Literature circles and comprehension of graphic and non-graphic novels

This study investigates the effectiveness of literature circles in assisting English as asecond language (ESL) students to develop comprehension of the story in a graphicnovel compared to a non-graphic novel. It also aims to examine the effectiveness ofusing role sheets in literature circles and ide...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Ho, Lai Ying
Format: thesis
Language:eng
Published: 2019
Subjects:
Online Access:https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=6354
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
id oai:ir.upsi.edu.my:6354
record_format uketd_dc
institution Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
collection UPSI Digital Repository
language eng
topic LB Theory and practice of education
spellingShingle LB Theory and practice of education
Ho, Lai Ying
Literature circles and comprehension of graphic and non-graphic novels
description This study investigates the effectiveness of literature circles in assisting English as asecond language (ESL) students to develop comprehension of the story in a graphicnovel compared to a non-graphic novel. It also aims to examine the effectiveness ofusing role sheets in literature circles and identify the comprehension strategiesproduced by the students that effectively develop their comprehension of the texts.The conceptual framework of this study was based on constructivism. Case studymethod was employed and data were gathered from direct observations andinterviews regarding the students participation in literature circles. The participants inthis study were six form four students. The findings of this study showed that thestudents comprehended the graphic and non-graphic novels differently in literaturecircles and they implemented comprehension strategies to comprehend the texts. Inaddition, the data from the interviews highlighted the importance of role sheets inguiding the students in literature circles. The findings from direct observations andinterviews also revealed that literature circles developed the students interactions,motivation and responsibilities, encouraged sharing of personal responses andimproved the students comprehension of the stories in graphic and non-graphicnovels. In conclusion, literature circles assist students to comprehend stories ingraphic and non-graphic novels. This study provides insight to ESL teachers toimplement literature circles in the classroom to help students in comprehendinggraphic and non-graphic novels.
format thesis
qualification_name
qualification_level Doctorate
author Ho, Lai Ying
author_facet Ho, Lai Ying
author_sort Ho, Lai Ying
title Literature circles and comprehension of graphic and non-graphic novels
title_short Literature circles and comprehension of graphic and non-graphic novels
title_full Literature circles and comprehension of graphic and non-graphic novels
title_fullStr Literature circles and comprehension of graphic and non-graphic novels
title_full_unstemmed Literature circles and comprehension of graphic and non-graphic novels
title_sort literature circles and comprehension of graphic and non-graphic novels
granting_institution Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
granting_department Fakulti Bahasa dan Komunikasi
publishDate 2019
url https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=6354
_version_ 1747833258633068544
spelling oai:ir.upsi.edu.my:63542021-10-25 Literature circles and comprehension of graphic and non-graphic novels 2019 Ho, Lai Ying LB Theory and practice of education This study investigates the effectiveness of literature circles in assisting English as asecond language (ESL) students to develop comprehension of the story in a graphicnovel compared to a non-graphic novel. It also aims to examine the effectiveness ofusing role sheets in literature circles and identify the comprehension strategiesproduced by the students that effectively develop their comprehension of the texts.The conceptual framework of this study was based on constructivism. Case studymethod was employed and data were gathered from direct observations andinterviews regarding the students participation in literature circles. The participants inthis study were six form four students. The findings of this study showed that thestudents comprehended the graphic and non-graphic novels differently in literaturecircles and they implemented comprehension strategies to comprehend the texts. Inaddition, the data from the interviews highlighted the importance of role sheets inguiding the students in literature circles. The findings from direct observations andinterviews also revealed that literature circles developed the students interactions,motivation and responsibilities, encouraged sharing of personal responses andimproved the students comprehension of the stories in graphic and non-graphicnovels. In conclusion, literature circles assist students to comprehend stories ingraphic and non-graphic novels. This study provides insight to ESL teachers toimplement literature circles in the classroom to help students in comprehendinggraphic and non-graphic novels. 2019 thesis https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=6354 https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=6354 text eng closedAccess Doctoral Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris Fakulti Bahasa dan Komunikasi Adams, P. (2006). Exploring social constructivism: Theories and practicalities.Education 3-13, 34(3), 243-257. doi:10.1080/03004270600898893Anderson, R. C., Reynolds, R. E., Schallert, D. L., & Goetz, E. T. (1977). Frameworkfor comprehending discourse. Retrieved fromhttps://www.ideals.illinois.edu/bitstream/handle/2142/17811/ctrstreadtechrepv01976i00012_opt.pdf?sequence=1Agee, J. (1998). Negotiating different conceptions about reading and reachingliterature in a pre-service literature class. Retrieved from ERIC database.(EJ571704)Ahmad Al-Issa. (2006). Schema theory and L2 reading comprehension: Implicationsfor teaching. Journal of College Teaching & Learning, 3(7), 41-47. Retrievedfrom www.cluteinstitute.com/ojs/index.php/TLC/article/download/.../1680Azhar Kamarudin. (2012). Teaching English literature to Malaysian students andchildren:Issues and solutions. Retrieved fromhttp://www.kpakk.edu.my/artikel/teaching-english-literature-to-malaysianstudents-and-children-issues-and-solutions-2/Ballenger, C. (1997). Social identities, moral narratives, scientific argumentation:Science talk in a bilingual classroom. Language and Education, 11(1), 1-14.doi: 10.1080/0950078970866671Batchelor, K. (2012). The us in discuss: Grouping in literature circles. Voices fromthe Middle, 20(2), 27-34. Retrieved from ERIC database. (EJ993611)Berg, B. L. (2009). Qualitative research methods for the social sciences. Boston, MA:Allyn & Bacon.Berkeley, S., & Barber, A. T. (2015). Maximising effectiveness of readingcomprehension instruction in diverse classrooms. Baltimore, Maryland: Paul H.Brookes Publishing Co.Blum, H. T., Lipsett, L. R., & Yocom, D. J. (2002). Literature circles: A tool for selfdeterminationin one middle school inclusive classroom. Remedial and SpecialEducation, 23(2), 99-108. Retrieved from ERIC database. (EJ645030)Brown, H.D. (2001). Teaching by principles: An interactive approach to languagepedagogy. White Plains, NY: Longman, Inc.Brown, R., & Dewitz, P. (2014). Building comprehension in every classroom:Instruction with literature, informational texts, and basal programs. New York:The Guilford Press.Burns, B. (1998). Changing the classroom climate with literature circles. Journal ofAdolescent & Adult Literacy, 42(2), 124-129. Retrieved fromhttp://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/40016796?sid=21106171570163Caram, C. A., & Davis, P. B. (2005). Inviting student engagement with questioning.Kappa Delta Pi Record, 42(1), 19-23. doi: 10.1080/00228958.2005.10532080Carrison, C., & Ernst-Slavit, G. (2005). From silence to a whisper to activeparticipation: Using literature circles with ELL students. Reading Horizon,46(2), 93-113. Retrieved from http://scholarworks.wmich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1137&context=readingCerto, J., Moxley, K., Reffitt, K., & Miller, J. A. (2010). I learned how to talk about abook: Childrens perceptions of literature circles across grade and ability levels.Literacy Research and Instruction, 49, 243-263. doi:10.1080/19388070902947352Chacko, J. (2007). ESL learners perceptions towards the learning of literature inEnglish (Unpublished master's thesis). Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang.Retrieved from http://psasir.upm.edu.my/4739/2/FBMK_2007_6.pdfChun, C. W. (2009). Critical literacies and graphic novels for English-languagelearners: Teaching Maus. Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy, 53(2),144-153. doi:10.1598/JAAL.53.2.5Clark, K. F. (2009). The nature and influence of comprehension strategy use duringpeer-led literature discussions: An analysis of intermediate grade studentspractice. Literacy Research and Instruction, 48, 95-119. doi:10.1080/19388070802226295Clark, K. F., & Graves, M. F. (2004). Scaffolding students comprehension of text.The Reading Teacher, 58(6), 570-580. doi:10.1598/RT.58.6.6Clarke, L. W. (2007). Discussing Shiloh: A conversation beyond the book. Journal ofAdolescent & Adult Literacy, 51(2), 112-122. doi:10.1598/JAAL.51.2.3Clarke, L. W., & Holwadel, J. (2007). Help, what is wrong with these literaturecircles and how can we fix them?. The Reading Teacher, 61(1), 20-29. doi:10.1598/RT.61.1.3Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2007). Research methods in education (6thed.). New York: Routledge.Crawford, P. (2004). A novel approach: Using graphic novels to attract reluctantreaders and promote literacy. Retrieved from ERIC database. (EJ717559)Creswell, J. W. (2003). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methodsapproaches (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publication, Inc.Creswell, J. W. (2009). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methodsapproaches (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publication, Inc.Creswell, J. W. (2012). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluatingquantitative and qualitative research (4th ed.). Boston: Pearson Education, Inc.Creswell, J. W. (2013). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among fiveapproaches. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publication, Inc.Dallacqua, A. K. (2012). Exploring literacy devices in graphic novels. Language art,89(6), 365-378. Retrieved fromwww.ncte.org/library/NCTEFiles/Resources/.../LA0896Exploring.pdDaniels, H. (1994). Literature circles: Voice and choice in the student-centeredclassroom.York, Maine: Stenhouse Publishers.Daniels, H. (2002). Literature circles: Voice and choice in the book clubs and readinggroups (2nd ed.). Portland, Maine: Stenhouse Publishers.Daniels, H. (2002). Rethinking role sheets. Voices from the Middle, 10(2), 44-45.Daniels, H. (2006). Whats the next big thing with literature circles? Voices from theMiddle, 13(4), 10-15. Retrieved fromhttp://www.csun.edu//Literature/Instructional%20Strategies/Danielslit%20circles.pdfDenzin, N. (1970). The research act in sociology. Chicago: Aldine.De Vos, G. (2005). The A B Cs of graphic novels. Resource links: Connectingclassrooms, libraries & Canadian learning resources ,9, 30-64. Retrievedfrom http://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1064&context=slis_pubDooly, M. (2008). Constructing knowledge together. Retrieved fromhttp://pagines.uab.cat/melindadooly/sites/pagines.uab.cat.melindadooly/files/Chpt1.pdfDriscoll, B. (2013). Using Harry Porter to teach literacy: Different approaches.Cambridge Journal of Education, 43(2), 259-271. doi:10.1080/0305764X.2013.784241Duke, N. K., & Pearson, D. P. (2002). Effective practices for developing readingcomprehension. In A. E. Farstrup & S. J. Samuels (Eds.), What research has tosay about reading comprehension (3rd ed., pp. 205-242). Newark, DE:International Reading Association.Eeds, M., & Wells, D. (1989). Grand conversations: An exploration of meaningconstruction in literature study groups. Research in the Teaching of English,23(1), 4-29. Retrieved from http://jstor.org/stable/40171286Ellis, R. (2008). The study of second language acquisition (2nd ed.). Oxford: OxfordUniversity Press.Evans, J. (2013). From comics, graphic novels and picture books to fusion texts: Anew kid on the block!. Education 3-13, 41(2), 233-248.Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03004279.2012.747788Fairclough, N. (2001). Language and power (2nd ed.). New York: Longman.Fisher, D., Frey, N., & Hattie, J. (2017). Teaching literacy in the visible learningclassroom. Thousand Oaks, California: A SAGE Company.Fisher, L. A. (2010). Read, discuss and learn. United Kingdom: Rowman &Littlefield Education.Fosnot, C. T., & Perry, R. S. (2005).Constructivism: A psychological theory oflearning. In C.T. Fosnot (Ed.), Constructivism: Theory, perspective and practice(2nd ed., pp.8-38). London: Teacher College Press.Frey, N., & Fisher, D. (2004). Using graphic novels, anime, and the Internet in anurban high school. English Journal, 93(3), 19-25. Retrievedfrom http://www.ncte.org/library/nctefiles/store/samplefiles/journals/ej/ej0933using.pdfFurr, M. (2003). Literature circles for the EFL classroom. Proceedings of the 2003TESOL Arabia Conference. Retrieved fromhttp://www.eflliteraturecircles.com/litcirclesforEFL.pdfGareis, E., Allard, M., & Saindon, J.(2009). The novel as textbook. TESL CanadaJournal/Revue TESL Du Canada, 26(2), 136-147. Retrieved fromhttp://www.teslcanadajournal.ca/index.php/tesl/article/viewFile/419/249Good, T. L., & Brophy, J. E. (2003). Looking in classroom (9th ed.). Boston: Allyn andBacon.Good, T. L., & Brophy, J. E. (2000). Looking in classroom. New York: Longman.Gottfried, A. E. (1983). Intrinsic motivation in young children. Young Children, 39(1),64-73. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/42658350Gould, J. S. (2005). A constructivist perspective on teaching and learning in thelanguage arts. In C. T. Fosnot (Ed.), Constructivism: Theory, perspectives andpractice (2nd ed., pp. 3-7). London: Teachers College Press.Grabe, W., & Stoller, F. L. (2014). Teaching and researching reading (2nd ed.). NewYork: Routledge.Gritter, K. (2011). Promoting lively literature discussion. The Reading Teacher, 64(6),445-449. doi: 10.1598/RT.64.6.7Gurnam Kaur Sidhu. (2003). Literature in the language classroom: Seeing through theeyes of learners. In Ganakumaran Subramaniam (Ed.), Teaching literature inESL/EFL contexts (pp. 88-100). Petaling Jaya: Sasbadi.Gurnam Kaur Sidhu., & Chan, Y. F. (2010). Instructional practices in teachingliterature: Observations of ESL classrooms in Malaysia. English LanguageTeaching, 3(2), 54-63. Retrieved from http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1081570.pdfGuthrie, J. T., & Alao, S. (1997). Designing contexts to increase motivations forreading. Educational Psychologist, 32(2), 95-105. doi: 10.1207/s15326985ep3202_4Heilman, A. W., Blair, T. R., & Rupley, W. H. (2002). Principles and practices ofteaching reading (10th ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: PearsonEducation, Inc.Helgeson, J. (2017). Differentiating through literature circles. Kappa Delta Pi Record,53(1), 41-44. doi: 10.1080/00228958.2016.126481Henderson, S. C., & Buskit, C. (2011). Promoting the comprehension of teachers andstudents using young adult literature. Theory Into Practise, 50, 231-238.doi: 10.1080/00405841.2011.584034Irmaya Nurrohmah, Ujang Superman., & Muhammad Sukirian. (2015). Comparingliterary and non-literary texts through critical reading approach on readingcomprehension. Retrieved fromhttps://media.neliti.com/.../194058-EN-comparing-literary-and-non-literarytext.pdfJennings, K. A., Rule, A. C., & Zanden, S. M. V. (2014). Fifth graders enjoyment,interest, and comprehension of graphic novels compared to heavily-illustratedand traditional novels. International Electronic Journal of Elementary Education,6(2), 257-274. Retrieved fromhttp://www.iejee.com/6_2_2014/IEJEE_6_2_Jennings_Rule_Zanden.pdfKerlinger, F. N. (1986). Foundations of behavioural research. New York: CBSPublishing Japan Ltd.Ketch, A. (2005). Conversation: The comprehension connection. The ReadingTeacher, 59(1), 8-13. doi:10.1598/RT.59.1.2Kim, H. R. (2003). Literature circles in EFL curricula establishing a framework.Retrieved from http://www.melta.org.my/ET/2003/2003-1.pdfKim, M. (2004). Literature discussions in adult L2 learning. Language andEducation, 18(2), 145-165. doi: 10.1080/09500780408666872Kintsch, W., & Kintsch, E. (2005). Comprehension. In S. G. Paris & S. A. Stahl(Eds.), Childrens reading comprehension and assessment (pp.71-92). London:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.Kiran Kaur Dhillon., & Surita Mogan. (2014). Language - based approaches tounderstanding literature: A creative activity module. The English Teacher, 43(2)63-78. Retrieved fromwww.melta.org.my/ET/2014/August2014/Final%20114%20Kiran.pdfKlage, C., Pate, S., & Conforti, P. A. (2007). Virtual literature circles: A study oflearning, collaboration, and synthesis using collaborative classrooms incyberspace. Curriculum and Teaching Dialogue, 9(1), 293-309. Retrieved fromhttp://jking.pbworks.com/f/Virtual+Literature+Circle+Studies.pdfKoh, M. Y. (1986). The role of prior knowledge in reading comprehension. Retrievedfrom http://nflrc.hawaii.edu/rfl/PastIssues/rfl31yin.pdfKress, G. (2003). Literacy in the new media age. London: Routledge.Krippendorff, K. (2013). Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology (3rded.). London: SAGE Publication, Inc.Krueger, R. A., & Casey, M. A. (2015). Focus groups: A practical guide for appliedresearch (5th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications Inc.Kummert, N. (2014). Supporting English language learners with literature circles.Curriculum In Context, 6, 22-24. Retrieved fromhttp://wsascd.org/downloads/curriculum_in_context/Spring_2014_ArticlesLantolf, J. P. (2000). Introducing sociocultural theory. In J.P. Lantolf (Ed.),Sociocultural theory and second language learning (pp. 1-26). Oxford: OxfordUniversity Press.Latendresse, C. (2004). Literature circles: Meeting reading standards, makingpersonal connections, and appreciating other interpretations. Middle SchoolJournal, 35(3), 13-20. doi: 10.1080/00940771.2004.11461426Lazar, G. (1990). Using novels in the language- learning classroom. ELT Journal,44(3), 204-214. Retrieved from http://203.72.145.166/elt/files/44-3-5.pdfLee, D. (2014, February 23). The call of the comic book. The Star2, p.12.Lenters, K. (2014). Just doing our jobs: A case study of literacy-in-action in a fifthgrade literature circle. Language and Literacy, 16(1), 53-70. Retrieved fromhttps://ejournals.library.ualberta.ca/index.php/langandlit/article/viewFile/20149/16422Long, T. W., & Dove, M. K. (2003). How engagement strategies and literature circlespromote critical response in a fourth-grade, urban classroom. The ReadingTeacher, 57(4), 350-361.Low, D. E., & Jacobs, K.B. (2018). Literature circles roles for discussing graphica inlanguage arts classrooms. Language Arts, 95(5), 322-330.Lyga, A. (2006). Graphic novels for really young readers. Retrieved fromwww.slj.com/2006/03/collection.../graphic-novels-for-really-young-readers/Mahdavi, J. N., & Tensfeldt, L. (2013). Untangling reading comprehension strategyinstruction: Assisting struggling readers in the primary grades. PreventingSchool Failure, 57(2), 77-92. doi: 10.1080/1045988X.2012.668576Maloch, B. (2002). Scaffolding student talk: One teachers role in literature discussiongroups. Reading Research Quarterly, 37(1), 94-112. Retrievedfrom ERIC database. (EJ638987)Maloch, B., & Beutel, D. D. (2009). Big loud voice. You have important things tosay:The nature of students initiations during one teachers interactive readalouds.Journal of Classroom Interaction, 45(2), 20-29.Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/ 23870348Mantione, R. D., & Smead, S. (2004). Weaving through words: Using the arts to teachreading comprehension strategies. USA: International Reading Association, Inc.Maroni, B., Gnisci, A., & Pontecorvo, C. (2008). Turn-taking in classroominteractions: Overlapping, interruptions and pauses in primary school. EuropeanJournal of Psychology of Education, 23, 59-76. Retrieved fromhttp://www.jstor.org/stable/23421618Marsh, J., & Millard, E. (2000). Literacy and popular culture: Using childrensculture in the classroom. London: Paul Chapman.Martinez, C. M. (2000). Bilingual students responses to multicultural childrensliterature on discrimination. The Dragon Lode, 18(2), 17-23. Retrieved fromwww.clrsig.org/pdfs/DLVol182Sp2000_17_23.pdfMartinez-Roldan, C. M., & Lopez-Robertson, J. M. (2000). Initiating literaturecircles in a first grade bilingual classroom. The Reading Teacher, 53, 270-281.Retrieved from http://nabeproject.wikispaces.com/file/view/Martinez-Roldan-Lopez-Robertson.pdfMarzilah Aziz., & Sharifah Nadia Syed Nasharudin. (2010). An investigation onapproaches used to teach literature in the ESL classroom: A case study ofSekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Taman Desa Skudai, Johor Bahru.Retrieved from https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/11786469.pdfMason, J. (2018). Qualitative researching. London: SAGE Publications Ltd.McElvain, C. M. (2010). Transactional literature circles and the readingcomprehension of English learners in the mainstream classroom. Journal ofResearch in Reading, 33(2), 178-205. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9817.2009.01403.xMcLaughlin, M. (2012). Reading comprehension: What every teacher needs to know.The Reading Teacher, 65(7), 432-440. doi: 10.1002/TRTR.01064McTaggart, J. (2008). Graphic novels: The good, the bad, and the ugly. In N.Frey &D.Fisher (Eds.), Teaching visual literacy: Using comic books, graphic novels,anime, cartoons, and more to develop comprehension and thinking skills (pp.27-46). California: Corwin Press.Melor Md Yunus., & Ashairi Suliman. (2014). Information & CommunicationTechnology (ICT) tools in teaching and learning literature component inMalaysian secondary schools. Asian Social Science, 10(7), 136-152. Retrievedfrom ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/ass/article/download/35655/20195Melor Md Yunus., Hadi Salehi., & Dexter Sigan John. (2013). Using visual aids as amotivational tool in enhancing students interest in reading literary texts. RecentAdvances in Educational Technologies, 114-117.Retrieved fromhttp://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1305/1305.6360.pdfMerriam, S. B. (1998). Qualitative research and case study applications in education.California: Jossey-Bass Inc.Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis (2nd ed.).Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications, Inc.Mohamed Elhess., & Egbert, J. (2015). Literature circles as support for languagedevelopment. English Teaching Forum, 13-21.Retrieved from https://americanenglish.state.gov/files/ae/resource.../03_etf_53-3_3_elhess_egbert.pdfMorrison, T. G., Bryan, G., & Chilcoat, G. W. (2002). Using student-generated comicbooks in the classroom. Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy, 45(8),758-767.Morrow, L. M. (2001). Literacy development in the early years: Helping childrenread and write (4th ed.). Needham Heights, MA: A Pearson EducationCompany.Muijs, D., & Reynolds, D. (2005). Effective teaching: Evidence and practice.London: Sage Publications Ltd.Nazri Latiff Azmi. (2013). Developing soft skills using literature circles. TheMalaysian Online Journal of Educational Science, 1(2), 8- 16. Retrieved fromERIC database. (EJ1086205)Newkirk, T. (2002). Misreading masculinity: Boys, literacy and popular culture.Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.Noor Hashima Abdul Aziz. (2008). Focus group interviews. In M. Puvenesvary,Radziah Abdul Rahim, R. Sivabala Naidu, Mastura Badzis, Noor Fadhilah MatNayan, Noor Hashima Abd Aziz, Qualitative research: Data collection & dataanalysis techniques (pp. 45-54). Sintok: Universiti Utara Malaysia Press.Pantaleo, S. (2012). Middle-school students reading and creating multimodal texts: Acase study. Education 3-13: International Journal of Primary, Elementary andEarly Years Education, 40(3), 295-314. doi: 10.1080/03004279.2010.531037Pantaleo, S., & Bomphray, A. (2011). Exploring grade 7 students written responsesto Shaun Tans The arrival. Changing English: Studies in Culture andEducation, 18(2), 173-185. doi: 10.1080/1358684X.2011.575250Pardo, L. S. (2004). What every teacher needs to know about comprehension. TheReading Teacher, 58(3), 272-280. doi: 10.1598/RT.58.3.5Patton, M. Q. (1990). Qualitative evaluation and research method (2nd ed.).California: Sage Publication Inc.Peterson, S., & Belizaire, M. (2006). Another look at roles in literature circles.Middle School Journal, 37(4), 37-43. doi: 10.1080/00940771.2006.11461544Prince, M. (2004). Does active learning work? A review of the research. Journal ofEngineering Education 93(3), 223-231. Retrieved fromhttp://www4.ncsu.edu/unity/lockers/users/f/felder/public/Papers/Prince_AL.pdfProbst, R. E. (1994). Reader-response theory and the English curriculum. EnglishJournal, 83(3), 37-44. Retrieved fromhttp://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0013-8274%28199403%2983Ranker, J. (2007). Using comic books as read-aloud: Insights on reading instructionfrom an English as a second language classroom. The Reading Teacher, 61(4),296-305. doi: 10.1598/RT.61.4.2Reeve, J. (2009). Understanding motivation and emotion (5th ed.). New Jersey, USA:John Wiley & Son, Inc.Roe, B. D., Smith, S. H., & Burns, P. C. (2005). Teaching reading in todayselementary schools (9th ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.Rosenblatt, L. M. (1994). The reader, the text, the poem: The transactional theory ofthe literary work. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press.Rosenblatt, L. M. (1995). Literature as exploration (5th ed.). New York: The ModernLanguage Association of America.Ruddell, R. B. (2002). Teaching children to read and write: Becoming an effectiveliteracy teacher (3rd ed.).Boston: Allyn and Bacon.Sanacore, J. (2013). Slow down, you move too fast : Literature circles as reflectivepractice. A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas, 86(3), 116-120.doi: 10.1080/00098655.2013.773270Sanchez, C. (2010). Comic linguistics: Comic and cartoons in academic teaching. InM. Berninger, J. Ecke & G. Haberkorn (Eds.), Comics as a nexus of cultures:Essays on the interplay of media, disciplines and international perspectives (pp.274-281). Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers.Schwarz, G. (2006). Expanding literacies through graphic novels. The EnglishJournal, 95(6), 58-64. doi: 10.2307/30046629Scott, J. E. (1994). Literature circles in the middle school classroom: Developingreading, responding, and responsibility. Middle School Journal, 26(2), 37-41.Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/23023959Seelow, D. (2010). Voices from the field: The graphic novel as advanced literacy tool.Journal of Media Literacy Education, 2(1), 57-64. Retrieved fromhttp://altechconsultants.netfirms.com/jmle1/index.php/JMLE/article/viewFile/78/48Shen,Y. (2008). An exploration of schema theory in intensive reading. EnglishLanguage Teaching, 1(2), 104-107. Retrieved fromwww.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/elt/article/download/457/470Shelton-Strong, S. J. (2012). Literature circles in ELT. ELT Journal, 66(2), 214-223.doi: 10.1093/elt/ccro49Silverman, D. (2000). Doing qualitative research: A practical handbook. London:Sage Publications.Siti Norliana Ghazali, Roszainora Setia, Cittra Muthusamy, & Kamaruzaman Jusoff.(2009). ESL students attitude toward texts and teaching methods used inliterature classes. English Language Teaching Journal, 2(4), 51-56. Retrievedfrom http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/elt/article/viewFile/4445/3786Smetana, L., Odelson, D., Burns, H., & Grisham, D. L. (2009). Using graphic novelsin the high school classroom: Engaging deaf students with a new genre. Journalof Adolescent & Adult Literacy, 53(3), 228-240. doi:10.1598/JAAL.53.3.4Smith, B. L., & MacGregor, J. T. (1992). What is collaborative learning? Retrievedfromhttp://evergreen.edu/facultydevelopment/docs/WhatisCollaborativeLearning.pdfSoraya Ali. (1993). The reader-response approach: An alternative for teachingliterature in a second language. Journal of Reading, 37(4), 288-296. Retrievedfrom http://jstor.org/stable/40017436Spear, K. F., Benjamin, M, J., & Copeland, T. (2005). The truth about graphic novels:A format, not a genre. The Alan Review, 12, 37-44. Retrieved fromhttp://scholar.lib.vt.edu/ejournals/ALAN/v32n2/fletcherspear.pdfStake, R. E. (1995). The art of case study research. Thousand Oaks: SagePublications.Stake, R. E. (2000). Case studies. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.),Handbook of qualitative research (2nd ed., pg. 435- 454). Thousand Oaks: SagePublications, Inc.Thomas, P. L. (2011). Adventures in genre!: Rethinking genre through comics/graphicnovels. Journal of Graphic Novels and Comics, 2(2), 187-201. doi:10.1080/21504857.2011.633090Thompson, T. (2008). Adventures in graphica: Using comics and graphic novels toteach comprehension, 2-6. Portland, ME: Stenhouse Publishers.Thomsen, E. (1996). Introduction. In S. Weiner (Ed.), 100 graphic novels for publiclibraries. Northampton, MA: Kitchen Sink Press.Tsai, C. H. (2012). Students perceptions of using a novel as main material in the EFLreading course. English Language Teaching, 5(8), 103-112.doi: 10.5539/elt.v5n8p103Viera, A. J., & Garrett, J. M. (2005). Understanding interobserver agreement: TheKappa statistic. Family Medicine, 37(5), 360-363.Retrieved from http://virtualhost.cs.columbia.edu/~julia/courses/CS6998/Interrater_agreement.Kappa_statistic.pdfVygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: Development of higher psychologicalprocesses. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Walqui, A. (2006). Scaffolding instruction for English language learners: Aconceptual framework. International Journal of Bilingual Education andBilingualism, 9(2), 159-180. doi: 10.1080/13670050608668639Weiner, S. (2006). The 101 best graphic novels (2nd ed.) . New York: NBMPublishing.Whittaker, C. R. (2012). Integrating literature circles into a cotaught inclusiveclassroom. Intervention in School and Clinic, 47(4), 214-23. doi:10.1177/1053451211424601Whittingham, J. (2014). Reading motivation: A study of literature circles. AcademicExchange Quarterly,18(2). Retrieved fromhttp://www.rapidintellect.com/AEQweb/5421l4.pdfWiddowson, H. G. (1979). Explorations in applied linguistics. Oxford: OxfordUniversity Press.Widodo, H. P. (2016). Engaging students in literature circles: Vocational Englishreading programs. Asia-Pacific Edu Res, 25(2), 347-359. doi: 10.1007/s40299-015-0269-7Wigfield, A. (1997). Reading motivation: A domain-specific approach to motivation.Educational Psychologist, 32(2), 59-68. doi: 10.1207/s15326985ep3202_1Wilfong, L. G. (2009). Textmasters: Bringing literature circles to textbook readingacross the curriculum. Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy, 53(2), 164-171.doi:10.1598/JAAL.53.2.7Witter, M. (2013). Reading without limits: Teaching strategies to build independentreading for life. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.Wood, D., Bruner, J. S., & Ross, G. (1976). The role of tutoring in problem solving.Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry, 17, 89-100. Retrieved fromhttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1976.tb00381.x/epdfYang, L., & Wilson, K. (2006).Second language classroom reading: A socialconstructivist approach. The Reading Matrix, 6(3), 364-372. Retrieved fromhttp://www.readingmatrix.com/articles/reference.htmlYeo, A., Legard, R., Keegan, J., Ward, K., Nicholls, C. M., & Lewis, J. (2014). Indepthinterviews. In J. Ritchie, J. Lewis, C. M. Nicholls & R. Ormston (Eds.),Qualitative research practice: A guide for social science students andresearchers (pp.177-210). London: SAGE Publications Ltd.Yin, R. K. (2009). Case study research: Design and methods (4th ed.). ThousandOaks, California: SAGE Publications, Inc.Yin, R. K. (2011). Qualitative research from start to finish. New York: The GuilfordPress.