Mobile usage, shopping behaviour and study habit as contributing factors to depression, anxiety and stress

The scenarios of students psychological breakdown have been more prevalentnowadays. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the effect of particular factors ofbehavioural aspects namely mobile usage, shopping behaviour and study habit, onnegative emotional states specifically depression, anxiety and s...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Nadzirah Mawi
Format: thesis
Language:eng
Published: 2020
Subjects:
Online Access:https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=5961
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
id oai:ir.upsi.edu.my:5961
record_format uketd_dc
institution Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
collection UPSI Digital Repository
language eng
topic LB Theory and practice of education
spellingShingle LB Theory and practice of education
Nadzirah Mawi
Mobile usage, shopping behaviour and study habit as contributing factors to depression, anxiety and stress
description The scenarios of students psychological breakdown have been more prevalentnowadays. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the effect of particular factors ofbehavioural aspects namely mobile usage, shopping behaviour and study habit, onnegative emotional states specifically depression, anxiety and stress among universitystudents. The study employed survey design in which faculties and departments inSultan Idris Education University were stratified and purposive sampling wereemployed to obtain a total of 377 students as respondents of the study. Respondentsage ranged between 18 to 27 years old and most of them are females. The researchinstrument consisting of a questionnaire packet of Mobile Phone InvolvementQuestionnaire (MPIQ), Buying Impulsiveness Scale, Study Habits Questionnaire andDepression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21). Three standard multiple regressionanalysis were conducted to measure predicting value of dependent variables and study habit( = -.22; p = .01) was found to be a significant contributing factor to depressionamong university students. Besides that, shopping behavior ( = .34; p = .01) andstudy habit ( = -.17; p = .01) were significant contributing factor to anxiety whereas,mobile usage ( = .41, p = .01) and study habit ( = -.16, p = .01) were significantcontributing factors to stress among university students. All of the significantindependent variables were found to bring the highest contribution to stress (R2= .21),followed by anxiety (R2 = .17) and lastly depression (R2 = .08). In conclusion,students who practiced high mobile usage and shopping behaviour and poor studyhabit are prone to experience negative emotional states such as depression, anxietyand stress. Strategies focusing on improving behaviours such as action by educationauthorities to emphasis on healthy lifestyle behaviours should be conducted toincrease awareness how depression, anxiety and stress can affect students quality oflife.
format thesis
qualification_name
qualification_level Master's degree
author Nadzirah Mawi
author_facet Nadzirah Mawi
author_sort Nadzirah Mawi
title Mobile usage, shopping behaviour and study habit as contributing factors to depression, anxiety and stress
title_short Mobile usage, shopping behaviour and study habit as contributing factors to depression, anxiety and stress
title_full Mobile usage, shopping behaviour and study habit as contributing factors to depression, anxiety and stress
title_fullStr Mobile usage, shopping behaviour and study habit as contributing factors to depression, anxiety and stress
title_full_unstemmed Mobile usage, shopping behaviour and study habit as contributing factors to depression, anxiety and stress
title_sort mobile usage, shopping behaviour and study habit as contributing factors to depression, anxiety and stress
granting_institution Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
granting_department Fakulti Pembangunan Manusia
publishDate 2020
url https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=5961
_version_ 1747833237173960704
spelling oai:ir.upsi.edu.my:59612021-05-06 Mobile usage, shopping behaviour and study habit as contributing factors to depression, anxiety and stress 2020 Nadzirah Mawi LB Theory and practice of education The scenarios of students psychological breakdown have been more prevalentnowadays. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the effect of particular factors ofbehavioural aspects namely mobile usage, shopping behaviour and study habit, onnegative emotional states specifically depression, anxiety and stress among universitystudents. The study employed survey design in which faculties and departments inSultan Idris Education University were stratified and purposive sampling wereemployed to obtain a total of 377 students as respondents of the study. Respondentsage ranged between 18 to 27 years old and most of them are females. The researchinstrument consisting of a questionnaire packet of Mobile Phone InvolvementQuestionnaire (MPIQ), Buying Impulsiveness Scale, Study Habits Questionnaire andDepression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21). Three standard multiple regressionanalysis were conducted to measure predicting value of dependent variables and study habit( = -.22; p = .01) was found to be a significant contributing factor to depressionamong university students. Besides that, shopping behavior ( = .34; p = .01) andstudy habit ( = -.17; p = .01) were significant contributing factor to anxiety whereas,mobile usage ( = .41, p = .01) and study habit ( = -.16, p = .01) were significantcontributing factors to stress among university students. All of the significantindependent variables were found to bring the highest contribution to stress (R2= .21),followed by anxiety (R2 = .17) and lastly depression (R2 = .08). In conclusion,students who practiced high mobile usage and shopping behaviour and poor studyhabit are prone to experience negative emotional states such as depression, anxietyand stress. Strategies focusing on improving behaviours such as action by educationauthorities to emphasis on healthy lifestyle behaviours should be conducted toincrease awareness how depression, anxiety and stress can affect students quality oflife. 2020 thesis https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=5961 https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=5961 text eng closedAccess Masters Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris Fakulti Pembangunan Manusia Adams, K. A. & Lawrence, E. K. (2015). Research methods, statistics and application.United States of America: SAGE.Ahmadi Tameh, A., Ahmadi, R., & Gohari, A. (2014, December). Long term exposureto cell phone radiation and stress. In International Conference on Earth,Environment and Life Sciences, Dubai.Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and HumanDecision Processes, 50(2), 179211.Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1980). Understanding attitudes and predicting socialbehavior. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice- Hall.Albrecht, C. M., Hattula, S., & Lehmann, D. R. (2017). The relationship betweenconsumer shopping stress and purchase abandonment in task-oriented andrecreation-oriented consumers. Journal of the Academy of MarketingScience, 45(5), 720-740.AlFaris, E., Irfan, F., AlSayyari, S., AlDahlawi, W., Almuhaideb, S., Almehaidib, A.et al. (2018). Validation of a new study skills scale to provide an explanationfor depressive symptoms among medical students. PloS one, 13(6), e0199037.Alhassan, A. A., Alqadhib, E. M., Taha, N. W., Alahmari, R. A., Salam, M., &Almutairi, A. F. (2018). The relationship between addiction to smartphoneusage and depression among adults: a cross sectional study. BMCPsychiatry, 18(1), 148.Al-Krenawi A., Graham J. R., Al-Bedah E., Kadri H. M., Sehwail M. A. (2009). Crossnationalcomparison of middle eastern university students: Help-seekingbehaviors, attitudes toward helping professionals, and cultural beliefs aboutmental health problems. Community Mental Health Journal, 45(1), 2636.Andone, I., B?aszkiewicz, K., Eibes, M., Trendafilov, B., Montag, C., & Markowetz,A. (2016). How age and gender affect smartphone usage. Proceedings of the2016 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and UbiquitousComputing: Adjunct, 9-12.Anshari, M., Almunawar, M. N., Shahrill, M., Wicaksono, D. K., & Huda, M. (2017).Smartphones usage in the classrooms: Learning aid or interference?. Educationand Information Technologies, 22(6), 3063-3079.Antony, M. M., Bieling, P. J., Cox, B. J., Enns, M. W., & Swinson, R. P. (1998).Psychometric properties of the 42-item and 21-item versions of the DepressionAnxiety Stress Scales in clinical groups and a community sample.Psychological Assessment, 10(2), 176-181.Arefin, S., Islam, R., Mustafi, M. A. A., Afrin, S., & Islam, N. (2017). Impact ofsmartphone addiction on business students academic performance: A CaseStudy. Independent Journal of Management & Production, 8(3), 955-975.Aremu, O. A & Sokan, B. O. (2003). A multi-causal evaluation of academicperformance of Nigerian learners: Issues and implications for nationaldevelopment. Department of Guidance and Counselling, University of Ibadan,Ibadan.Atalay, A. S., & Meloy, M. G. (2011). Retail therapy: A strategic effort to improvemood. Psychology & Marketing, 28(6), 638-659.Augner, C., & Hacker, G. W. (2012). Associations between problematic mobile phoneuse and psychological parameters in young adults. International Journal ofPublic Health, 57(2), 437-441.Ayodele, C. S., & Adebiyi, D. R. (2013). Study habits as influence of academicperformance of students nurses of Banquet State University. InternationalJournal of Nursing Science, 5(2), 60-65.Azman Othman & Mas Anom Abdul Rashid (2018). Stress and mental health ofundergradute students at a private higher learning institution inMalaysia. PEOPLE: International Journal of Social Sciences, 4(2), 453-465.Bahrami, S., Rajaeepour, S., Rizi, H. A., Zahmatkesh, M., & Nematolahi, Z. (2011).The relationship between students study habits, happiness and depression.Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research, 16(3), 217-221.Bailey, P., Onwuegbuzie, A. J., & Daley, C. E. (2000). Study habits and anxiety aboutlearning foreign languages. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 90(3_suppl), 1151-1156.Bani-Rshaid, A. M., & Alghraibeh, A. M. (2017). Relationship between compulsivebuying and depressive symptoms among males and females. Journal ofObsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, 14, 47-50.Bashir, I., & Mattoo, N. H. (2012). A study of study habits and academic performanceamong adolescents (14-19) years. International Journal of Social ScienceTomorrow, 1(5), 1-8.Bayram, N., & Bilgel, N. (2008). The prevalence and socio-demographic correlationsof depression, anxiety and stress among a group of university students. SocialPsychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 43(8), 667-672.Bhargava, D., & Trivedi, H. (2018). A study of causes of stress and stress managementamong youth. IRA-International Journal of Management & Social Sciences,11(03), 108-117.Beck, A. T. (1967). The diagnosis and management of the emotional disorders.Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Beck, A. T. (1976). Depression: Causes and treatment. Philadelphia: University ofPennsylvania Press.Beck, A. (1991). Cognitive therapy: A 30-year retrospective. American Psychologist,46(4), 368-375.Berenguer, A., Goncalves, J., Hosio, S., Ferreira, D., Anagnostopoulos, T., & Kostakos,V. (2016). Are smartphones ubiquitous?: An in-depth survey of smartphoneadoption by seniors. IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine, 6(1), 104-110.Bernama (2016, September 12). Mental health of Malaysian students cause of worry:Health Ministry. New Straits Times, Retrieved fromhttps://www.nst.com.my/news/2016/09/172683/mental-health-malaysianstudents-cause-worry-health-ministryBerry, M. J., & Westfall, A. (2015). Dial D for distraction: The making and breakingof cell phone policies in the college classroom. College Teaching, 63(2), 62-71.Bianchi, A. & Phillips, J. G. (2005). Psychological predictors of problem mobile phoneuse. CyberPsychology & Behaviour, 8(1), 39-51.Black, D. W. (2004). Compulsive shopping. In E. Hollander (Ed.), Handbook ofimpulse control disorders. American Psychiatric Publishing.Black, D. W., Shaw, M., McCormick, B., Bayless, J. D., & Allen, J. (2012).Neuropsychological performance, impulsivity, ADHD symptoms, and noveltyseeking in compulsive buying disorder. Psychiatry Research, 200(2-3), 581-587.Blair, A. (2016). Understanding first-year students transition to university: A pilotstudy with implications for student engagement, assessment, and feedback.Learning and Teaching in Politics and International Studies, 37(2), 215228.Boumosleh, J. M., & Jaalouk, D. (2017). Depression, anxiety, and smartphoneaddiction in university students-A cross sectional study. PLoS one, 12(8),e0182239.Brislin, R. W. (1970). Back-translation for cross-cultural research. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 1(3), 185-216.Buote, V. M., Pancer, S. M., Pratt, M. W., Adams, G., Birnie-Lefcovitch, S., Polivy, J.et al. (2007). The importance of friends: Friendship and adjustment among 1styearuniversity students. Journal of Adolescent Research, 22(6), 665-689.Cha, S.-S., & Seo, B.-K. (2018). Smartphone use and smartphone addiction in middleschool students in Korea: Prevalence, social networking service, and game use.Health Psychology Open, 5(1), 205510291875504.Chan, M. (2015). Mobile phones and the good life: Examining the relationships amongmobile use, social capital and subjective well-being. New Media &Society, 17(1), 96-113.Chatterjee, S. (2014). A sociological outlook of mobile phone use in society.International Journal of Interdisciplinary and Multidisciplinary Studies, 1(6),55-63.Cheever, N. A., Rosen, L. D., Carrier, L. M., & Chavez, A. (2014). Out of sight is notout of mind: The impact of restricting wireless mobile device use on anxietylevels among low, moderate and high users. Computers in Human Behavior, 37,290-297.Christenson, G. A., Faber, R. J., De Zwaan, M., Raymond, N. C., Specker, S. M., Ekern,M. D. et al. (1994). Compulsive buying: Descriptive characteristics andpsychiatric comorbidity. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 55(1), 5-11.Claes, L., Bijttebier, P., Eynde, F. V. D., Mitchell, J. E., Faber, R., Zwaan, M. de, &Mueller, A. (2010). Emotional reactivity and self-regulation in relation tocompulsive buying. Personality and Individual Differences, 49(5), 526530.Clark, D. A. & Beck, A. T. (2010). Cognitive therapies of anxiety disorders. New York:Guilford Press.Corley, L. (2013). Prevalence of mental health issues among college students: How doadvisers equip themselves? The Mentor an Academic Advising Journal.Dahie, A. M., Osman, A. A., & Mohamed, R. A. (2015). Time management andacademic performance: Empirical survey from high education in Mogadishu-Somalia. International Journal in Management and Social Science(IJMSS), 3(12), 376-388.Darrat, A. A., Darrat, M. A., & Amyx, D. (2016). How impulse buying influencescompulsive buying: The central role of consumer anxiety and escapism. Journalof Retailing and Consumer Services, 31, 103108.DeFauw, C., Levering, K., Msipa, R. T., & Abraham, S. (2018). Families support andinfluence on college students educational performance. Journal of Educationand Development, 2(1), 11-19.Demirci, K., Akgnl, M., & Akpinar, A. (2015). Relationship of smartphone useseverity with sleep quality, depression, and anxiety in university students.Journal of Behavioural Addictions, 4(2), 85-92.De Mooij, M. (2004). Translating advertising, Painting the tip of the iceberg. TheTranslator, 10(2), 179-198.Denis, D. J. (2018). SPSS data analysis for univariate, bivariate and multivariatestatistics. United States of America: John Wiley and Sons Ltd.Desiderato, O., & Koskinen, P. (1969). Anxiety, study habits, and academicachievement. Journal of Counselling Psychology, 16(2, Pt.1), 162-165.Drozd, G. P., Robinson, A. E. & Saarnio, D. A. (1994, November). Is depressionrelated to study habits?. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Mid-South Research Association, Nashville, Tennessee. Retrieved fromhttps://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED389995.pdfDurante, K. M., & Laran, J. (2016). The effect of stress on consumer saving andspending. Journal of Marketing Research, 53(5), 814-828.Ebele, U. F., & Olofu, P. A. (2017). Study habit and its impact on secondary schoolstudents academic performance in biology in the Federal Capital Territory,Abuja. Educational Research and Reviews, 12(10), 583-588.Eisenberg D., Golberstein E., Gollust S. E. (2007). Help-seeking and access to mentalhealth care in a university student population. Medical Care, 45(7), 594601.Elhai, J. D., Dvorak, R. D., Levine, J. C., & Hall, B. J. (2017). Problematic smartphoneuse: A conceptual overview and systematic review of relations with anxiety anddepression psychopathology. Journal of Affective Disorders, 207, 251-259.Ergin, E. A. (2010). Compulsive buying behavior tendencies: The case of Turkishconsumers. African Journal of Business Management, 4(3), 333-338.Evans, A. N. (2014). Using basic statistics in the behavioral and social sciences (5thed). United States of America: Sage.Faber, R. J. (2004). Self-control and compulsive buying. In T. Kasser & A. D. Kanner(Eds.), Psychology and consumer culture: The struggle for a good life in amaterialistic world. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Faber, R. J., & O'guinn, T. C. (1992). A clinical screener for compulsive buying.Journal of Consumer Research, 19(3), 459-469.Farah, G. A., Ahmad, M., Muqarrab, H., Turi, J. A. & Bashir, S. (2018). Onlineshopping behaviour among university students: Case study of Must University.Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 5(4), 228-242.Fauria, R., & Zellner, L. (2014). College students speak success. Journal of AdultDevelopment, 22(2), 90-99.Ferrari, J. R. (2001). Procrastination as self-regulation failure of performance: Effectsof cognitive load, self-awareness, and time limits on working best underpressure. European Journal of Personality, 15(5), 391-406.Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, attitude, intention, and behavior: AnIntroduction to theory and research. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.Folkman, S., & Lazarus, R. (1988). Ways of coping questionnaire WCQ. Redwood City:Mindgarden.Foster, L. & Diamond, I. & Jefferies, J. (2015). Beginning statistics: An introductionfor social scientists (2nd ed). London: SAGE.Gao, T., Li, J., Zhang, H., Gao, J., Kong, Y., Hu, Y. et al. (2018). The influence ofalexithymia on mobile phone addiction: The role of depression, anxiety andstress. Journal of Affective Disorders, 225, 761-766.George, D., & Mallery, P. (2016). IBM SPSS Statistics 23 step by step: A simple guideand reference (13th ed.). New York: Routledge.Gilavand, A. (2018). Evaluation of study habits among general medical students and itsrelation with test anxiety in Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences,Southwest of Iran. Journal of Research in Medical and Dental Science, 6(5),240-45.Gurnsey, R. (2018). Statistics for research in psychology: a modern approach usingestimation. United States of America: Sage.Goswami, V., & Singh, D. R. (2016). Impact of mobile phone addiction on adolescentslife: a literature review. International Journal of Home Science, 2(1), 69-74.Gupta, N., Garg, S., & Arora, K. (2016). Pattern of mobile phone usage and its effectson psychological health, sleep, and academic performance in students of amedical university. National Journal of Physiology, Pharmacy andPharmacology, 6(2), 132-139.Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J. & Anderson, R. E. & (2018). Multivariate dataanalysis (8th Ed.). London, United Kingdom: Cengage Learning EMEA.Hama, Y. (2001). Shopping as a coping behaviour for stress. Japanese PsychologicalResearch, 43(4), 218-224.Hanna, D. & Dempster, M. (2012). Psychology statistics for dummies. Great Britain:Wiley.Haroz, E. E., Ritchey, M., Bass, J. K., Kohrt, B. A., Augustinavicius, J., Michalopoulos,L. et al. (2017). How is depression experienced around the world? A systematicreview of qualitative literature. Social Science & Medicine, 183, 151-162.Heflinger, C. A., & Hinshaw, S. P. (2010). Stigma in child and adolescent mental healthservices research: Understanding professional and institutional stigmatizationof youth with mental health problems and their families. Administration andPolicy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 37(1-2), 61-70.Hemamalini, R., Ashok, V., & Sasikala, V. (2018). A Study on stress management andits impact among students. International Journal of Academic Research inEconomics & Management Sciences, 7(3), 101-110.Henry, J. D., & Crawford, J. R. (2005). The short?form version of the DepressionAnxiety Stress Scales (DASS?21): Construct validity and normative data in alarge non?clinical sample. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 44(2), 227-239.Hong, F., Chiu, S., & Huang, D. (2012). A model of the relationship betweenpsychological characteristics, mobile phone addiction and use of mobile phonesby Taiwanese university female students. Computers in Human Behavior, 28,21522159.Illahi, B. Y., & Khandai, H. (2015). Academic achievements and study habits of collegestudents of District Pulwama. Journal of Education and Practice, 6(31), 1-6.Iqbal, N., & Aslam, N. (2016). Materialism, depression, and compulsive Buying amonguniversity students. The International Journal of Indian Psychology, 3(2), 91-102.Jackson, S. L. (2015). Research methods and statistics: A critical thinking approach.United States of America: CENGAGE Learning.Jayakumar, G. S. D. S., & Sulthan, A. A. (2013). Stress symptoms: Structural equationmodelling. SCMS Journal of Indian Management, 10 (3), 95109.Jia, Y. F., & Loo, Y. T. (2018). Prevalence and determinants of perceived stress amongundergraduate students in a Malaysian University. Journal of Health andTranslational Medicine, 21(1), 1-5.Johanson, G. A., & Brooks, G. P. (2010). Initial scale development: sample size forpilot studies. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 70(3), 394-400.Jorm, A. F. (2000). Mental health literacy. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 177(5),396-401.Kalhour, M. & Ng, J. C. Y. (2015). Compulsive buying behavior as a way to cope.Journal of International Management Studies, 15(2), 7-14.Karada?, E. & Slpk, N. (2018). Relationship between depression and anxietysymptoms: A meta-analysis study. Dusunen Adam The Journal of Psychiatryand Neurological Sciences, 31(2), 1-14.Kaur, J., & Kaur, N. (2016). Academic stress of adolescents in relation to study habits.International Multidisciplinary E-Journal, 5(2), 306-313.Kazdin, A. E. (2000). Encyclopedia of Psychology. Washington, DC: AmericanPsychological Association.Kearney, C. A. & Trull, T. J. (2015). Abnormal Psychology and Life: A dimensionalApproach. United States of America: CENGAGE Learning.Kesmodel, U. S. (2018). Cross-sectional studies - what are they good for? ActaObstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 97(4), 388393.Khairul Azran Hussin (2018, Oktober 26). Waspada ancaman penyakit mental. HarianMetro. Retrieved fromhttp://www2.hmetro.com.my/mutakhir/2018/10/389615/waspada-ancamanpenyakit-mentalKhanam, N., Sahu, T., Rao, E. V., Kar, S. K., & Quazi, S. Z. (2017). A study onuniversity students time management and academicachievement. International Journal of Community Medicine and PublicHealth, 4(12), 4761-4765.Khaniwale, M. (2015). Consumer buying behavior. International Journal of Innovationand Scientific Research, 14(2), 278-286.Kiewra, K. A., Benton, S. L., & Lewis, L. B. (1987). Qualitative aspects of notetakingand their relationship with information-processing ability and academicachievement. Journal of Instructional Psychology, 14(3), 110-117.King, A. L. S., Valena, A. M., Silva, A. C. O., Baczynski, T., Carvalho, M. R., &Nardi, A. E. (2013). Nomophobia: Dependency on virtual environments orsocial phobia? Computers in Human Behavior, 29, 140144.Koran, L. M., Faber, R. J., Aboujaoude, M. A., Large, M. D., & Serpe, R. T. (2006).Estimated prevalence of compulsive buying behavior in the United States.American Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 18061812.Kring, A. M., & Gordon, A. H. (1998). Sex differences in emotion: Expression,experience, and physiology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74,686703.Kring, A. M., Johnson, S. L., Davison, G. C. & Neale, J. M. (2010). Abnormalpsychology (11th ed). Asia: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Kumaravelan, M. E., & Selvaraju, R. (2015). Study habits and mental health in relationto their examination stress of vellore higher secondary students: A gender wiseanalysis. International Journal of Advanced Research, 3(8), 721-726.Kutcher, S., Venn, D., & Szumilas, M. (2009). Mental health: The next frontier ofhealth education. Education Canada, 49(2), 44-45.Larsen & Buss (2014). Personality psychology: Domains of knowledge about humannature. New York: McGraw-Hill.Lawrence, A. A. (2014). Relationship between study habits and test anxiety of highersecondary students. International Journal of Teacher Educational Research,3(6), 1-9.Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Emotion and adaptation. New York: Oxford University Press.Lazarus, R. S. & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal and coping. New York:Springer.Lazarus, R. S. & Folkman, S. (1987). Transactional theory and research on emotionsand coping. European Journal of Personality, 1(3, Spec Issue), 141-169.Lee, M. F., & Syaid, S. (2017). Factors contributing towards Malaysian TechnicalUniversity (MTU) students mental health. Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences& Humanities, 25, 93-100.Lejoyeux, M. & Weinstein, A. (2010). Compulsive buying. The American Journal ofDrug Alcohol Abuse, 36(5), 248253.Lemola, S., Perkinson-Gloor, N., Brand, S., Dewald-Kaufmann, J. F., & Grob, A.(2015). Adolescents electronic media use at night, sleep disturbance, anddepressive symptoms in the smartphone age. Journal of Youth andAdolescence, 44(2), 405-418.Lepp, A., Barkley, J. E., & Karpinski, A. C. (2013). The relationship between cell phoneuse, academic performance, anxiety and satisfaction with life in collegestudents. Computers in Human Behavior, 31, 343350.Leung, L., & Wei, R. (2000). More than just talk on the move: Uses and gratificationsof the cellular phone. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 77(2),308-320.Longwell-Grice, R., & Longwell-Grice, H. (2008). Testing Tinto: How do retentiontheories work for first-generation, working-class students?. Journal of CollegeStudent Retention: Research, Theory & Practice, 9(4), 407-420.Lovibond, P. F., & Lovibond, S. H. (1995). The structure of negative emotional states:Comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the BeckDepression and Anxiety Inventories. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33(3),335-343.Macher, D., Paechter, M., Papousek, I., & Ruggeri, K. (2012). Statistics anxiety, traitanxiety, learning behavior, and academic performance. European Journal ofPsychological Education, 27, 483498.Mackay, M. M., & Weidlich, O. (2014). Australian mobile phone lifestyle index.Australia: AIMIA-The Digital Industry Association of Australia.Magulod, G. C. Jr. (2019). Learning styles, study habits and academic performance ofFilipino university students in applied science courses: Implications forinstruction. Journal of Technology and Science Education, 9(2), 184-198.Maheshwari, G., & Shaukat, F. (2019). Impact of poor sleep quality on the academicperformance of medical students. Cureus, 11(4).Maraz, A., Van den Brink, W., & Demetrovics, Z. (2015). Prevalence and constructvalidity of compulsive buying disorder in shopping mall visitors. PsychiatryResearch, 228(3), 918-924.Mathur, A., Moschis, G. P., & Lee, E. (1999). Stress and consumer behavior: Copingstrategies of older adults. Journal of Marketing Practice: Applied MarketingScience, 5(6/7/8), 233-247.Mclntosh, C. (2008). Cambridge Advanced Learners Dictionary (3rd ed). Singapore:Green Giant Press.Md. Ashraful Islam, Wah, Y. L., Wen, T. T., Choo, C. W. Y., & Adina Abdullah (2018).Factors associated with depression among university students in Malaysia: Across-sectional study. Paper presented in The 2nd International Meeting ofPublic Health 2016 with theme Public Health Perspective of SustainableDevelopment Goals: The Challenges and Opportunities in Asia-PacificRegion, KnE Life Sciences.Medic, G., Wille, M., & Hemels, M. E. (2017). Short-and long-term healthconsequences of sleep disruption. Nature and Science of Sleep, 9, 151-161.Meyers, L. S., Gamst, G. & Guarino, A. J. (2017). Applied multivariate research:Design and interpretation (2nd ed). Los Angeles: SAGE.Minhat, H. S., & Alawad, T. A. Risks of mental problems among medical students in apublic university in Malaysia. History, 11(436), 2-5.Ministry of Health Malaysia, National Health & Morbidity Survey. (2015). Noncommunicablediseases and risk factors and other health problems. Retrievedfrom http://www.moh.gov.my/moh/resources/nhmsreport2015vol2.pdfMitchell, M. L. & Jolley, J. M. (2013). Research design explained. United States ofAmerica: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.Mohd Razali Salleh. (2018). The burden of mental illness: An emerging global disaster.Journal of Clinical and Health Sciences, 3(1), 5-12.Moon, M. A., & Attiq, S. (2018). Compulsive buying behavior: antecedents,consequences and prevalence in shopping mall consumers of an emergingeconomy. Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences (PJCSS), 12(2),548-570.Mtega, W. P., Bernard, R., Msungu, A. C., & Sanare, R. (2012). Using mobile phonesfor teaching and learning purposes in higher learning institutions: The case ofSokoine University of Agriculture in Tanzania. Proceedings and Report of the5th UbuntuNet Alliance Annual Conference, 118-129.Mueller, A., Mitchell, J. E., Crosby, R. D., Gefeller, O., Faber, R. J., Martin, A., et al.(2010). Estimated prevalence of compulsive buying in Germany and itsassociation with sociodemographic characteristics and depressive symptoms.Psychiatry Research, 180(23), 137142.Muralna, B. M. (2014). Impact of note taking and study habit on academic performanceamong selected secondary school students in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.International Journal of Education and Research, 2(6), 437-48.Nadeem, M., Ali, A., Maqbool, S., & Zaidi, S. U. (2012). Impact of anxiety on theacademic achievement of students having different mental abilities at universitylevel in Bahawalpur (Southern Punjab) Pakistan. International Online Journalof Educational Sciences, 4(3), 519-528.Neuman, W. L. (2014). Social research methods: Qualitative and quantitativeapproaches 7th ed. England. Pearson Education LimitedNijhawan, L. P., Janodia, M. D., Muddukrishna, B. S., Bhat, K. M., Bairy, K. L., Udupa,N., et al. (2013). Informed consent: Issues and challenges. Journal of AdvancedPharmaceutical Technology & Research, 4(3), 134-140.Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2014). Abnormal psychology. New York, United States ofAmerica: McGraw-Hill International Edition.Nonis, S. A., & Hudson, G. I. (2010). Performance of college students: Impact of studytime and study habits. Journal of Education for Business, 85(4), 229-238.Nonis, S. A., Relyea, C., & Hudson, G. I. (2007). An exploratory investigation of theimpact study time and study habits have on academic performance of collegestudent. Proceedings of the AMA Winter Educators Conference, 18, 1819.Noraini Mohamed Noh, Wong, K. T., Mohd Azli Yeop & Noralizawati Abdullah(2016). Blended learning: its implementation and promote continuing elearningenvironment among student-teachers. International Journal ofAdvanced and Applied Sciences, 3(11), 12-15.Numan, A., & Hasan, S. S. (2017). Effect of study habits on test anxiety and academicachievement of undergraduate students. Journal of Research & Reflections inEducation (JRRE), 11(1), 1-14.Ohrnberger, J., Fichera, E., & Sutton, M. (2017). The relationship between physical andmental health: A mediation analysis. Social Science & Medicine, 195, 42-49.Oluwatayo, J. A. (2012). Validity and reliability issues in educational research. Journalof Educational and Social Research, 2(2), 391-400.Omar, N. A., Wel, C. A. C., Alam, S. S., & Nazri, M. A. (2015). Understanding studentscompulsive buying apparel: An empirical study. Jurnal Personalia Pelajar,18(2), 142-148.Otero-Lpez, J. M., & Villardefrancos, E. (2014). Prevalence, sociodemographicfactors, psychological distress, and coping strategies related to compulsivebuying: a cross sectional study in Galicia, Spain. BMC Psychiatry, 14(1), 1-12.Pallant, J. (2016). SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis usingSPSS program (6th ed). London, United Kingdom: McGraw-Hill Education.Pandey, S. K. (2016). The effect of deals and moods on compulsive buying: A study onyoung Indian consumers. Global Business Review, 17(2), 438-449.Parasuraman, S., Sam, A. T., Yee, S. W. K., Chuon, B. L. C., & Ren, L. Y. (2017).Smartphone usage and increased risk of mobile phone addiction: A concurrentstudy. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation, 7(3), 125-131.Pearson, A. L., Mack, E., & Namanya, J. (2017). Mobile phones and mental well-being:initial evidence suggesting the importance of staying connected to family inrural, remote communities in Uganda. PloS one, 12(1), e0169819.Pedrelli, P., Nyer, M., Yeung, A., Zulauf, C., & Wilens, T. (2015). College students:Mental health problems and treatment considerations. AcademicPsychiatry, 39(5), 503-511.Pirzadeh, H., Shanian, S., Hamou-Lhadj, A., & Mehrabian, A. (2011, June). Theconcept of stratified sampling of execution traces. Paper presented at the 19thInternational Conference on Program Comprehension, IEEE, Ontario, Canada.Poon, W. C., & Lee, C. (2012). Undergraduates perception on causes, coping andoutcomes of academic stress: Its foresight implications to universityadministration. International Journal of Foresight and Innovation Policy, 8(4),379-403.Rabia, M., Mubarak, N., Tallat, H. & Nasir, W. (2017). A study on study habits andacademic performance of students. International Journal of Asian SocialScience, 7(1), 891-897.Rachman, S. (2009). Psychological treatment of anxiety: The evolution of behaviourtherapy and cognitive behaviour therapy. Annual Review of ClinicalPsychology, 5, 97-119.Ramya, N., & Mohamed Ali, S. A. (2016). Factors affecting consumer buying behavior.International Journal of Applied Research, 2(10), 76-80.Rao, K. V. & Reddy, S. V. (2015). Effect of study habits, mental health and academicstress on academic achievement among teacher trainees. Indian Journal ofResearch, 4(6), 471-473.Razali, S. N. A. M., Rusiman, M. S., Gan, W. S., & Arbin, N. (2018, April). The impactof time management on students academic achievement. In Journal of Physics:Conference Series, IOP Publishing.Reinecke, L., Aufenanger, S., Beutel, M. E., Dreier, M., Quiring, O., Stark, B. et al.(2017). Digital stress over the life span: The effects of communication load andinternet multitasking on perceived stress and psychological health impairmentsin a German probability sample. Media Psychology, 20(1), 90-115.Roberts, J. A., Manolis, C., & Pullig, C. (2014). Contingent self-esteem, selfpresentationalconcerns, and compulsive buying. Psychology & Marketing,31(2), 147160.Roberts, J. A., & Roberts, C. (2012). Stress, gender and compulsive buying among earlyadolescents. Young Consumers, 13(2), 113123.Rocco, T. S., & Plakhotnik, M. S. (2009). Literature reviews, conceptual frameworks,and theoretical frameworks: Terms, functions, and distinctions. HumanResource Development Review, 8(1), 120-130.Rook, D. W. & Fisher, R. J. (1995). Normative influences on impulsive buyingbehaviour. Journal of Consumer Research, 22(3), 305-313.Rosen, L. D., Whaling, K., Carrier, L. M., Cheever, N. A., & Rokkum, J. (2013). Themedia and technology usage and attitudes scale: An empirical investigation.Computers in Human Behavior, 29(6), 2501-2511.Rupani, M. P., Parikh, K. D., Trivedi, A. V., Singh, M. P., Patel, A., Vadodariya, B.,et al. (2016). Cross-sectional study on mobile phone involvement amongmedical students of a tertiary care teaching hospital of WesternIndia. National Journal of Community Medicine, 7(7), 609-613.Saravanan, D., & Nithyaprakash, V. (2016, April). Fashion trends and its impact onsociety. In International Conference on Apparels and Fashion, Talminadu,India.Schoeni, A., Roser, K., & Rsli, M. (2015). Symptoms and cognitive functions inadolescents in relation to mobile phone use during night. PloS one, 10(7),e0133528.Schubert, W. L., & Stewart, D. W. (2000). Overcoming the powerlessness ofprocrastination. Guidance & Counselling, 16(1), 39-43.Shah, S. M. H., & Saleem, S. (2015). Level of attention of secondary school studentsand its relationship with their academic achievement. Journal of Arts andHumanities, 4(5), 92-106.Sharma, M. K. (2014). The impact on consumer buying behaviour: Cognitivedissonance. Global Journal of Finance and Management, 6(9), 833-840.Sharma, V., Narang, K., Rajender, G., & Bhatia, M. S. (2009). Shopaholism(Compulsive buying)-A new entity. Delhi Psychiatry Journal, 12(1), 110-113.Sharma, P. K., & Uniyal, S. (2017). Comparative analysis of shopping habitmen vs.women. National Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development,2(1), 5-6.Shi, F. (2015). Study on a stratified sampling investigation method for resident traveland the sampling rate. Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society, 1-7.Siegel, J. S. (2008). The role of stress in the persistence intentions of non traditioncommunity college students. Michigan, United States of America: ProquestInformation and Learning Company.Singh, R., & Nayak, J. K. (2015). Life stressors and compulsive buying behaviouramong adolescents in India. South Asian Journal of Global Business Research,4(2), 251274.Sohail, N. (2013). Stress and academic performance among medical students. Journalof the College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan, 23(1), 67-71.Soni, R., Upadhyay, R., & Jain, M. (2017). Prevalence of smart phone addiction, sleepquality and associated behaviour problems in adolescents. International Journalof Research in Medical Sciences, 5(2), 515-519.Sowmiya, K., Vidya, D. C., Lakshmi, A., & William, R. F. (2017). A study of mobilephone usage on sleep disturbance, stress and academic performance amongmedical students in Tamil Nadu. International Journal of Community Medicineand Public Health, 5(1), 365-368.Stangor, C. (2015). Research methods for the behavioral sciences. United States ofAmerica: CENGAGE Learning.Steel, P. (2007). The nature of procrastination: A meta-analytic and theoretical reviewof quintessential self-regulatory failure. Psychological Bulletin, 133, 65-94.Steel, P., & Ferrari, J. (2013). Sex, education and procrastination: An epidemiologicalstudy of procrastinators characteristics from a global sample. EuropeanJournal of Personality, 27(1), 51-58.Tabachnick, B. G. and Fidell, L.S. (2014). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed). UnitedStates of America: Pearson.Taber, K. S. (2017). The use of Cronbachs alpha when developing and reportingresearch instruments in science education. Research in Science Education,48(6), 1273-1296.Tafet, G. E., & Nemeroff, C. B. (2015). The links between stress and depression:psychoneuroendocrinological, genetic, and environmental interactions. TheJournal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 28(2), 77-88.Tahamtani, T., Kohpayezadeh, J., Hosseini, M. & Arabashi, K. S. (2017). Correlationof study habits with academic achievement among students attending thenational medical science Olympiad. Journal of Advances in Medical Education(JAMED), 1(1), 19-23.Tamura, H., Nishida, T., Tsuji, A. & Sakakibara, H. (2017) Association betweenexcessive use of mobile phone and insomnia and depression among Japaneseadolescents. International Journal of Environmental Research and PublicHealth, 14(7), 701.Tangmunkongvorakul, A., Musumari, P. M., Thongpibul, K., Srithanaviboonchai, K.,Techasrivichien, T., Suguimoto, S. P. et al. (2019). Association of excessivesmartphone use with psychological well-being among university students inChiang Mai, Thailand. PloS one, 14(1), e0210294.Thomas, D. (2016, October). Cell phone addiction and academic stress amonguniversity students in Thailand. In International Forum, 19(2), 80-96.Thome, S. (2018). Mobile phone use and mental health. A review of the research thattakes a psychological perspective on exposure. International Journal ofEnvironmental Research and Public Health, 15(12), 2692.Thome, S., Hrenstam, A., & Hagberg, M. (2011). Mobile phone use and stress, sleepdisturbances, and symptoms of depression among young adults-a prospectivecohort study. BMC Public Health, 11(1), 66.Toda, M., Ezoe, S., & Takeshita, T. (2014). Mobile phone use and stress-copingstrategies of medical students. International Journal of Cyber Behavior,Psychology and Learning (IJCBPL), 4(4), 41-46.Toda, Monden, Kubo & Morimoto (2006). Mobile phone dependence and healthrelatedlifestyle of university students. Social Behavior and Personality: AnInternational Journal, 34(10), 1277-1284.Twenge, J. M., Gentile, B., DeWall, C. N., Ma, D., Lacefield, K., & Schurtz, D. R.(2010). Birth cohort increases in psychopathology among young Americans,19382007: A cross-temporal meta-analysis of the MMPI. Clinical PsychologyReview, 30(2), 145-154.Udeani, U. (2012). The relationship between study habits, test anxiety and scienceachievement. Journal of Education and Practice, 3(8), 151-157.Uehara, T., Takeuchi, K., Kubota, F., Oshima, K. & Ishikawa, O. (2010). Annualtransition of major depressive episode in university students using a structuredself-rating questionnaire. Asia-Pacific Psychiatry, 2(2), 99-104.Vahedi, Z., & Saiphoo, A. (2018). The association between smartphone use, stress, andanxiety: A meta?analytic review. Stress and Health, 34(3), 347-358.Vaidya, A., Pathak, V. & Vaidya, A. (2016). Mobile phone usage among youth.International Journal of Applied Research and Studies, 5(3), 1-16.Vandekerckhove, M., & Wang, Y. L. (2018). Emotion, emotion regulation and sleep:An intimate relationship. Aims Neuroscience, 5(1), 1-17.Van Deursen, A. J., Bolle, C. L., Hegner, S. M., & Kommers, P. A. (2015). Modelinghabitual and addictive smartphone behavior: The role of smartphone usagetypes, emotional intelligence, social stress, self-regulation, age, and gender.Computers in Human Behavior, 45, 411-420.Vasanthakumaran, T. (2018). Mobile use, stress, sleep disturbances, and symptoms ofdepression in the medical profession: A cross-sectional study. InternationalJournal of Community Medicine and Public Health, 5(8), 3345-3349.Vinji?, A., Veli?kovi?, V., Sokolovi?, D., Stankovi?, M., Mijatovi?, K., Stojanovi?,M. et al. (2018). Relationship between the manner of mobile phone use anddepression, anxiety, and stress in university students. International Journal ofEnvironmental Research and Public Health, 15(4), 697.Walsh, S. P., White, K. M., & McD, Y. R. (2010). Needing to connect: The effect ofself and others on young people's involvement with their mobilephones. Australian Journal of Psychology, 62(4), 194-203.Weinstein, A., Maraz, A., Griffiths, M. D., Lejoyeux, M., & Demetrovics, Z.(2016). Compulsive buying - Features and characteristics of addiction.Neuropathology of Drug Addictions and Substance Misuse, 9931007.Weinstein, A., Mezig, H., Mizrachi, S., & Lejoyeux, M. (2015). A study investigatingthe association between compulsive buying with measures of anxiety andobsessivecompulsive behavior among internet shoppers. ComprehensivePsychiatry, 57, 46-50.Williams, D. A. (2012). Evaluation of the mood repair hypothesis of compulsivebuying. Open Journal of Psychiatry, 2, 83-90.World Health Organization (2018). Media centre: Fact sheets, depression. Retrievedfrom http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs369/en/Wynd, C. A., & Schaefer, M. A. (2002). The osteoporosis risk assessment tool:Establishing content validity through a panel of experts. Applied NursingResearch, 15(3), 184-188.Young, D. S. (2017). Handbook of regression methods. Florida: Taylor & Francis G.Youssef, F. F., Bachew, R., Bodie, D., Leach, R., Morris, K., & Sherma, G. (2014).Knowledge and attitudes towards mental illness among college students: Insightsinto the wider English-speaking Caribbean population. International Journal ofSocial Psychiatry, 60(1), 47-54.Yksel, C. A., & Ero?lu, F. (2015). The effects of personal factors and attitudes towardsadvertising on compulsive buying tendency. Pazarlama ve PazarlamaAra?t?rmalar? Dergisi, 16, 43-70.Zhang, C., Brook, J. S., Leukefeld, C. G., & Brook, D. W. (2016). Associations betweencompulsive buying and substance dependence/abuse, major depressiveepisodes, and generalized anxiety disorder among men and women. Journal ofAddictive Diseases, 35(4), 298-304.Zia, M. H., & Shahzad, K. (2017). Interpersonal influence as psycho social stressor,stress, and impulsive buying: An empirical study in the perspective of Islamicguidelines on consumption. Journal of Islamic Business and Management, 7(2),211-229.