The efectiveness of dry cupping and hot pack on pain relief and reduced functional disability for patients with non-specific low back pain

The objective of this study was to identify the effectiveness of dry cupping and hot packon pain relief and reduced functional disability for patients with non-specific low backpain. The study design was experimen...

Full description

Saved in:

Bibliographic Details
Main Author:	Azira Iqlima Razali
Format:	thesis
Language:	eng
Published:	2021
Subjects:	Q Science
Online Access:	https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=7138
Tags:	Add Tag No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!

id	oai:ir.upsi.edu.my:7138
record_format	uketd_dc
institution	Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
collection	UPSI Digital Repository
language	eng
topic	Q Science
spellingShingle	Q Science Azira Iqlima Razali The efectiveness of dry cupping and hot pack on pain relief and reduced functional disability for patients with non-specific low back pain
description	<p>The objective of this study was to identify the effectiveness of dry cupping and hot pack</p><p>on pain relief and reduced functional disability for patients with non-specific low back</p><p>pain. The study design was experimental study using pre-test and post-test</p><p>measurements. A total of 39 patients with non-specific low back pain from Sultan Idris</p><p>Education University, Malaysia who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were recruited as</p><p>subjects using purposive sampling methods. The subjects were randomly assigned</p><p>equally (N=13) into dry cupping group, hot pack group and control group. Dry cupping</p><p>group received a treatment session in a week for three weeks, hot pack group received</p><p>two treatment sessions twice a week, and control group received no treatment, but</p><p>continue previous treatment from general practitioner. Numerical Pain Rating Scale</p><p>was used to measure pain intensity and Oswestry Disability Index was used to measure</p><p>functional disability before and after the intervention for all three groups. Data was</p><p>analysed using one-way ANOVA with significant level predetermined at <0.01 prior</p><p>to study. The study findings revealed that patients in both dry cupping group and hot</p><p>pack group indicating significant differences on pain relief [F (21.331), = 0.000] and</p><p>reduced functional disability [F (18.046), = 0.000] after completing three weeks</p><p>interventions when compared with control group. Dry cupping and hot pack treatments</p><p>are found to be equally effective, thus, both treatments could be suggested for pain relief</p><p>and to reduce functional disability for patients with non-specific low back pain. The</p><p>researcher is suggesting to health care professionals to consider dry cupping therapy as</p><p>one of the alternative treatment options in treating patients with non-specific low back</p><p>pain in order to relieve pain and to reduce functional disability.</p>
format	thesis
qualification_name
qualification_level	Master's degree
author	Azira Iqlima Razali
author_facet	Azira Iqlima Razali
author_sort	Azira Iqlima Razali
title	The efectiveness of dry cupping and hot pack on pain relief and reduced functional disability for patients with non-specific low back pain
title_short	The efectiveness of dry cupping and hot pack on pain relief and reduced functional disability for patients with non-specific low back pain
title_full	The efectiveness of dry cupping and hot pack on pain relief and reduced functional disability for patients with non-specific low back pain
title_fullStr	The efectiveness of dry cupping and hot pack on pain relief and reduced functional disability for patients with non-specific low back pain
title_full_unstemmed	The efectiveness of dry cupping and hot pack on pain relief and reduced functional disability for patients with non-specific low back pain
title_sort	efectiveness of dry cupping and hot pack on pain relief and reduced functional disability for patients with non-specific low back pain
granting_institution	Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
granting_department	Fakulti Sains Sukan dan Kejurulatihan
publishDate	2021
url	https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=7138
_version_	1747833360374300672
spelling	oai:ir.upsi.edu.my:71382022-06-13 The efectiveness of dry cupping and hot pack on pain relief and reduced functional disability for patients with non-specific low back pain 2021 Azira Iqlima Razali Q Science <p>The objective of this study was to identify the effectiveness of dry cupping and hot pack</p><p>on pain relief and reduced functional disability for patients with non-specific low back</p><p>pain. The study design was experimental study using pre-test and post-test</p><p>measurements. A total of 39 patients with non-specific low back pain from Sultan Idris</p><p>Education University, Malaysia who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were recruited as</p><p>subjects using purposive sampling methods. The subjects were randomly assigned</p><p>equally (N=13) into dry cupping group, hot pack group and control group. Dry cupping</p><p>group received a treatment session in a week for three weeks, hot pack group received</p><p>two treatment sessions twice a week, and control group received no treatment, but</p><p>continue previous treatment from general practitioner. Numerical Pain Rating Scale</p><p>was used to measure pain intensity and Oswestry Disability Index was used to measure</p><p>functional disability before and after the intervention for all three groups. Data was</p><p>analysed using one-way ANOVA with significant level predetermined at <0.01 prior</p><p>to study. The study findings revealed that patients in both dry cupping group and hot</p><p>pack group indicating significant differences on pain relief [F (21.331), = 0.000] and</p><p>reduced functional disability [F (18.046), = 0.000] after completing three weeks</p><p>interventions when compared with control group. Dry cupping and hot pack treatments</p><p>are found to be equally effective, thus, both treatments could be suggested for pain relief</p><p>and to reduce functional disability for patients with non-specific low back pain. The</p><p>researcher is suggesting to health care professionals to consider dry cupping therapy as</p><p>one of the alternative treatment options in treating patients with non-specific low back</p><p>pain in order to relieve pain and to reduce functional disability.</p> 2021 thesis https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=7138 https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=7138 text eng closedAccess Masters Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris Fakulti Sains Sukan dan Kejurulatihan <p>Abolahrari-shirazi, S., Nezhad, F. G., Ahmadpour, Z., Zare, L., & Emami, F. (2018). Is</p><p>Cupping Therapy in Combination with Routine Physical Therapy Effective in the</p><p>Management of Knee Osteoarthritis? A Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of</p><p>Rehabilitation Sciences and Research, 5, 9398.</p><p></p><p>Acosta, T. B., Cordero, J. E. M., Tpanes, S. H., Morales, I. P., Cuesta, J. I. F., &</p><p>Serrano, M. L. (2015). Usefulness of the Pain Tracking Technique in Acute</p><p>Mechanical Low Back Pain. Pain Research and Treatment, 2015, 512673.</p><p>https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/512673</p><p></p><p>Adom, D. K. H. E. & Agyem, J. A. (2018). Theoretical and Conceptual Framework :</p><p>Mandatory Ingredients Theoretical and Conceptual Framework : Mandatory</p><p>Ingredients Engineering Dickson Adom; Emad Kamil Hussein. International</p><p>Journal of Scientific Research, 7(1), 9398.</p><p></p><p>Akbarzadeh, M., Ghaemmaghami, M., Yazdanpanahi, Z., Zare, N., Azizi, A., &</p><p>Mohagheghzadeh, A. (2012). The Effect Dry Cupping Therapy at Acupoint BL23</p><p>on the Intensity of Postpartum Low Back Pain in Primiparous Women Based on</p><p>Two Types of Questionnaires, 2012; A Randomized Clinical Trial Effect of</p><p>cupping therapy on postpartum LBP. A Randomized Clinical Trial. IJCBNM.</p><p>IJCBNM April, 2(2), 112120.</p><p></p><p>Al-Bedah, A. M., Aboushanab, T. S., Alqaed, M. A., Qureshi, N. A., Suhaibani, A.,</p><p>Gazzaffi, I., & Khalil, M. (2016). Classification of Cupping Therapy: A Tool for</p><p>Modernization and Standardization. J Complement Altern Med Res, 1(1), 110.</p><p></p><p>Al-Bedah, A. M., Shaban, T., Suhaibani, A., Gazzaffi, I., Khalil, M., & Qureshi, N. A.</p><p>(2016). Safety of Cupping Therapy in Studies Conducted in Twenty One Century:</p><p>A Review of Literature. Brit J Med Res., 15(8), 112.</p><p></p><p>Al-Eidi, S. M., Mohamed, A. G., Abutalib, R. A., AlBedah, A. M., & Khalil, M. K. M.</p><p>(2019). Wet CuppingTraditional Hijamah Technique versus Asian Cupping</p><p>Technique in Chronic Low Back Pain Patients: A Pilot Randomized Clinical Trial.</p><p>Journal of Acupuncture and Meridian Studies, 12(6), 173181.</p><p>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jams.2019.04.005</p><p></p><p>AlBedah, A., Khalil, M., Elolemy, A., Hussein, A. A., Alqaed, M., Al Mudaiheem, A.,</p><p>Abutalib, R. A., Bazaid, F. M., Bafail, A. S., Essa, A. B., & Bakrain, M. Y. (2015).</p><p>The use Of Wet Cupping For Persistent Nonspecific Low Back Pain: Randomized</p><p>Controlled Clinical Trial. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine,</p><p>21(8), 504508. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2015.0065</p><p></p><p>Baghdadi, I. H. (2005). Kitab-ul-mukhtarat-fil-tib. Translated by the Central Council</p><p>for Research in Unani Medicine. New Delhi: Ministry of Health and Family</p><p>Welfare, Govt. of India. 277278. Urdu.</p><p></p><p>Balague, F., & Dudler, J. (2011). An overview of conservative treatment for lower</p><p>back pain. Int J Clin Rheumatol, 6, 28290.</p><p></p><p>Balague, F., Mannion, A. F., Pellise, F., & Cedraschi, C. (2012). Non-specific low back</p><p>pain. Lancet., 379(9814), 482491.</p><p></p><p>Bandy, W. D., & Sanders, B. (2007). Therapeutic Exercise for Physical Therapist</p><p>Assistants. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 1013.</p><p></p><p>Benjaboonyanupap, D., Paungmali, A., & Pirunsan, U. (2015). Effect of Therapeutic</p><p>Sequence of Hot Pack and Ultrasound on Physiological Response Over Trigger</p><p>Point of Upper Trapezius. Asian J Sports Med, 6(3).</p><p>https://doi.org/10.5812/asjsm.23806</p><p></p><p>Berker, E., & Dincer, N. (2005). Chronic pain and rehabilitation. Agri, 17, 1016.</p><p></p><p>Borim, F. S. A., Barros, M. B. A., & Neri, A. L. (2012). Self-rated health in the elderly:</p><p>a population-based study in Campinas, So Paulo. 28(4), 769780.</p><p></p><p>Bridgett, R., Klose, P., Duffield, R., Mydock, S., & Lauche, R. (2017). Effects of</p><p>Cupping Therapy in Amateur and Professional Athletes: Systematic Review of</p><p>Randomized Controlled Trials. Journal of Alternative and Complementary</p><p>Medicine, 111. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2017.0191</p><p></p><p>Brito, K. Q. D., Menezes, T. N., & Olinda, R. A. (2016). Functional Disability : Health</p><p>Conditions and Physical Activity Practice in Older Adults. Rev Bras Enferm,</p><p>69(5), 773780.</p><p></p><p>Brox, J. I., Cedraschi, C., Hildebrandt, J., Mannion, A. F., Reis, S., Staal, J. B., Ursin,</p><p>H., Zanoli, G., Hildebrandt, J., Mannion, A. F., Klaber-moffett, J., Jensen, I.,</p><p>Leboeuf-yde, C., & Riordan, D. O. (2006). Chapter 4 European guidelines for the</p><p>management of chronic nonspecific low back pain Contributors. 15, 192300.</p><p>https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-006-1072-1</p><p></p><p>Cameron, M. H. (1999). Thermal agents: physical principles, cold and superficial heat.</p><p>In Physical Agents in Rehabilitation: From Research to Practice. Philadelphia,</p><p>Saunders. 149175.</p><p></p><p>Candotti, C. T., Noll, M., Marchetti, B. V., da Rosa, B. N., Medeiros, M. G. S., Vieira,</p><p>A., & Loss, J. F. (2015). Prevalence of back pain, functional disability, and spinal</p><p>postural changes. Fisioter Mov, 28(4), 711722.</p><p></p><p>Cao, H., Han, M., Li, X., Dong, S., Shang, S., Wang, Q., Xu, S., & Liu, J. (2010).</p><p>Clinical research evidence of cupping therapy in China: a systematic literature</p><p>review. BMC Complement Altern Med., 10, 70.</p><p></p><p>Cao, Huijuan, Han, M., Zhu, X., & Liu, J. (2015). An overview of systematic reviews</p><p>of clinical evidence for cupping therapy. Journal of Traditional Chinese Medical</p><p>Sciences, 2(1), 310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcms.2014.11.012</p><p></p><p>Casazza, B. A. (2012). Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute Low Back Pain. 85(4), 343</p><p>350.</p><p></p><p>Castarlenas, E., Jensen, M. P., Von Baeyer, C. L., & Mir, J. (2017). Psychometric</p><p>properties of the numerical rating scale to assess self-reported pain intensity in</p><p>children and adolescents. Clinical Journal of Pain, 33(4), 376383.</p><p>https://doi.org/10.1097/AJP.0000000000000406</p><p></p><p>elik, D., oban, ., & Klolu, . (2019). Minimal Clinically Important Difference</p><p>of Commonly Used Hip, Knee, Foot and Ankle Specific Questionnaires: A</p><p>Systematic Review. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology.</p><p>https://doi.org/doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2019.04.017</p><p></p><p>Cetin, N., Aytar, A., Atalay, A., & Akman, M. N. (2008). Comparing Hot Pack, Short-</p><p>Wave Diathermy, Ultrasound, and TENS on Isokinetic Strength, Pain, and</p><p>Functional Status of Women with Osteoarthritic Knees A Single-Blind,</p><p>Randomized, Controlled Trial. American Journal of Physical Medicine &</p><p>Rehabilitation, 87(6), 443451. https://doi.org/10.1097/PHM.0b013e318174e467</p><p></p><p>Chen, L., Deng, H., Cui, H., Fang, J., Zuo, Z., Deng, J., Li, Y., Wang, X., & Zhao, L.</p><p>(2018). Inflammatory responses and inflammation-associated diseases in organs.</p><p>Oncotarget, 9(6), 72047218. www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget/</p><p></p><p>Chipchase, L. S., Williams, M. T., & Robertson, V. J. (2009). A national study of the</p><p>availability and use of electrophysical agents by Australian physiotherapists.</p><p>Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 25(4), 279296.</p><p>https://doi.org/10.1080/09593980902782611</p><p></p><p>Chirali, I. (2007). Traditional Chinese Medicine Cupping Therapy. Elsevier Churchill</p><p>Livingston, Philadelphia, Pa, USA.</p><p></p><p>Chirali, I. Z. (2007). Cupping Therapy. Elsevier, Philadelphia.</p><p></p><p>Cho, I., Jeon, C., Lee, S., Lee, D., & Hwangbo, G. (2015). Effects of lumbar</p><p>stabilization exercise on functional disability and lumbar lordosis angle in patients</p><p>with chronic low back pain. Journal Physical Therapy Science, 27, 19831985.</p><p></p><p>Chou, R., & Shekelle, P. (2010). Will this patient develop persistent disabling low back</p><p>pain? JAMA, 303(13), 12951302.</p><p></p><p>Christiansen, S., & Cohen, S. P. (2018). Chronic Pain: Pathophysiology and</p><p>Mechanisms.</p><p></p><p>Clayton, L. T. (2001). Tabers cyclopedic medical Dictionary. In 9th ed. New Delhi:</p><p>Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers.</p><p></p><p>Coderre, T. J., Katz, J., Vaccarino, A. L., & Melzack, R. (1993). Contribution of central</p><p>neuroplasticity to pathological pain: Review of clinical and experimental</p><p>evidence. Pain, 52, 259285.</p><p></p><p>Cohen, J. (1988). The Analysis of Variance. In Statistical Power Analysis for the</p><p>Behavioral Sciences, 2nd Ed., Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. (p. 291).</p><p></p><p>Conrad, M. (2016). The Basics of Dry Cupping: Beginners Guide: The Benefits of Dry</p><p>Cupping with a Simple How to Guide.</p><p></p><p>Cosgray, N. A., Lawrence, S. E., Mestrich, J. D., Martin, S. E., & Whalen, R. L. (2004).</p><p>Effect of Heat Modalities on Hamstring Length : A Comparison of Pneumatherm,</p><p>Moist Heat Pack, and a Control. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther, 34(7), 377384.</p><p></p><p>Courtney, C. A., Fernndez-de-las-peas, C., Bond, S., Courtney, C. A., Fernndez-delas-</p><p>peas, C., & Bond, S. (2017). Mechanisms of chronic pain key</p><p>considerations for appropriate physical therapy management. Journal of Manual</p><p>& Manipulative Therapy, 9817(March), 110.</p><p>https://doi.org/10.1080/10669817.2017.1300397</p><p></p><p>Cramer, H., Baumgarten, C., Choi, K., Lauche, R., Joyonto, F., Musial, F., & Dobos,</p><p>G. (2012). Thermotherapy self-treatment for neck pain relief A randomized</p><p>controlled trial. European Journal of Integrative Medicine, 4(4), e371e378.</p><p>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eujim.2012.04.001</p><p></p><p>Cramer, H., Lauche, R., Hohmann, C., Choi, K. E., Rampp, T., Musial, F., Langhorst,</p><p>J., & Dobos, G. (2011). Randomized controlled trial of pulsating cupping</p><p>(pneumatic pulsation therapy) for chronic neck pain. Forschende</p><p>Komplementarmedizin, 18(6), 327334. https://doi.org/10.1159/000335294</p><p></p><p>Daniels, C., Huang, G. D., Feuerstein, M., & Lopez, M. (2005). Self- report measure of</p><p>low back- related biomechanical exposures: clinical validation. Journal of</p><p>Occupational Rehabilitation, 15(2), 113128.</p><p></p><p>Dar, A. K., Lone, A. H., & Haji, A. (2015). Therapeutic application of Al Hijamah</p><p>(cupping therapy) in osteoarthritis of the knee. Int J Res Dev Pharm L Sci, 4(3),</p><p>15401544.</p><p></p><p>Davidson, M., & Keating, J. L. (2002). A comparison of five low back disability</p><p>questionnaires : reliability and resposiveness. Physical Therapy, 82(1), 824.</p><p></p><p>Deyo, R. A. (1988). Measuring the functional status of patients with low back pain.</p><p>Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 69(104453).</p><p></p><p>Diamond, S., & Freitag, F. (1986). Cold as an adjunctive therapy for headache.</p><p>Postgraduate Medicine, 79(1), 305309.</p><p></p><p>Dillard, J. N., & Knapp, S. (2005). Complementary and Alternative Pain Therapy in the</p><p>Emergency Department. Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America, 23, 529</p><p>549. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emc.2004.12.015</p><p></p><p>Dogan, K. ., Tur, B. S., Kurtais, Y., & Atay, M. B. (2008). Comparison of three</p><p>different approaches in the treatment of chronic low back pain. Clinical</p><p>Rheumatology, 27, 873881. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10067-007-0815-7</p><p></p><p>Doozan, A. (2015). The use of cupping as a myofascial release tool to increase iliotibial</p><p>band flexibility in collegiate football athletes A Thesis Presented to The Faculty</p><p>of the College of Graduate Studies Lamar University. May, 133.</p><p></p><p>Doualla, M., Aminde, J., Aminde, L. N., Lekpa, F. K., Kwedi, F. M., Yenshu, E. V., &</p><p>Chichom, A. M. (2019). Factors influencing disability in patients with chronic low</p><p>back pain attending at. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 20(25), 111.</p><p></p><p>Duarte, M. C. S., Loureiro, L. S. N. L., Fernandes, M. G. M., Nbrega, M. M. L., &</p><p>Costa, K. N. F. M. (2012). Functional disability in the elderlys conceptual</p><p>analysis. J Nurs UFPE, 6(10), 23482355.</p><p></p><p>Edemekong, P. F., & Levy, S. B. (2019). Activities of daily living (ADLs). Treasure</p><p>Island: StatPearls.</p><p></p><p>Ehrlich, G. E. (2003). Low back pain. Bulletin of the World Health Organization,</p><p>81(09), 671676.</p><p></p><p>El Sayed, S. M., Mahmoud, H. S., & Nabo, M. M. H. (2013). Methods of wet cupping</p><p>therapy (Al-Hijamah): in light of modern medicine and prophetic medicine. Altern</p><p>Integr Med., 2(1000111).</p><p></p><p>El Sayed, S. M., Mahmoud, H. S., & Nabo, M. M. H. (2018). Medical and scientific</p><p>bases of wet cupping therapy (al-hijamah): In light of modern medicine and</p><p>prophetic medicine. Alternative Integrated Medicine, January.</p><p>https://doi.org/10.32388/234874</p><p></p><p>Engel, G. L. (1999). Psychogenic Pain and the Pain-Prone Patient.</p><p></p><p>Eun-jung, K., Young-doo, C., Chi-yeon, L., Kyung-ho, K., & Seung-deok, L. (2015).</p><p>Effect of heating and cooling combination therapy on patients with chronic low</p><p>back pain : study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials, 15.</p><p>https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-015-0800-4</p><p></p><p>Fairbank, J. C., & Pynsent, P. B. (2000). The Oswestry Disability Index. Spine (Phila</p><p>Pa 1976), 25(22), 29402952; discussion 2952.</p><p>https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-200011150-00017</p><p></p><p>Fairbank, J., Couper, J., Davies, J., & Al., E. (1980). The Oswestry Low Back Pain</p><p>Questionnaire. Physiotherapy, 66, 271273.</p><p></p><p>Farhadi, K., Schwebel, D. C., Saeb, M., Choubsaz, M., Mohammadi, R., & Ahmadi, A.</p><p>(2009). The effectiveness of wet-cupping for nonspecific low back pain in Iran: A</p><p>randomized controlled trial. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 17(1), 915.</p><p></p><p>Ferreira-Valente, M. A., Pais-Ribeiro, J. L., & Jensen, M. P. (2011). Validity of four</p><p>pain intensity rating scales. Pain, 152, 23992404.</p><p></p><p>French, S. D., Cameron, M., Walke, B. F., Reggars, J. W., & Esterman, A. J. (2006).</p><p>Superficial heat or cool for low back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev.</p><p>https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ 14651858</p><p></p><p>Fuentes-len, P., Jara-poblete, N., Bastas-snchez, P., Vitzel, K. F., & Marzuca-Nassr,</p><p>G. N. (2016). Heat transfer by three types of hot pack and its implication on the</p><p>flexibility of the lower back : a randomized , controlled trial. Fisioter Pesqui,</p><p>23(2), 201209. https://doi.org/10.1590/1809-2950/15088923022016</p><p></p><p>Gao, L. W. (2004). Practical cupping therapy. Beijing: Academy Press., 4-7. Chinese.</p><p></p><p>Global Burden Disease. (2016). Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence</p><p>Collaborators. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years</p><p>lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990-2016: a</p><p>systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease.</p><p></p><p>Genevay, S., Cedraschi, C., Courvoisier, D. S., Perneger, T. V., Grandjean, R., Griesser,</p><p>A. C., & Monnon, D. (2011). Work- related characteristics of back and neck pain</p><p>among employees of a Swiss University Hospital. Joint Bone Spine, 78, 92397.</p><p></p><p>George, S. Z., & Beneciuk, J. M. (2015). Psychological predictors of recovery from</p><p>low back pain: a prospective study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord, 16(49).</p><p></p><p>Girishchandra, S. J., Sannasi, R., & Ishwarbhai, S. S. (2016). Development and analysis</p><p>of validity and reliability of the Kannada version of Oswestry Disability Index.</p><p>Indian Journal of Rheumatology, 11, 9196.</p><p>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.injr.2016.03.008</p><p></p><p>Grabovac, I., & Dorner, T. E. (2019). Association between low back pain and various</p><p>everyday performances: Activities of daily living, ability to work and sexual</p><p>function. The Central European Journal of Medicine, 131(2122), 541549.</p><p>https://doi.org/10.1007/s00508-019-01542-7</p><p></p><p>Guild, D. G. (2012). Mechanical therapy for low back pain. Primary Care Clinics in</p><p>Office Practice, 39(3), 511516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pop.2012.06.006</p><p></p><p>Hanan, S. A., & Eman, S. E. (2013). Cupping therapy (Al-Hijama): its impact on</p><p>persistent non-specific lower back pain and client disability. Life Science Journal,</p><p>10(4), 631642.</p><p></p><p>Hartrick, C. T., Kovan, J. P., & Shapiro, S. (2003). The Numeric rating scale for clinical</p><p>pain measurement : A ratio measure? World Institute of Pain, 3(4), 310316.</p><p></p><p>Helmes, E. (2000). Function and disability or quality of life? Issues illustrated by the</p><p>Osteoporosis Functional Disability Questionnaire (OFDQ). Quality of Life</p><p>Research, 9, 755761.</p><p></p><p>Henschke, N., Maher, C. G., Refshauge, K. M., Herbert, R. D., Cumming, R. G.,</p><p>Bleasel, J., & Al., E. (2008). Prognosis in patients with recent onset low back pain</p><p>in primary care [abstract]. BMJ, 337, a171.</p><p></p><p>Hernandez-Peon, A., Scherrer, H., & Jouvet, M. (1960). Modification of electrical</p><p>activity in cholear nucleus during attention. Science, 123, 331332.</p><p></p><p>Hestbaek, L., Leboeuf-Yde, C., & Manniche, C. (2003). Low back pain: what is the</p><p>long- term course? A review of studies of general patient populations. Eur Spine</p><p>J, 12(2), 149165</p><p></p><p>Hjermstad, M. J., Fayers, P. M., Haugen, D. F., Caraceni, A., Hanks, G. W., Loge, J.</p><p>H., Fainsinger, R., Aass, N., & Kaasa, S. (2011). Studies comparing Numerical</p><p>Rating Scales, Verbal Rating Scales, and Visual Analogue Scales for Assessment</p><p>of Pain Intensity in adults : A systematic literature review. Journal of Pain and</p><p>Symptom Management, 41(6), 10731093.</p><p>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2010.08.016</p><p></p><p>Horgas, A. L., Saunjoo, L. Y., Nichols, A. L., & Marsiske, M. (2008). The relationship</p><p>between pain and functional disability in black and white older adults. Res Nurs</p><p>Health., 31(4), 341354. https://doi.org/10.1038/jid.2014.371</p><p></p><p>Huang, C.-Y., Choong, M.-Y., & Li, T.-S. (2013). Effectiveness of Cupping Therapy</p><p>for Low Back Pain: a systematic review. Acupuncture in Medicine, 31(3), 336</p><p>337. https://doi.org/10.1136/acupmed-2013-010385</p><p></p><p>Hush, J. M., Refshauge, K., Sullivan, G., Souza, L. D. E., Maher, C. G., Auley, J. H.</p><p>M. C. & Sulli-, G. (2009). Recovery : What does this mean to patients with Low</p><p>Back Pain? 61(1), 124131. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.24162</p><p></p><p>Huxel Bliven, K. C. & Anderson, B. E. (2013). Core stability training for injury</p><p>prevention. Sports Health, 5, 51422.</p><p></p><p>Itoh, K., Itoh, S., Katsumi, Y., & Kitakoji, H. (2009). A pilot study on using</p><p>acupuncture and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation to treat chronic nonspecific</p><p>low back pain. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 15(1), 22</p><p>25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2008.09.003</p><p></p><p>Jam, B. (2015). Tissue distraction release with movement (TDR-WM) to replace tissue</p><p>compression techniques. J Novel Physiotherapies., 5(4), 7797.</p><p></p><p>Jensen, M. P., Tome-Pires, C., de la Vega, R., Galan, S., Sole, E. & Miro, J. (2017).</p><p>What determines whether a pain is rated as mild, moderate, or severe? The</p><p>importance of pain beliefs and pain interference. Clin J Pain., 33, 414421.</p><p>https://doi.org/10.1097/AJP.0000000000000429</p><p></p><p>Jurjani, I. (1996). Zakheera Khawarzam Shahi. Translated by Khan HH. Lucknow:</p><p>Munshi Naval Kishore. 225226 , 637651. Urdu.</p><p></p><p>Kaul, M. P., & Herring, S. A. (1994). Superficial heat and cold. The Physician and</p><p>Sportsmedicine, 22(12). https://doi.org/10.1080/00913847.1994.11947720</p><p></p><p>Kehlet, Henrik, Jensen, T. S., & Woolf, C. J. (2006). Persistent postsurgical pain : risk</p><p>factors and prevention. The Lancet, 367, 16181625.</p><p></p><p>Kilihan, B., Banu, B., Edibe, Y., & Yavuz, Y. (2003). Reliability and construct validity</p><p>of the Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Questionnaire in the elderly with low</p><p>back pain Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Questionnaire in the elderly with</p><p>low back pain. The Pain Clinic, 15(1), 5559.</p><p>https://doi.org/10.1163/156856903321196500</p><p></p><p>Kim, J.-I., Kim, T.-H., Lee, M. S., Kang, J. W., Kim, K. H., Choi, J.-Y., Kang, K.-W.,</p><p>Kim, A.-R., Shin, M.-S., Jung, S.-Y., & Choi, S. (2011). Evaluation of wetcupping</p><p>therapy for persistent non-specific low back pain: a randomised, waitinglist</p><p>controlled, open-label, parallel-group pilot trial. Trials, 12, 146.</p><p>https://doi.org/10.1186/1745-6215-12-146</p><p></p><p>Kim, K. H., Kim, T. H., Hwangbo, M., & Yang, G. Y. (2012). Anaemia and skin</p><p>pigmentation after excessive cupping therapy by an unqualified therapist in Korea:</p><p>A case report. Acupuncture in Medicine, 30(3), 227228.</p><p></p><p>Kitchen, S. (2002). Electrotherapy Evidence based practice: Vol. pp xixii.</p><p></p><p>Kitkowski, T. M. (2017). Physical Therapy Modalities : How they Work and their</p><p>Effectiveness in the Treatment of Shoulder Pain.</p><p></p><p>Koes, B. W., Backes, D., & Bindels, P. J. E. (2018). Pharmacotherapy for chronic nonspecific</p><p>low back pain: current and future options. Expert Opin Pharmacother,</p><p>19(6), 537545. https://doi.org/doi:10.1080/14656566.2018.1454430</p><p></p><p>Kolda Doan, ., Sonel Tur, B., Kurtai, Y., & Atay, M. B. (2008). Comparison of</p><p>three different approaches in the treatment of chronic low back pain. Clinical</p><p>Rheumatology, 27(7), 873881. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10067-007-0815-7</p><p></p><p>Korthuis, R. J., & Rafael, S. (2011). Chapter 4: Exercise hyperemia and regulation of</p><p>tissue oxygenation during muscular activity. Skeletal Muscle Circulation.</p><p></p><p>Kulisch, A., Bender, T., Nmeth, A., & Szekeres, L. (2009). Effect of thermal water</p><p>and adjunctive electrotherapy on chronic low back pain: A double-blind,</p><p>randomized, follow-up study. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 41(1), 7379.</p><p>https://doi.org/10.2340/16501977-0291</p><p></p><p>Kulisch, ., Bender, T., Nmeth, A., & Szekeres, L. (2009). Original report effect of</p><p>thermal water and adjunctive electrotherapy on chronic low back pain : a doubleblind</p><p>, randomized , follow-up study. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 41, 73</p><p>79. https://doi.org/10.2340/16501977-0291</p><p></p><p>Kumar, V., Carey, M., & Robbins, S. L. (2003). Robbins Basic Pathology.</p><p></p><p>Lane, E. & Latham, T. (2009). Managing pain using heat and cold therapy. Paediatric</p><p>Nursing, 21(6).</p><p></p><p>Latash, M. L. (2008). Neurophysiological basis of movement. Human Kinetics, 84.</p><p></p><p>Lauche, R., Cramer, H., Choi, K.-E., Rampp, T., Saha, F. J., Dobos, G. J., & Musial, F.</p><p>(2011). The influence of a series of five dry cupping treatments on pain and</p><p>mechanical thresholds in patients with chronic non-specific neck pain- A</p><p>randomised controlled pilot study. BMC Complementary and Alternative</p><p>Medicine, 11(63), 111. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-11-63</p><p></p><p>Lauche, R., Materdey, S., Cramer, H., Haller, H., Stange, R., Dobos, G., & Rampp, T.</p><p>(2013). Effectiveness of home-based cupping massage compared to progressive</p><p>muscle relaxation in patients with chronic neck pain A randomized controlled</p><p>trial. PLoS ONE, 8(6). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0065378</p><p></p><p>Lauche, R., Spitzer, J., Schwahn, B., Ostermann, T., Bernady, K., Cramer, H., Dobos,</p><p>G., & Langhorst, J. (2016). Efficacy of cupping therapy in patients with the</p><p>fibromyalgia syndrome-a randomised placebo controlled trial. Nature Publishing</p><p>Group, 110. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep37316</p><p></p><p>Lee, M. S., Kim, J. I., & Ernst, E. (2011). Is cupping an effective treatment? an</p><p>overview of systematic reviews. JAMS Journal of Acupuncture and Meridian</p><p>Studies, 4(1), 14. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2005-2901(11)60001-0</p><p></p><p>Lem, H. W., & Lee, A. C. (2017). The effectivenss of ginger compress on non-specific</p><p>low back pain. Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, 9(6), 11731186.</p><p></p><p>Lim, K. G., Chuah, S. W., Too, M. E. S., Wong, Z. G., Murugesan, A., & Syed Azman,</p><p>S. A. (2015). A cross sectional study of chronic pain relief after bekam ( traditional</p><p>malay cupping) therapy. IeJSME, 9(2), 3236.</p><p></p><p>Lim, L. E. C. (1994). Psychogenic Pain. Singapore Med J, 35, 519522.</p><p></p><p>Lim, S. (2009). WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations. Evid Based Complement</p><p>Alternat Med, 7(2), 167168.</p><p></p><p>Lin, Y. H. (2003). Effects of thermal therapy in improving the passive range of knee</p><p>motion: comparison of cold and superficial heat applications. Clinical</p><p>Rehabilitation, 17, 618623. https://doi.org/10.1191/0269215503cr656oa</p><p></p><p>Liu, B. X., Xu, M., & Huang, C. G. (2008). Therapeutic effect of balance cupping</p><p>therapy on non-specific low back pain. Chin J Rehabil Theory Pract, 14, 572573.</p><p></p><p>Lizier, D. T., Perez, M. V., & Sakata, R. K. (2012). Exercises for treatment of</p><p>nonspecific low back pain. Brazilian Journal of Anesthesiology, 62(6), 838846.</p><p>https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-7094(12)70183-6</p><p></p><p>Lloyd, A., Scott, D. A., Akehurst, R. L., Lurie-Luke, E., & Jessen, G. (2004). Costeffectiveness</p><p>of low-level heat wrap therapy for low back pain. Value in Health,</p><p>7(4), 413422. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-4733.2004.74004.x</p><p></p><p>Lone, A. H., Ahmad, T., Anwar, M., Habib, S., Sofi, G., & Imam, H. (2011). Leech</p><p>therapya holistic approach of treatment in Unani (Greeko-Arab) medicine. Anc</p><p>Sci Life, 31(1), 3135.</p><p></p><p>Lowe, D. T. (2017). Cupping therapy: An analysis of the effects of suction on skin and</p><p>the possible influence on human health. Complementary Therapies in Clinical</p><p>Practice, 29, 162168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2017.09.008</p><p></p><p>Majno, G. & Joris, I. (2004). Cells, Tissues, and Diseases.</p><p></p><p>Maki, D., Rajab, E., Watson, P. J., & Critchley, D. J. (2015). Determining the feasibility</p><p>of a physiotherapist-led pain management programme for Arab patients with low</p><p>back pain in Bahrain. Elsevier Ltd., 101(1), e936.</p><p></p><p>Manek, N. J. & MacGregor, A. J. (2005). Epidemiology of back disorders: prevalence,</p><p>risk factors, and prognosis. Current Opinion in Rheumatology, 17(2), 134140.</p><p>https://doi.org/10.1097/01.bor.0000154215.08986.06</p><p></p><p>Manz, A. (2009). The art of cupping. Thieme, Stuttgart, Germany.</p><p></p><p>Mardani-Kivi, M., Montazar, R., Azizkhani, M., & Hashemi-Motlagh, K. (2019). Wet</p><p>cupping is effective on persistent nonspecific low back pain: a randomized clinical</p><p>trial. Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine, 25(7), 502506.</p><p>https://doi.org/10.1007/s11655-018-2996-0</p><p></p><p>Markowski, A., Sanford, S., Pikowski, J., Fauvell, D., Cimino, D., & Caplan, S. (2014).</p><p>A pilot study analyzing the effects of Chinese cupping as an adjunct treatment for</p><p>patients with subacute low back pain on relieving pain, improving range of motion,</p><p>and improving function. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine,</p><p>20(2), 113117.</p><p></p><p>Masihi, I. A. Q. (1986). Kitab ul Umda fil Jarrah. In CCRUM; New Delhi (Vol. 1).</p><p></p><p>Mayer, J. M., Ralph, L., Look, M., Erasala, G. N., Verna, J. L., Matheson, L. N., &</p><p>Mooney, V. (2005). Treating acute low back pain with continuous low-level heat</p><p>wrap therapy and/or exercise: A randomized controlled trial. Spine Journal, 5(4),</p><p>395403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spinee.2005.03.009</p><p></p><p>McCarthy, C. J., Roberts, C., Gittins, M., & Oldham, J. A. (2012). A process of</p><p>subgroup identification in non-specific low back pain using a standard clinical</p><p>examination and cluster analysis. Physiother Res Int., 17(2), 92100.</p><p></p><p>McCormack, H. M., Horne, D. J., & Sheather, S. (1988). Clinical applications of visual</p><p>analogue scales: a critical review. Psychol Med, 18, 10071019.</p><p></p><p>Medzhitov, R. (2010). Inflammation 2010: New adventures of an old flame. Cell,</p><p>140(771776).</p><p></p><p>Melzack, R., & Wall, P. D. (1965). Pain mechanisms: A new theory. Science, 150(699),</p><p>971979.</p><p></p><p>Menges, L. J. (1983). Chronic low-back pain. A medicalpsychological report. Soc Sci</p><p>Med, 17, 74753.</p><p></p><p>Michalsen, A., Bock, S., Ldtke, R., Rampp, T., Baecker, M., Bachmann, J., Langhorst,</p><p>J., Musial, F., & Dobos, G. J. (2009). Effects of traditional cupping therapy in</p><p>patients with carpal tunnel syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. J Pain, 10(6),</p><p>601608.</p><p></p><p>Middelkoop, Marienke Van, Rubinstein, S. M., Verhagen, A. P., Ostelo, R. W., Koes,</p><p>B. W., & Tulder, M. W. Van. (2010). Best practice & research clinical</p><p>rheumatology exercise therapy for chronic nonspecific low-back pain. Best</p><p>Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology, 24, 193204.</p><p>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.berh.2010.01.002</p><p></p><p>Minghelli, B., Oliveira, R., & Nunes, C. (2016). Postural habits and weight of</p><p>backpacks of Portuguese adolescents: Are they associated with scoliosis and low</p><p>back pain? Work, 54(1).</p><p></p><p>Mlinac, M. E., & Feng, M. C. (2016). Assessment of activities of daily living, self-care,</p><p>and independence. Arch Clin Neuropsychol., 31(6), 50616.</p><p></p><p>Moayedi, M., & Davis, K. D. (2013). Theories of pain: from specificity to gate control.</p><p>J. Neurophysiol., 109, 512.</p><p></p><p>Mousavi, S. J., Parnianpour, M., Mehdian, H., Montzeri, A., & Mobini, B. (2006). The</p><p>Oswestry Disability Index , the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire, and the</p><p>Quebec Back Pain Disability Scale: Translation and Validation Studies of the</p><p>Iranian Versions. Spine, 31(14), 454459.</p><p></p><p>Murray, D., & Clarkson, C. (2019). Effects of moving cupping therapy on hip and knee</p><p>range of movement and knee flexion power: a preliminary investigation. Journal</p><p>of Manual & Manipulative Therapy, 18.</p><p></p><p>Murtezani, A., Hundozi, H., Orovcanec, N., Sllamniku, S., & Osmani, T. (2011). A</p><p>comparison on high intensity aerobic exercise and passive modalities for the</p><p>treatment of workers with chronic low back pain: a randomized, controlled trial.</p><p>Eur J Phys Rehabil Med, 47, 18.</p><p></p><p>Nadler, S. F., Weingand, K., & Kruse, R. J. (2004). The physiologic basis and clinical</p><p>applications of cryotherapy and thermotherapy for the pain practitioner. Pain</p><p>Physician, 7, 395399.</p><p></p><p>Nadler, Scott. F., Steiner, D. J., Erasala, G. N., Hengehold, D. A., Hinkle, R. T.,</p><p>Goodale, M. B., Abeln, S. B., & Weingand, K. W. (2002). Continuous low-level</p><p>heat wrap therapy provides more efficacy than ibuprofen and acetaminophen for</p><p>acute low back pain. Spine, 27(10), 10121017.</p><p></p><p>Nanneman, D. (1991). Thermal modalities : heat and cold, a review of physiologic</p><p>effects with clinical applications. AAOHN Journal, 39(2), 7075.</p><p></p><p>Navneet, K. (2015). Textbook of Neurology.</p><p></p><p>Neely, J. G., Karni, R. J., Engel, S. H., Fraley, P. L., Nussenbaum, B., Paniello, R. C.,</p><p>& Louis, S. (2007). Practical guides to understanding sample size and minimal</p><p>clinically important difference (MCID). OtolaryngologyHead and Neck Surgery,</p><p>136, 1418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.otohns.2006.11.001</p><p></p><p>Noormohammadpour, P., Kordi, M., Mansournia, M. A., Akbari-Fakhrabadi, M., &</p><p>Kordi, R. (2018). The role of a multi-step core stability exercise program in the</p><p>treatment of nurses with chronic low back pain: a single-blinded randomized</p><p>controlled trial. Asian Spine J., 12, 490502.</p><p></p><p>Nozaki, S., Kawai, M., Shimoyama, R., Futamura, N., Matsumura, T., Adachi, K., &</p><p>Al., E. (2010). Range of motion exercise of temporo-mandibular joint with hot</p><p>pack increases occlusal force in patients with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. Acta</p><p>Myol., 29(3), 392397.</p><p></p><p>Nunes, G. S., Bender, P. U., Menezes, D., Yamashitafuji, I., Zimermann, V., &</p><p>Wageck, B. (2016). Massage therapy decreases pain and perceived fatigue after</p><p>long-distance Ironman triathlon : a randomised trial. Journal Of Physiotherapy,</p><p>62, 8387.</p><p></p><p>Okada, K., Yamaguchi, T., Minowa, K., & Inoue, N. (2005). The influence of hot pack</p><p>therapy on the blood flow in masseter muscles. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation, 32,</p><p>480486.</p><p></p><p>Ones, K., Tetik, S., Tetik, C., & Ones, N. (2006). The effects of heat on osteoarthritis</p><p>of the knee. The Pain Clinic, 18(1), 6775.</p><p></p><p>Pengel, L. H., Herbert, R. D., Maher, C. G., & Refshauge, K. M. (2003). Acute LBP:</p><p>systematic review of its prognosis. BMJ, 327(3).</p><p></p><p>Petering, R. C., & Webb, C. (2011). Treatment options for low back pain in athletes.</p><p>Sports Health, 550555. https://doi.org/10.1177/1941738111416446</p><p></p><p>Poitras, S., & Brosseau, L. (2008). Evidence-informed management of chronic low</p><p>back pain with transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, interferential current,</p><p>electrical muscle stimulation, ultrasound, and thermotherapy. Spine Journal, 8(1),</p><p>226233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spinee.2007.10.022</p><p></p><p>Portney, L. G., & Watkins, M. P. (2000). Foundations of Clinical Research :</p><p>Applications to Practise.</p><p></p><p>Prentice, W. (2012). Injury assessment and rehabilitation. Therapeutic Modalities in</p><p>Rehabilitation, 163190.</p><p></p><p>Prentice, & William, E. (1998). Therapeutic Modalities for Allied Health Professionals.</p><p>McGraw-Hill.</p><p></p><p>Price, D. D. (2000). Psychological and neural mechanisms of the affective dimension</p><p>of pain. Science, 288, 17691772.</p><p></p><p>Puengsuwan, P., Kamolrat, T., Siritaratiwat, W., Arayauuchanon, P., & Saetan, O.</p><p>(2009). A comparative study of heat effect between hot pack and Thai herbal ball</p><p>on pain and physiological changes. Physical, Journal of Medical Technology And,</p><p>21(1), 7482.</p><p></p><p>Qaseem, A., Wilt, T. J., McLean, R. M., & Al., E. (2017). Noninvasive treatments for</p><p>acute, subacute, and chronic low back pain: a clinical practice guideline from the</p><p>American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med, 166, 514530.</p><p></p><p>Qureshi, N. A., Ali, G. I., Abushanab, T. S., & El-olemy, A. T. (2017). History of</p><p>cupping ( Hijama ): a narrative review of literature. Journal of Integrative</p><p>Medicine, 15(3), 172181. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2095-4964(17)60339-X</p><p></p><p>Rahim-Williams, F. B., Riley, J. L., Herrera, D., Campbell, C. M., Hastie, B. A., &</p><p>Fillingim, R. B. (2007). Ethnic identity predicts experimental pain sensitivity in</p><p>African American and Hispanics. Pain, 129, 177184.</p><p></p><p>Razi, A. M. B. Z. (2002). Translated by the Central Council for Research in Unani</p><p>Medicine. New Delhi: Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India.</p><p>Kitab Al Mansoori, 284, 391394.</p><p></p><p>Reigo, T., Tropp, H., & Timpka, T. (2001). Absence of back disorders in adults and</p><p>work- related predictive factors in a 5- year perspective. Eur Spine J, 10, 215220.</p><p></p><p>Riley, E., Splittstoesser, M. S., Marras, W. S., & Best, T. M. (2012). Immune response</p><p>to low back pain risk factors. BoneWork, 41(1), 17.</p><p>https://doi.org/10.1038/jid.2014.371</p><p></p><p>Robertson, V. J., & Spurrit, D. (1998). Electrophysical agents : lmplications of their</p><p>availability and use in undergraduate clinical placements. Physiotherapy, 84(7),</p><p>335344.</p><p></p><p>Robertson, V., Ward, A., Low, J., & Reed, A. (2006). Electrotherapy explained:</p><p>Principles and practice.: Vol. 4th Ed.</p><p></p><p>Roland, M., & Dixon, M. (1989). Randomized controlled trial of an educational booklet</p><p>for patients presenting with back pain in general practice. J R Coll Gen Pract, 39,</p><p>244246.</p><p></p><p>Sadek, T. (2016). Effects of cupping therapy based on stabilization core exercises on</p><p>low back pain for soccer players in state of United Arab Emirates. Science,</p><p>Movement and Health, XVI(2), 684690.</p><p></p><p>Sahin, N., Albayrak, I., Durmus, B., & Ugurlu, H. (2011). Effectiveness of back school</p><p>for treatment of pain and functional disability in patients with chronic low back</p><p>pain : A randomized controlled trial. J Rehabil Med., 43, 224229.</p><p>https://doi.org/10.2340/16501977-0650</p><p></p><p>Schafer, M. (2018). The acute effects of cupping therapy on hamstring range of motion</p><p>compared to sham. UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and</p><p>Capstones, 3324.</p><p></p><p>Searle, A., Spink, M., Ho, A., & Chuter, V. (2015). Exercise interventions for the</p><p>treatment of chronic low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of</p><p>randomised controlled trials. Clinical Rehabilitation, 29(12), 11551167.</p><p>https://doi.org/10.1177/0269215515570379</p><p></p><p>Seminowicz, D., Pustilnik, A., Gioioso, M. K., Chandler, J., & Dinerstein, R. (2015).</p><p>Chronic pain, psychogenic pain, and emotion. Journal of Health Care Law and</p><p>Policy, 18(2).</p><p></p><p>Serhan, C. N., & Savill, J. (2005). Resolution of inflammation: the beginning programs</p><p>the end. Nat Immunol, 6(12), 11911197.</p><p></p><p>Sheikho, M. A. (2011). Cupping: a prophetical medicine appears in its new scientific</p><p>perspective. North Charleston: Create Space Independent Publishing Platform,</p><p>1215.</p><p></p><p>Shixi, H., & Yu, C. (2006). Cupping therapy. J Chin Med, 82, 5257.</p><p></p><p>Siddall, P. J., & Cousins, M. J. (1997). Spinal pain mechanisms. Spine, 22(1), 98104.</p><p></p><p>Smalls, S. (2016). Cupping Therapy: The Ultimate Guide on How To Do It Yourself.</p><p></p><p>Spadoni, G. F., Stratford, P. W., Solomon, P. E., & Wishart, L. R. (2004). The</p><p>evaluation of change in pain intensity : A Comparison of the P4 and Single-Item</p><p>Numeric Pain Rating Scales. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy,</p><p>34(4), 187193.</p><p></p><p>Stamm, T. A., Pieber, K., Crevenna, R., & Al., E. (2016). Impairment in the activities</p><p>of daily living in older adults with and without osteoporosis, osteoarthritis</p><p>andchronicbackpain: a secondary analysis of population-based health survey data.</p><p>BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 17(139). https://doi.org/https://doi.</p><p>org/10.1186/s12891-016-0994-y.</p><p></p><p>Stanton, T. R., Henschke, N., Maher, C. G., Refshauge, K. M., Latimer, J., & McAuley,</p><p>J. H. (2008). After an episode of acute low back pain, recurrence is unpredictable</p><p>and not as common as previously thought. Spine, 33(26), 29232928.</p><p></p><p>Stochkendahl, M. J., Kjaer, P., Hartvigsen, J., & Al., E. (2018). National Clinical</p><p>Guidelines for non-surgical treatment of patients with recent onset low back pain</p><p>or lumbar radiculopathy. Eur Spine J, 27, 6075.</p><p></p><p>Stucky, C. L., Gold, M. S., & Zhang, X. (2001). Mechanisms of pain. 98(21), 11845</p><p>11846.</p><p></p><p>Stux, G., & Pomeranz, B. (1998). Basics of acupuncture. Springer, Heidelberg, 4,</p><p>Germany.</p><p></p><p>Sultana, A., & Rahman, K. (2012). Effect of traditional dry cupping therapy on heavy</p><p>menstrual bleeding in menorrhagia : A preliminary study. International Journal of</p><p>Genuine TraditionaL Medicine, 2(4). https://doi.org/10.5667/tang.2012.0030</p><p></p><p>Szymanski, D. J. (2001). Recommendations for the avoidance of delayed onset muscle</p><p>soreness. Strength Cond J, 23, 713.</p><p></p><p>Tagil, S. M., Celik, H. T., Ciftci, S., Kazanci, F. H., Arslan, M., Erdamar, N., Kesik,</p><p>Y., Erdamar, H., & Dane, S. (2014). Wet cupping removes oxidants and decreases</p><p>oxidative stress. Complement Ther Med., 22(6), 10321036.</p><p></p><p>Tam, J. Z., Wan Puteh, S. E., & Ismail, N. H. (2014). Challenges in determining</p><p>occupational related chronic low back pain among employees : a review of the</p><p>literature. Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine, 14(3), 817.</p><p></p><p>Tanner, J. (1987). British Holistic Medical Association : Beating Back Pain; A</p><p>practical self-help guide to prevention and treatment.</p><p></p><p>Tepperrnan, P. S., & Devlin, M. (1983). Therapeutic heat and cold. Postgraduate</p><p>Medicine, 73(1), 6976.</p><p></p><p>Teut, M, Ullmann, A., Ortiz, M., Rotter, G., Binting, S., Cree, M., Lotz, F., Roll, S., &</p><p>Brinkhaus, B. (2018). Pulsatile dry cupping in chronic low back pain a</p><p>randomized three-armed controlled clinical trial. BMC Complementary and</p><p>Alternative Medicine (2018), 18(155), 19.</p><p></p><p>Teut, Michael, Kaiser, S., Ortiz, M., Roll, S., Binting, S., Willich, S. N., & Brinkhaus,</p><p>B. (2012). Pulsatile dry cupping in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee a</p><p>randomized controlled exploratory trial. BMC Complementary and Alternative</p><p>Medicine, 12(184).</p><p></p><p>Tham, L. M., Lee, H. P., & Lu, C. (2006). Cupping : from a biomechanical perspective.</p><p>J of Biomech, 39, 21832193.</p><p></p><p>Theofanidis, D., & Fountouki, A. (2019). Limitations and delimitations in the research</p><p>process. Perioperative Nursing (GORNA), 7(3), 155162.</p><p>https://doi.org/http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2552022</p><p></p><p>Tramer, M. R., Moore, R. A., Reynolds, D. J., & McQuary, H. J. (2000). Quantitative</p><p>estimation of rare adverse events which follow a biological progression: a new</p><p>model applied to chronic NSAID use. Pain, 85(16982).</p><p></p><p>Turgut, M., Uslu, S., Uysal, A., Yurtseven, M. E., & Ustun, H. (2003). Changes in</p><p>vascularity of cartilage endplate of degenerated intervertebral discs in response to</p><p>melatonin administration in rats. Neurosurgical Review, 26(2), 133138.</p><p></p><p>Ullah, K., Younis, A., & Wali, M. (2006). An investigation into the effect of cupping</p><p>therapy as a treatment for anterior knee pain and its potential role in health</p><p>promotion. The Internet Journal of Alternative Medicine, 4(1), 19.</p><p></p><p>Urooj, S., Jahangir, U., Khan, A. A., & Zaman, F. (2016). Analgesic effect of cupping</p><p>therapy in osteoarthritis on timeline: an open comparative clinical study. Int J</p><p>Pharmacognosy, 3(7), 314318.</p><p></p><p>Van Middelkoop, M., Rubinstein, S. M., Verhagen, A. P., Ostelo, R. W., Koes, B. W.,</p><p>& van Tulder, M. W. (2010). Exercise therapy for chronic nonspecific low-back</p><p>pain. Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology, 24(2), 193204.</p><p>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.berh.2010.01.002</p><p></p><p>Van Tulder, M., Becker, A., Bekkering, T., Breen, A., Del Real, M. T. G., Hutchinson,</p><p>A., Koes, B., Laerum, E., & Malmivaara, A. (2006). Chapter 3: European</p><p>guidelines for the management of acute nonspecific low back pain in primary care.</p><p>European Spine Journal, 15(SUPPL. 2), 169191.</p><p></p><p>Vianin, M. (2008). Psychometric properties and clinical usefulness of the Oswestry</p><p>Disability Index. Journal of Chiropractic Medicine, 7, 161163.</p><p></p><p>Waddell, G., & Burton, A. K. (2005). Concepts of rehabilitation for the management of</p><p>low back pain. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol, 19, 655670.</p><p></p><p>Walker, B. F. (2000). The prevalence of low back pain: a systematic review of the</p><p>literature from 1966 to 1998. J Spinal Disord, 13(3), 2052017.</p><p></p><p>Wang, J., Wang, D., Zhao, W., Wang, Y., Pei, H., Shang, Y., Chea, V. B., & Wang, Y.</p><p>(2020). Effect of cupping therapy in the treatment of low back pain among nurses</p><p>in China. Journal of Alternative, Complementary & Integrative Medicine, 6(092),</p><p>14. https://doi.org/10.24966/acim-7562/100092</p><p></p><p>Wang, Y., Qi, Y., Tang, F., Li, F., Li, Q., & Xu, C. (2017). The effect of cupping therapy</p><p>for low back pain : A meta-analysis based on existing randomized controlled trials.</p><p>Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation, 1, 19.</p><p>https://doi.org/10.3233/BMR-169736</p><p></p><p>Watson, T. (2000). The role of electrotherapy in contemporary physiotherapy practice.</p><p>Manual Therapy, 5, 132141.</p><p></p><p>Weller, M. A. (2001). Psychogenic pain: Perceptions, emotions and attitudes. AVMA</p><p>Medical & Legal Journal, 7(4), 156159.</p><p></p><p>World Health Organisation Global Report on Traditional and Complementary</p><p>Medicine 2019. (2019).</p><p></p><p>Williamson, A., & Hoggart, B. (2005). Pain : A review of three commonly used pain</p><p>rating scales. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 14, 798804.</p><p></p><p>Winkelstein, B. A., Weinstein, J. N., & DeLeo, J. A. (2002). The role of mechanical</p><p>deformation in lumbar radiculopathy in vivo model. Spine, 27(1), 2733.</p><p></p><p>World Health Organisation. (2008). WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific:</p><p>WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region</p><p>Manila.</p><p></p><p>Wynne-Jones, Dunn, K. M., & Main, C. J. (2008). The impact of low back pain on</p><p>work: a study in primary care consulters 2008;12:180-8. Eur J Pain, 12(1808).</p><p></p><p>Wyrwich, K. W., & Tardino, V. M. (2006). Understanding global transition</p><p>assessments. Qual Life Res, 15, 9951004.</p><p></p><p>Yasmeen, S., Amool, S., & Rizvi, S. (2013). Effects of short wave diathermy and hot</p><p>pack with back strengthening exercises in the management of acute low back pain.</p><p>Pakistan Journal of Rehabilitation, 2(2), 1522.</p><p></p><p>Yoo, S. S., & Tausk, F. (2004). Cupping: East Meets West. Int J Dermatol, 43, 664</p><p>665.</p><p></p><p>Yuen, J. W. M., Tsang, W. W. N., Sonny, H. M. T., Loo, W. T. Y., Chan, S. T., Wong,</p><p>D. L. Y., Chung, H. H. Y., Tam, J. K. K., Choi, T. K. S., & Chiang, V. C. L.</p><p>(2017). The effects of Gua sha on symptoms and inflammatory biomarkers</p><p>associated with chronic low back pain: A randomized active-controlled crossover</p><p>pilot study in elderly. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 32, 2532.</p><p>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2017.03.010</p><p></p>

The efectiveness of dry cupping and hot pack on pain relief and reduced functional disability for patients with non-specific low back pain

Similar Items