Edition). California: SAGE Publications.Kamarul Azmi Jasmi, Mohd Faeez Ilias, Abdul Halim Tamuri, & Mohd Izham Hamzah. (2011).Amalan Penggunaan Bahan Bantu Mengajar Dalam Kalangan Guru Cemerlang Pendidikan Islam SekolahMenengah di Malaysia. Journal of Islamic and Arabic Education, 3(1), 59-74.Kang, S.C. (2013, December 5). Malaysia Ranks 52 out of 65 Countries in InternationalAssessment Programme. The Star Online. Retrieved 14 February 2017 fromhttp://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2013/12/05/students-score-below-global-average-malaysia-ranks-52-out-of-65-countries-in- international-assessment/Katmada, A., Mavridis, A., & Tsiatsos, T. (2014). Implementing a Game for SupportingLearning in Mathematics. The Electronic Journal of e-Learning, 12(3), 230-242.Kearns, K. (2010). Birth to Big School. French Forests, NSW: Persons Australia.Retrieved 6 May 2017 from http://kadriyeportfolio77.weebly.com/albert-bandura-1925.htmlMatanluk, O., Baharom Mohammad, Kiflee, D.N.A., & Imbug, M. (2013). The Effectiveness ofUsing Teaching Module Based on Radical Constructivism toward Students Learning Process.ProcediaSocial and Behavioral Sciences, 90, 607-615.Mayer, R.E. (2011). Multimedia Learning and Games. Computer Games and Instruction,281-305.Ministry of Education Malaysia. (2014). LINUS 2.0 Numerasi (Edisi Bahasa Cina) Modul MuridAsas 2. Kuala Lumpur: Cetakrapi Sdn. Bhd.Kirkley, J.R., Duffy, T.M., Kirkley, S.E., & Kremer, D.L.H. (2011). Implications of Constructivismfor the Design and Use of Serious Games. Computer Games and Instruction, 371-394.Kotsopoulos, D., Cordy, M., & Langemeyer, M. (2015). Childrens Understanding of Large-ScaleMapping Tasks: An Analysis of Talk, Drawings, and Gesture. ZDM Education, 47(3), 451-463.Kroesbergen, E.H., Van Luit, J.E.H., & Maas, C.M. (2004). Effectiveness of Explicit andConstructivist Mathematics Instruction for Low-Achieving Students in the Netherlands. TheElementary School Journal, 104(3), 233-251.Kumar, R. (2011). Research Methodology: A Step-by-step Guide for Beginners.London: SAGE Publications.McCane, B., Ott, C., Meek, N., & Robins, A. (2017). Mastery Learning in IntroductoryProgramming. Proceedings of the Nineteenth Australasian Computing Education Conference, 1-10.Mitee, T.L. & Obaitan, G.N. (2015). Effect of Mastery Learning on Senior Secondary SchoolStudents Cognitive Learning Outcome in Quantitative Chemistry. Journal of Education andPractice, 6(5), 34-39.Muhamad Hafizhuddin Abdul Rahman. (2016). Kesan Penggunaan Modul Pengintegrasian GeogebraTopik Trigonometri Terhadap Pencapaian dan Motivasi bagi Murid Berpencapaian Rendah.Master Thesis. Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris.Lay, Y.F. & Khoo, C.H. (2016). Introduction to Quantitative Approach in EducationalResearch. Sabah: Penerbit Universiti Malaysia Sabah.Lawson, M.A. & Lawson, H.A. (2013). New Conceptual Frameworks for Student EngagementResearch, Policy, and Practice. Review of Educational Research, 83(3), 432-479.Lee, L.W. & Low, H.M. (2014). Analysis of Malay Word Structure by Pre-Service Special EducationTeachers: Foundation-Level Knowledge for RemedialInstruction. Australian Journal of Learning Difficulties, 19(1), 33-46.Lin, C.H., Liu, E.Z.F., Chen, Y.L., Liou, P.Y., Chang, M., Wu, C.H., & Yuan, S.M.(2013). Game-Based Remedial Instruction in Mastery Learning for Upper- Primary SchoolStudents. Journal of Educational Technology & Society, 16(2), 271-281.Lin, P.J. & Acosta-Tello, E. (2017). A Practicum Mentoring Model for SupportingProspective Elementary Teachers in Learning to Teach Mathematics. ZDM MathematicsEducation, 49, 223-236.Lineberry, M., Park, Y.S., Cook, D.A., & Yudkowsky, R. (2015). Making the Case for MasteryLearning Assessments: Key Issues in Validation and Justification, 90, 1445-1450.Liu, R.D., Ding, Y., Xu, L., & Wang, J. (2016). Involvement of Working Memory in MentalMultiplication in Chinese Elementary Students. The Journal of Educational Research, 110(4),380-390.Lortie-Forgues, H. & Siegler, R. (2016). Conceptual Knowledge of Decimal Arithmetic.Journal of Educational Psychology, 107(3), 909-918.Loveless, A. & Williamson, B. (2013). Learning Identities in a Digital Age: RethinkingCreativity, Education and Technology. New York: Routledge.Madamurk, K., Kikas, E., & Palu, A. (2016). Developmental Trajectories of Calculation andWord Problem Solving from Third to Fifth Grade. Learning and Individual Differences, 49, 151-161.Maimun Aqsha Lubis & Hanis Najwa Shaharuddin. (2016). Modul Pengajaran dan PembelajaranBahasa Al-Quran Bermultimedia. Kreativiti dalam Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran, 187-198.McCrink, K., Shafto, P., & Barth, H. (2016). The Relationship Between Non- SymbolicMultiplication and Division in Childhood. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 70(4),686-702.McLeod, S.A. (2008). Bruner-Learning Theory in Education-Simply Psychology/ online/.Retrieved on 12th December 2017 from http://www.simply psychology.org/bruner.htmlMinistry of Education Malaysia. (2013). Malaysia Education Blueprint 2013-2015 (Preschoolto Post-Secondary Education). Putrajaya: Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia.Mohd Asnorhisham Adam & Abdul Rahim Bin Hamdan. (2017). Pendekatan Pengajaran SecaraBerkumpulan dalam Program Pemulihan Khas BahasaMelalyu. Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa Melayu, 7(1), 66-73.Mohammad Aziz Shah Mohamed Arip. (2010). Kesan Kelompok Bimbingan Terapi Kognitif Tingkahlaku KeAtas Konsep Kendiri, Kelangsangan dan Daya Tahan Remaja. Tesis PhD yang tidakditerbitkan. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. Bangi.Mohini Mohamed, Ili Zarifah Zainudin, & Muhamad Hasanul Ilmi Mohd Shukri. (2012).Keberkesanan Modul Beams dalam Meningkatkan Pencapaian Pelajar Prestasi Tinggi BagiMatapelajaran Matematik Tambahan. Master Thesis, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.Motamedi, V. (2001). Mastery Learning: An Effective Teaching Strategy. Retrieved 30 March 2017 fromhttp://www.nyu.edu/classes/keefer/waoe/motamediv.htmMuhamad Fazli Mansor. (2013). Pembangunan dan Penilaian Modul Perisian PengajaranBerbantukan Komputer (PBK) Menggunakan Microsoft Power Point Interaktif untuk Kanak-KanakPrasekolah. Master Thesis, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris.Norazzila Shafie, Tengku Norainun Tengku Shahdan, & Mohd Shahir Liew. (2010). Mastery LearningAssessment Model (MLAM) in Teaching and Learning Mathematics. Procedia-Social BehavioralSciences, 8, 294-298.Norehan Ali. (2015). Pembangunan dan Penilaian Keberkesanan Perisian Multimedia TerhadapPencapaian Murid Bermasalah Pendengaran dalam Mata Pelajaran Pembantu Penyedia Makanan.Master Thesis, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris.Norhayati Ahmat, Nurul Huda Mohamed, Nor Afzalina Azmee, & Sarah Mohd Adham. (2017).Developing a Technique to Master Multiplication Facts 6 to 9 for Year 5 Pupils. AIP ConferenceProceedings.Noriah Mohd Ishak, Melor Md Yunus, Saemah Abdul Rahman, & Zuria Mahmud. (2010). Effectsof FLEP on Self-Motivation and Aspiration to Learn Among Low-Achieving Students: An ExperimentalStudy across Gender. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 7, 122-129.Paola, M.D. & Scoppa, V. (2014). The Effectiveness of Remedial Courses in Italy: a Fuzzy RegressionDiscontinuity Design. Journal of Population Economics, 27, 365-386.Paul, C.S. & Vaidya, S. (2013). An Urban Middle School Case Study of Mathematics Achievement.International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education, 12, 1241-1260.Perry, F.L.Jr. & Nichols, J.D. (2015).Understanding Research in Education: Becoming aDiscerning Consumer. New York: Routledge.Pho, A. & Dinscore, A. (2015). Game-Based Learning. Tips and Trend, Spring.Retrieved 12 May 2017 from http://bit.ly/tipsandtrendssp15Plass, J.L., Homer, B.D., & Kinzer, C.K. (2015). Foundations of Game-BasedLearning. Educational Psychologies, 50(4), 258-283.Prastowo, A. (2012). Panduan Kreatif Membuat Bahan Ajar Inovatif. Yogyakarta: Diva Press.Prensky, M. (2001). Digital Game-Based Learning. New York: McGraw-Hill.Prensky, M. (2007). Digital Game-Based Learning. United States: Paragon House.Price, G.R., Mazzocco, M.M.M., & Ansari, D. (2013). Why Mental Arithmetic Counts: BrainActivation during Single Digit Arithmetic Predicts High School Math Scores. The Journal ofNeuroscience, 33(1), 156-163.Purbohadi, D., Nugroho, L., Santosa, I., & Kumara, A. (2013). GaMa Feedback LearningModel: Basic Concept and Design. Journal of e-Learning and Knowledge Society, 9(3), 67-77.Rohaiza Ramli. (2015). The Effectiveness of Using Geometers Sketchpad (GSP) in the Teaching andLearning of Mathematics in A Malaysian Technical School. Master Thesis, Universiti PendidikanSultan Idris.Raja, S.S., Noraini Mohamed Hassan, & Chong, W.L. (2016). Kaedah Penyelidikan dan PanduanPenulisan. Kuala Lumpur: Penerbit Universiti Malaya.Ramlee Ismail, Jamal @ NordinYunus, & Marinah Awang. (2016). Analisis Data & Pelaporan DenganMenggunakan SPSS. Perak: Penerbit Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris.Rosseliiah Bokhari, Sabariah Md Rashid, & Chan, S.H. (2015). Teachers Perception on theImplementation of the Literacy, Numeracy and Screening (LINUS LBI 2.0) Programme among LowerPrimary ESL Pupils. Malaysia Journal of ELT Research, 11(1), 108-121.Salkind, N.J. (2017). Statistics for People Who (Think They) Hate Statistics UsingMicrosoft Excel 2016 (4th Edition). California: SAGE Publications, Inc.Sayed Yusoff Syed Hussain, Tan, W.H., & Muhammad Zaffwan Idris. (2014). DigitalGame-Based Learning for Remedial Mathematics Students: A New Teaching and LearningApproach in Malaysia. International Journal of Multimedia and Ubiquitous Engineering, 9(11),325-338.Schrum, L. & Levin, B.B. (2015). Leading 21st Century Schools: Second Edition.United States of America: Corwin, A SAGE Company.Sidek Mohd Noah & Jamaludin Ahmad. (2005). Pembinaan Modul: Bagaimana Membina ModulLatihan dan Modul Akademik. Selangor: Penerbit UniversitiPutra Malaysia.Simon, M.K. & Goes, J. (2013). Assumptions, Limitations, Delimitations, and Scope of the Study.Retrieved 11 April 2018 from http://www.dissertationrecipes.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/Assumptions-Limitations-Delimitations- and-Scope-of-the-Study.pdfSinner, A. (2015). Against the Grain: An Intervention of Mastery Learning andIntellectual Emancipation in Art Education. Educational Philosophy and Theory, 47(5),502-514.Siti Zulaiha Ahmad & Ariffin Abdul Mutalib. (2016). Conceptual Model of iCAL4LA:Proposing the Components using Comparative Analysis. International Conference on AppliedScience and Technology (ICAST 2016). 11-13 April 2016, Kedah, Malaysia.Sullivan, P. (2011). Teaching Mathematics: Using Research-informed Strategies.Camberwell. Victoria: ACER Press.Sullivan, P., Askew, M., Cheeseman, J., Clarke, D., Mornane, A., Roche, A., & Walker,N. (2014). Supporting Teachers in Struturing Mathematics Lessons Involving ChallengingTasks. Journal of Mathematics Teacher Education, 18(2), 123-140.Soltanlou, M., Pixner, S., & Nuerk, H.C. (2015). Contribution of Working Memory in MultiplicationFact Network in Children may Shift from Verbal to Visuo- Spatial: a LongitudinalInvestigation. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 1062.Syafari. (2017). Developing Algebra Structure Module and Model of Cooperative LearningHelping Concept Map Media for Improving Proofing Ability. International Education Studies,10(3), 207-214.Taber, K. S. (2011). Constructivism as Educational Theory: Contingency in Learning, and OptimallyGuided Instruction. Educational Theory. New York: Nova Science Publishers, 39-61.Taylan, R.D. (2015). Characterizing a Highly Accomplished Teachers Noticing ofThird-Grade Students Mathematical Thinking. Journal of Mathematics Teacher Education, 20,259-280.Tobias, S. & Fletcher, J.D. (2011). Computer Games, Present and Future. Computer Games andInstruction, 525-545.Tobias, S., Fletcher, J.D., Dai, D.Y., & Wind, A.P. (2011). Review of Research on Computer Games.Computer Games and Instruction, 127-221.Toll, S.W.M. & Van Luit, J.E.H. (2013). Accelerating the Early Numeracy Development ofKindergartners with Limited Working Memory Skills Through Remedial Education. Research inDevelopmental Disabilities,34, 745-755.Toll, S.W.M. & Van Luit (2014). Effects of Remedial Numeracy Instruction ThroughoutKindergarten Starting at Different Ages: Evidence from a Large- Scale Longitudical Study. Learningand Instruction, 33, 39-49.Tuckman, B.W. & Waheed, M.A. (1981). Evaluation an Individualized Science Programme forCommunity College Students. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 18, 489-495.van der Ven, F., Segers, E., Takashima, A., & Verhoeven, L. (2017). Effects of aTablet Game Intervention on Simple Addition and Subtraction Fluency in First Graders. Computers inHuman Behavior, 72, 200-207.van der Ven, S.H.G., Straatemeier, M., Jansen, B.R.J., Klinkenberg, S., & van der Maas,H.L.J. (2015). Learning Multiplication: An Integrated Analysis of the Multiplication Ability ofPrimary School Children and the Difficulty of Single Digit and Multidigit MultiplicationProblems. Learning and Individual Differences, 43, 48-62.VanAuker-Ergle, K.A. (2003). Barriers to Low Achievers' Success In the ElementaryClassroom As Perceived By Teachers: A Qualitative Study . Gainesville, Fla.: Universityof Florida. Retrieved 4 December 2014 fromhttp://etd.fcla.edu/UF/UFE0002340/vanaukerergle_k.pdfVan Luit, J.E.H. & Toll, S.W.M. (2014). Remedial Early Numeracy Education: Can Children Identifiedas Having a Language Deficiency Benefit. International Journal of Language & CommunicationDisorders, 50(5), 593-603.Visscher, A.D., Noel, M.P., & Smedt, B.D. (2016). The Role of Physical DigitRepresentation and Numerical Magnitude Representation in Childrens Multiplication FactRetrieval. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology,152, 41-53.Voinea, M. & Purcaru, M. (2013). Boosting Romanian Students Interest in Learning MathematicsThrough the Constructivist Approach. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Science, 127, 108-113.Walker, D., Bajic, D., Mickes, L., Kwak, J., & Rickard, T.C. (2013). Specificity of ChildrensArithmetic Learning. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 122, 62-74.Weibell, C.J. (2011). Principles of Learning: 7 Principles To Guide Personalized,Student-Centered Learning in the Technology Enhanced, Blended Learning Environment. Retrieved 6May 2017 from https://principlesoflearning.word press.comWest, L. (2011). An Introduction to Various Multiplication Strategies. MasterThesis, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Bellevue, NE.White, T.L. & McBurney, D.H. (2013). Research Methods: 9th Edition. United Statesof America: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning.Yang, K.H. (2017). Learning Behavior and Achievement Analysis of a Digital Game- Based LearningApproach Integrating Mastery Learning Theory and Different Feedback Models. Interactive LearningEnvironment, 25(2), 1-15.Yoong, S.M. & Noor Aini Ahmad. (2018). A Conceptual Framework for DoCtor WoRMs Modulein Improving Multiplication Skills among Year Four Low Achievers. International Journal ofAcademic Research in Business & Social Sciences, 8(4), 946-957.Yoong, S.M. & Noor Aini Ahmad. (2018). Effectiveness of DoCtor WoRMs Module in ImprovingMultiplication Skills among Year Four Low Achievers. Proceedings of EDULEARN18 Conference.2nd-4th July 2018, Palma, Mallorca, Spain, 11000-11006.Yoong, S.M. & Noor Aini Ahmad. (2018). Needs Analysis of DoCtor WoRMs Module inImproving Multiplication Skills among Year Four Low Achievers. International Journal of AcademicResearch in Business & Social Sciences, 8(5), 931-944.Zakiah Mohamad Ashari, Azlina Mohd. Kosnin, Yeo, K.J. (2013). The Effectiveness of LearningThrough Play Module on the Outstanding of Number Concept among Preschool Children.Journal of Education and Practice, 4(27), 198- 205.Zakiah Mohamad Ashari, Azlina Mohd. Kosnin & Yeo, K.J. (2014). Keberkesanan Modul BelajarMelalui Bermain Dalam Pembelajaran Awal Matematik Terhadap Motivasi Kanak-Kanak Prasekolah.Jurnal Saujana KPYPJ, Jil. (3).Ziegler, G.M. & Loos, A. (2014). Teaching and Learning What is Mathematics.Proceedings of the 13?? International Congress on Mathematical Education.66-77.Zuhrita Ariefiani, Djoko Kustono, & Syaad Pathmantara. (2016). Module Development withProject-Based Learning Approach and ASSUREDevelopment Model. AIP Conference Proceedings, 1778(1), 1-5.