Hubungan sosioekonomi keluarga dan pengaruh rakan sebaya terhadap gejala gengsterisme murid India

Tujuan kajian ini adalah untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor penglibatan gengsterismedalam kalangan murid India di sekolah menengah. Secara khususnya, kajian inimeninjau hubungan taraf sosioekonomi keluarga dan pengaru...

Full description

Saved in:

Bibliographic Details
Main Author:	M.Sreetharan V.Marimuthu
Format:	thesis
Language:	zsm
Published:	2021
Subjects:	PL Languages and literatures of Eastern Asia Africa Oceania
Online Access:	https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=8667
Tags:	Add Tag No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!

id	oai:ir.upsi.edu.my:8667
record_format	uketd_dc
institution	Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
collection	UPSI Digital Repository
language	zsm
topic	PL Languages and literatures of Eastern Asia Africa Oceania
spellingShingle	PL Languages and literatures of Eastern Asia Africa Oceania M.Sreetharan V.Marimuthu Hubungan sosioekonomi keluarga dan pengaruh rakan sebaya terhadap gejala gengsterisme murid India
description	<p>Tujuan kajian ini adalah untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor penglibatan gengsterisme</p><p>dalam kalangan murid India di sekolah menengah. Secara khususnya, kajian ini</p><p>meninjau hubungan taraf sosioekonomi keluarga dan pengaruh rakan sebaya yang</p><p>mendorong kegiatan gengsterisme murid India. Pendekatan kuantitatif dengan reka</p><p>bentuk kajian tinjauan telah digunakan dalam kajian ini. Sampel dipilih dengan</p><p>menggunakan teknik persampelan bertujuan melibatkan 234 orang murid India</p><p>tingkatan 1, 2 dan 4 dari 7 buah sekolah menengah harian di Wilayah Persekutuan,</p><p>Kuala Lumpur. Tiga jenis instrumen kajian digunakan iaitu Inventory of Parent and</p><p>Peer Attachment (IPPA), Instrument Kuppuswamy Scale of Family Socioeconomic</p><p>Status (1976) dan Instrument Attitudes Toward Gangs (ATG). Data yang diperolehi</p><p>dianalisis secara deskriptif dan inferensi dengan menggunakan perisian SPSS. Dapatan</p><p>kajian menunjukkan bahawa min berada pada tahap tinggi bagi keempat-empat faktor</p><p>tahap sosioekonomi keluarga; persekitaran sosial tempat tinggal, pendapatan seisi</p><p>keluarga, sikap pendidikan ibu bapa dan institusi kekeluargaan. Analisis selanjutnya</p><p>menunjukkan hubungan positif yang kuat dan signifikan bagi kedua-dua taraf</p><p>sosioekonomi keluarga dan pengaruh rakan sebaya kepada penglibatan murid India</p><p>dalam gengsterisme. Kajian ini menunjukkan bahawa taraf sosioekonomi keluarga dan</p><p>pengaruh rakan sebaya merupakan faktor penglibatan murid India di sekolah menengah</p><p>dalam gengsterisme. Secara ringkasnya, kajian ini dapat memberi input terhadap guru,</p><p>ibu bapa, pemimpin masyarakat, Kementerian Pendidikan, Polis Diraja Malaysia,</p><p>Yayasan Pencegahan Jenayah Malaysia dan Institut Kajian Etnik bagi meningkatkan</p><p>keberkesanan pembasmian gejala gengsterisme dalam kalangan murid sekolah.</p>
format	thesis
qualification_name
qualification_level	Master's degree
author	M.Sreetharan V.Marimuthu
author_facet	M.Sreetharan V.Marimuthu
author_sort	M.Sreetharan V.Marimuthu
title	Hubungan sosioekonomi keluarga dan pengaruh rakan sebaya terhadap gejala gengsterisme murid India
title_short	Hubungan sosioekonomi keluarga dan pengaruh rakan sebaya terhadap gejala gengsterisme murid India
title_full	Hubungan sosioekonomi keluarga dan pengaruh rakan sebaya terhadap gejala gengsterisme murid India
title_fullStr	Hubungan sosioekonomi keluarga dan pengaruh rakan sebaya terhadap gejala gengsterisme murid India
title_full_unstemmed	Hubungan sosioekonomi keluarga dan pengaruh rakan sebaya terhadap gejala gengsterisme murid India
title_sort	hubungan sosioekonomi keluarga dan pengaruh rakan sebaya terhadap gejala gengsterisme murid india
granting_institution	Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
granting_department	Fakulti Sains Kemanusiaan
publishDate	2021
url	https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=8667
_version_	1776104552409333760
spelling	oai:ir.upsi.edu.my:86672023-02-13 Hubungan sosioekonomi keluarga dan pengaruh rakan sebaya terhadap gejala gengsterisme murid India 2021 M.Sreetharan V.Marimuthu PL Languages and literatures of Eastern Asia, Africa, Oceania <p>Tujuan kajian ini adalah untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor penglibatan gengsterisme</p><p>dalam kalangan murid India di sekolah menengah. Secara khususnya, kajian ini</p><p>meninjau hubungan taraf sosioekonomi keluarga dan pengaruh rakan sebaya yang</p><p>mendorong kegiatan gengsterisme murid India. Pendekatan kuantitatif dengan reka</p><p>bentuk kajian tinjauan telah digunakan dalam kajian ini. Sampel dipilih dengan</p><p>menggunakan teknik persampelan bertujuan melibatkan 234 orang murid India</p><p>tingkatan 1, 2 dan 4 dari 7 buah sekolah menengah harian di Wilayah Persekutuan,</p><p>Kuala Lumpur. Tiga jenis instrumen kajian digunakan iaitu Inventory of Parent and</p><p>Peer Attachment (IPPA), Instrument Kuppuswamy Scale of Family Socioeconomic</p><p>Status (1976) dan Instrument Attitudes Toward Gangs (ATG). Data yang diperolehi</p><p>dianalisis secara deskriptif dan inferensi dengan menggunakan perisian SPSS. Dapatan</p><p>kajian menunjukkan bahawa min berada pada tahap tinggi bagi keempat-empat faktor</p><p>tahap sosioekonomi keluarga; persekitaran sosial tempat tinggal, pendapatan seisi</p><p>keluarga, sikap pendidikan ibu bapa dan institusi kekeluargaan. Analisis selanjutnya</p><p>menunjukkan hubungan positif yang kuat dan signifikan bagi kedua-dua taraf</p><p>sosioekonomi keluarga dan pengaruh rakan sebaya kepada penglibatan murid India</p><p>dalam gengsterisme. Kajian ini menunjukkan bahawa taraf sosioekonomi keluarga dan</p><p>pengaruh rakan sebaya merupakan faktor penglibatan murid India di sekolah menengah</p><p>dalam gengsterisme. Secara ringkasnya, kajian ini dapat memberi input terhadap guru,</p><p>ibu bapa, pemimpin masyarakat, Kementerian Pendidikan, Polis Diraja Malaysia,</p><p>Yayasan Pencegahan Jenayah Malaysia dan Institut Kajian Etnik bagi meningkatkan</p><p>keberkesanan pembasmian gejala gengsterisme dalam kalangan murid sekolah.</p> 2021 thesis https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=8667 https://ir.upsi.edu.my/detailsg.php?det=8667 text zsm closedAccess Masters Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris Fakulti Sains Kemanusiaan <p>Abbas Sheer., Li Shouping., Fatima Sidra., & Azhar Sharif. (2018). Impact of crime on</p><p>social- economic development: A study of Karachi. Malaysian Journal of Social</p><p>Sciences and Humanities, 3(3), 148-159.</p><p></p><p>Abdul Aziz Mohd Hashim. (1987). Pengganguran merupakan faktor utama</p><p>menyebabkan peningkatan jenayah pecah rumah di daerah Temerloh. Royal</p><p>Malaysian Police Journal. Dimuat turun daripada https:// www.coursehero.</p><p>com/file/ p6eg45n/Further- the -states -of-Kuala-Lumpur-and-PPinang-eachhaving-</p><p>a-population-far/</p><p></p><p>Abdul Fatah Malik., & Mohd Majid Konting. (1993). Memahami penyelidikan</p><p>pendidikan: Satu pengenalan. Serdang, Malaysia: Penerbit Universiti Pertanian</p><p>Malaysia.</p><p></p><p>Abdul Halim Tamuri., Zuria Mahmud., & Safani Bari. (2005). Permasalahan pelajarpelajar</p><p>fakir miskin di daerah Sabak Bernam. Jurnal Pendidikan, 30(1), 21-33.</p><p></p><p>Abdul Kadir, N.B., Rahim, S.A., Mustapha, Z., Abdul Mutalib, M.H., Kee, C.P., &</p><p>Mohamed, R.H. (2012). External assets as predictors of positive emotions</p><p>among at-risk youth in Malaysia. Asian Journal of Social Work and Policy</p><p>Review, 6(1), 203-217.</p><p></p><p>Abdul Malek., & Mohammad Nasir. (2003, Jun). Group counselling among aggressive</p><p>bullies student. Kertas kerja yang dibentangkan dalam Malaysian Counselling</p><p>Association (PERKAMA) Conference-XI pada 25-27 Jun, 2003 di Johor Bahru.</p><p></p><p>Abdul Munir Ismail., Misnan Jemali., & Mohd Noor Daud. (2014). Dakwah ibu bapa</p><p>kepada anak-anak: Kajian dalam kalangan suku Banjar Daerah Krian, Perak,</p><p>Malaysia. Jurnal Sains Sosial dan Kemanusiaan, 6(2), 42-50.</p><p></p><p>Abdul Munir Ismail., Shaharizah Mohamad Salleh., & Misnan Jemali. (2016). Analisis</p><p>bentuk didikan ibu bapa bagi membentuk sahsiah cemerlang: Kajian di sekolah</p><p>menengah kebangsaan Pulau Sebang, Alor Gajah, Melaka. Jurnal Sains Sosial</p><p>dan Kemanusiaan, 8(2), 1-10.</p><p></p><p>Abdul Muqsith Ahmad., Zahara Hussin., Maisarah Malik., Farazila Yusof., & Mohd</p><p>Ridhuan Mohd Jamil. (2017). Masalah etika dan akhlak pelajar kemahiran</p><p>kejuruteraan analysis keperluan. Jurnal Kurikulum & Pengajaran Asia Pasifik,</p><p>5(2), 34-45.</p><p></p><p>Abdul Rahim Abdul Rashid. (2006). Menangani perkembangan dan masalah tingkah</p><p>laku remaja dalam keluarga. Tesis doktor falsafah yang tidak diterbitkan,</p><p>Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur.</p><p></p><p>Abdul Rahim Rashid., Sufean Hussin., & Che Hasyim Hassan. (2006). Krisis dan</p><p>konflik institusi keluarga. Kuala Lumpur: Utusan Publications.</p><p></p><p>Abdul Razak Zakaria. (2011). Hubungan konteks keluarga dengan penglibatan ibu</p><p>bapa dan pencapaian akademik anak-anak di sekolah menengah. Tesis Ijazah</p><p>Doktor Falsafah yang tidak diterbitkan, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur.</p><p></p><p>Abdullah Al-Hadi Mohamed. (1993). Faktor-faktor keluarga dan tingkah laku</p><p>penyalahgunaan dadah: Satu kajian perbandingan antara penyalahgunaan dadah</p><p>dan bukan penyalahgunaan dadah. Journal of Science and Humanities, 1(1), 41-</p><p>45.</p><p></p><p>Abdullah Mohd Noor. (2008). Pengaruh latar belakang sosial keluarga terhadap</p><p>pencapaian Sains dan Matematik dikalangan murid sekolah rendah. Dimuat</p><p>turun daripada https:// sme6044 pendidikanmatematik2017. wordpress.</p><p>com/latar -belakang-sosial- keluarga/</p><p></p><p>Afzal Muhammad. (2010). Relationship among education, poverty and economic</p><p>growth in Pakistan; An econometric analysis. Journal of Elementary Education,</p><p>22(1), 23-45.</p><p></p><p>Agensi Anti Dadah Kebangsaan. (2013). Laporan Tahunan AADK. Kuala Lumpur:</p><p>Government Printers.</p><p></p><p>Agnew, R. (1991). Longitudinal test of social control theory and delinquency. Journal</p><p>of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 28(2), 126-156.</p><p></p><p>Ahmad Fauzi Mohd Ayu., Aida Suraya Mohd Yunus., & Rosnaini Mahmud. (2018).</p><p>Pengaruh guru, rakan sebaya dan sokongan keluarga terhadap keterlibatan</p><p>matematik dalam kalangan murid sekolah menengah. Jurnal Pendidikan Sains</p><p>dan Matematik Malaysia, 8(1), 1-12.</p><p></p><p>Ahmad Ragib Mohd Salleh. (1987). Pengangguran merupakan faktor utama</p><p>menyebabkan peningkatan jenayah harta benda di negeri Pahang. Dimuat</p><p>turun daripada https://www.coursehero.com/file/p6eg45n/Further-the-statesof-</p><p>Kuala-Lumpur-and- PPinang-each-having-a-population-far/</p><p></p><p>Ajmain, S., Aminuddin, R., Ahmad Marzuki, M., & Idris, I. (2013). Kurikulum akhlak</p><p>dalam melahirkan saintis muslim beretika: Tinjauan di Malaysia. Kertas kerja</p><p>yang dibentangkan dalam SSIT, Yogyakarta-Indonesia pada 1 Oktober, 2013 di</p><p>Faculty of Islamic Civilization, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur.</p><p></p><p>Akers, J.F., Jones, R., & Coyl, D.D. (1998). Adolescent friendship pairs, similarities in</p><p>identity status development, behaviours, attitudes and intentions. Journal of</p><p>Adolescent Research, 13(1), 178-201.</p><p></p><p>Alagappar, P., Len, C.W., George, M., Lee, A.S.H., & Wong, M.S.H. (2005).</p><p>Gangsterism among teenagers in Malaysia. Dimuat turun daripada</p><p>http://www.fp.utm.my/epusatsumber/listseminar/7.qram05/session2/100.ponm</p><p>alaralaappar.pdf</p><p></p><p>Ali Hafizar Mohamad Rawi., Norida Abdullah., & Siti Nurul Suhada Shamshul Al</p><p>Kamal. (2017). Hubungan antara jenis komunikasi dan gaya asuhan ibu bapa</p><p>terhadap tingkah laku devian remaja. Journal of Human Capital Development,</p><p>10(1), 55-68.</p><p></p><p>Al-Jazeera. (2014, July 11). Malaysias gang menace. Dimuat turun daripada</p><p>https://www.aljazeera.com/program/101-east/2014/7/11/malaysias-gangmenace/</p><p></p><p>Alleyne, E., & Wood, J.L. (2012). Gang membership: The psychological evidence in</p><p>youth gangs. New York: Springer.</p><p></p><p>Amar Singh Sidhu. (2005). The rise of crime in Malaysia: An academic and statistical</p><p>analysis. Journal of the Kuala Lumpur Royal Malaysia Police College, 4(1), 17-</p><p>28.</p><p></p><p>American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental</p><p>disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.</p><p></p><p>American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental</p><p>disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.</p><p></p><p>Amin Mokhtar., & Rujhan Mustafa. (2015). Poverty alleviation: The absence of</p><p>understanding or the understanding of absence? Journal of Institutions and</p><p>Economies, 7(3), 124-141.</p><p></p><p>Aminuddin Hehsan., & Siti Noor Binti Muhamad. (2010). Tahap disiplin pelajar</p><p>sekolah masa kini. Tesis doktor falsafah yang tidak diterbitkan, Universiti</p><p>Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur.</p><p></p><p>Amir Mohd Salleh. (1999). Kajian gengsterisme di sekolah menengah harian: Unit</p><p>Penyelidikan Dasar, Bahagian Perancangan dan Penyelidikan Dasar</p><p>Pendidikan, Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia. Dimuat turun daripada</p><p>http://sipenmerah.blogspot.com/2013/03/isu-gengsterisme-di-sekolahmalaysia.</p><p>html</p><p></p><p>Amirul Ketika. (2018). Gejala gengsterisme dalam kalangan pelajar sekolah</p><p>menengah di Malaysia: Punca dan rawatan. Tesis doktor falsafah yang tidak</p><p>diterbitkan, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur.</p><p></p><p>Anbalakan, K. (2003). The New Economic Policy and further marginalization of the</p><p>Indians. Dimuat turun daripada http://web.usm.my/km/KM%2021,2003/21-</p><p>16.pdf</p><p></p><p>Andrew, C.W. (2014). Tamils and the haunting of justice: History and recognition in</p><p>Malaysias plantations. Singapore: NUS Press.</p><p></p><p>Arieff Salleh Rosman., & Wardah Mokhtar. (2006). Membentuk jati diri remaja.</p><p>Bentong: PTS Professional Publishing S/B.</p><p></p><p>Ariza Cilvia Nora., & Erlina Listyanti Widuri. (2011). Komunikasi ibu dan anak dengan</p><p>depresi para remaja. Jurnal Humanitas, 8(1), 30-33.</p><p></p><p>Arsaythamby Veloo., & Ng, C.K. (2014). Jenis amaran dan faktor ponteng sekolah</p><p>dalam kalangan pelajar sekolah menengah di Sabah. Asia Pacific Journal of</p><p>Educators and Education, 29(1), 125139.</p><p></p><p>astroAwani. (2014, Mac 29). Students involved in violent crime and gangsterism on the</p><p>rise. Dimuat turun daripada https://www.astroawani.com/berita-malaysia/</p><p>students-involved-in-violent-crime-and-gangsterism-on-the-rise-32766</p><p></p><p>astroAwani. (2017, April 22). Geng 24: Sembilan lagi pelajar sekolah ditahan. Dimuat</p><p>turun daripada http://www.astroawani.com/berita-malaysia/geng-24-sembilanlagi-</p><p>pelajar- sekolah-ditahan-140249</p><p></p><p>Asyraf Abdul Latif., & Norazilawati Abdullah. (2016). Penilaian keberkesanan program</p><p>sarana ibu bapa dalam meningkatkan pencapaian murid dalam mata pelajaran</p><p>sains sekolah rendah dengan menggunakan Modal Penilaian CIPP. Jurnal</p><p>Pendidikan Bitara, 9(1), 40-52.</p><p></p><p>Atal, Y., & Ryen, E. (1997, Mei). Poverty and participation in civil society:</p><p>Proceedings of a UNESCO/CROP round table. Kertas kerja yang dibentangkan</p><p>dalam World Summit for Social Development pada 1 Mei, 1997 di Copenhagen,</p><p>Denmark.</p><p></p><p>Azhar Salleh. (2017). Rakan sebaya cerminan kepada remaja untuk mendepani gejala</p><p>sosial. Dimuat turun daripada http://dwnsiswa.dbp.my/wordpress/?p=2886.</p><p></p><p>Azizi Ahmad., & Mohd Isha Awang. (2008). Pengukuran dan penilaian pendidikan.</p><p>Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.</p><p></p><p>Azizi Yahaya. (2008). Keluarga dalam pembentukan moral. Tesis doktor falsafah yang</p><p>tidak diterbitkan, Fakulti Pendidikan, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala</p><p>Lumpur.</p><p></p><p>Azizi Yahaya. (2010). Persepsi perlakuan agresif dan faktor yang mempengaruhi di</p><p>lima buah sekolah kawasan bandar Johor Bahru. Jurnal Teknologi, 1(1), 53.</p><p></p><p>Azizi Yahaya., & Badrulzaman Baharom. (2006). Persekitaran keluarga dan kesannya</p><p>terhadap tingkah laku devian remaja di daerah Pontian Johor. Tesis doktor</p><p>falsafah yang tidak diterbitkan, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. Johor Baharu.</p><p></p><p>Azizi Yahaya., & Rosnah Buang. (2007). Punca berlakunya masalah gejala</p><p>gengsterisme di kalangan remaja di beberapa buah sekolah menengah di empat</p><p>buah negeri. Dimuat turun daripada http://eprints.utm.my/id/eprint/1483/</p><p></p><p>Azizi Yahaya., Halimah Maalip., & Faizah Idris. (2011). Persepsi pelajar terhadap</p><p>perlakuan agresif yang berlaku di lima buah sekolah menengah di kawasan</p><p>bandar Johor Bahru. Journal of Educational Psychology and Counselling, 1(1),</p><p>1-24.</p><p></p><p>Azlan. (2013). Teori Ekologi Bronfenbrenner, perkembangan sosial, emosi dan moral.</p><p>Dimuat turun daripada https://www.slideshare.net/mobile/azlanbehadin/teoriekologi-</p><p>bronfenbrenner-21342337.</p><p></p><p>Badrulzaman Baharom. (2006). Persekitaran keluarga dan kesannya terhadap tingkah</p><p>laku devian remaja di daerah Pontian, Johor. Tesis doktor falsafah yang tidak</p><p>diterbitkan, Faculty of Education, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor.</p><p></p><p>Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-</p><p>Hall. Bandura, A., & Walter, R. (1961). Adolescent aggression. New Jersey:</p><p>Ronald Press.</p><p></p><p>Barnes, H.L., & Olson, D.H. (1985). Parent-adolescent communication and the</p><p>circumplex model. Journal of Child Development, 56(1), 438-447.</p><p></p><p>Beerthuizen, M.G.C.J., Brugman, D., Basinger, K.S., & Gibbs, J.C. (2012). Moral</p><p>reasoning moral value evaluation and juvenile delinquency: An introduction to</p><p>the sociomoral reflection measureshort form objective. Dimuat turun daripada</p><p>https://dspace.library.uunl/bitstream/handle/1874/238410/beethuizen.pdf?...1</p><p></p><p>Behrman, B.L. (1999). How does mothers schooling affect the familys health,</p><p>nutrition, medical care usage and household? Journal of Econometrics, 36(2),</p><p>119-139.</p><p></p><p>Benzies, K.M., Harisson, M.J., & Magill-Evans, J. (2004). Parenting stress, marital</p><p>quality and child behaviour problems at age 7 years, Journal of Public Health</p><p>Nursing, 21(2), 111- 121.</p><p></p><p>Berk, L.E. (1997). Child development. Boston: Allyn & Bacon Press.</p><p></p><p>BH Online. (2017, Mei 3). Sekolah, polis perlu bekerjasama atasi gangsterisme.</p><p>Dimuat turun daripada https://www.bharian.com.my/node/278575.</p><p></p><p>BH Online. (2017, Nov 15). 9.4 juta penduduk Malaysia bawah 18 tahun. Dimuat turun</p><p>daripada https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/nasional/2017/11/351090/94-</p><p>juta- penduduk-malaysia-bawah-18-tahun</p><p></p><p>BH Online. (2017, Dis 24). Kematian Zulfarhan, Nhaveen buka mata isu buli, dera.</p><p>Dimuat turun daripada https:// www.bharian .com.my /berita/kes</p><p>/2017/12/367090/kematian - zulfarhan-nhaveen-buka-mata-isu-buli-dera</p><p></p><p>BH Online. (2020, Julai 10). Had pendapatan kemiskinan RM2,208 lebih tepat. Dimuat</p><p>turun daripada https:// www. bharian. com.my /bisnes /lain-lain/2020/07/</p><p>709280/had- pendapatan-kemiskinan- rm2208-lebih-tepat</p><p></p><p>Bjerregaard, B., & Cochran, J.A. (2012). The role of school-related bonding factors and</p><p>gender: Correlates of gang membership among adolescents. Journal of Women</p><p>& Criminal Justice, 22(1), 30-53.</p><p></p><p>Bodinger-der-Uriarte. (1993). Schools rough place: Youth, drugs users and family life</p><p>in Los Angleses. Washington, DC: Educational Research & Improvement Press.</p><p></p><p>Borg, W.R., & Gall, M.D. (1989). Educational research: An introduction 5th ed. New</p><p>York: Longman.</p><p></p><p>Bourguignon, F., & Morrison, C. (2000). Income distribution, development and foreign</p><p>trade: A cross-sectional analysis. Journal of European Economic Review,</p><p>34(11), 1113-1132.</p><p></p><p>Brantingham, P.J., Tita, G.E., Short, M.B., & Reid, S.E. (2012). The ecology of gang</p><p>territorial boundaries. Journal of Criminology, 50(3), 851-885.</p><p></p><p>Bronfenbrenner, U. (1986). Ecology of the family as a context for human development</p><p>research perspectives. Journal of Developmental Psychology, 22(1), 723-742.</p><p></p><p>Buckley., & Siddiq. (2005, March 16). Gangs and gangsterism. Dimuat turun daripada</p><p>http://www.famsy.com/</p><p></p><p>Buerah Tinggak., Shanah Ngadi., & Hamimah Abu Naim. (2015). Delinkuen pelajar</p><p>dan cadangan penyelesaiannya menerusi modal pembangunan sahsiah</p><p>remaja/pelajar muslim bersepadu. Jurnal Hadhari, 7(2), 11-30.</p><p></p><p>Burgess, S.R., Hecht, S.A., & Lonigan, C.J. (2002). Reactions of the home literacy</p><p>environment (HLE) to the development of reading-related abilities: A one-year</p><p>longitudinal study. Journal of Reading Research Quarterly, 37(4), 408-426.</p><p></p><p>Capozzoli, T.K., & McVey, R.S. (2000). Kids killing kids: Managing violence and</p><p>gangs in schools. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.</p><p></p><p>Carlson, S.J., Andrews, M.S., & Bickel, G.W. (1999). Measuring food insecurity and</p><p>hunger in the United States, development of a national benchmark measure and</p><p>prevalence estimates. The Journal of Nutrition, 129(2), 510-516.</p><p></p><p>Catalano. (2003). Raising healthy children through enhancing social development in</p><p>elementary school; Results after 1.5 years. Journal of School Psychology, 41(2),</p><p>143- 164.</p><p></p><p>Chamhuri Siwar., Ferdoushi Ahmed., Ahmad Bashawir., & Md. Shahin Mia. (2016a).</p><p>Urbanisation and urban poverty in Malaysia: Consequences and vulnerability.</p><p>Journal of Applied Sciences, 10(1), 154-160.</p><p></p><p>Chamhuri Siwar., Ferdoushi Ahmed., Siti Zalikha Zahari., Nor Diana Mohd Idris.,</p><p>Mohd Shahin Mia., & Ahmad Bashawir. (2016b). Poverty mapping and</p><p>assessing the relationship between poverty and socio-demographic</p><p>characteristics of households: A study in Kelantan, Malaysia. Journal of</p><p>Environmental Science and Technology, 9(6), 407-416.</p><p></p><p>Charles Santiago. (2018). Numbers on Indian statelessness just math gone wrong, says</p><p>MP. Dimuat turun daripada https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/</p><p>nation/2018/08/28/numbers-on-indian-statelessness-just-math-gone-wrongsays-</p><p>mp/.</p><p></p><p>Chauhan, S.S. (1983). Psychology of adolescence. New Delhi: Allied Publishers Pvt.</p><p>Ltd.</p><p></p><p>Chavez, L.M., & Canino, G. (2005). Toolkit on translating and adapting instruments.</p><p>Cambridge, MA: Human Service Research Institute.</p><p></p><p>Chi, M.C., Daffern, M., Stuart, D.M., Thomas, Y.A., & Long, M. (2014). Criminal</p><p>attitudes and psychopathic personality attributes of youth gang offenders in</p><p>Singapore. Journal of Psychology, Crime & Law, 20(3), 284-301.</p><p></p><p>Chiah, W.Y. (2009). Parenting behaviours and childs adjustments amongst Malay</p><p>intact and non-intact families in Kuala Lumpur. Unpublished Bachelor of</p><p>Science Final Year Projects, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia.</p><p></p><p>Chua, Y.P. (2006). Asas statistik penyelidikan: Kaedah dan statistik penyelidikan.</p><p>Kuala Lumpur: McGraw-Hill Education Press.</p><p></p><p>Chukwukere, O.A., & Baharuddin. (2012). Risk and poverty in agriculture: Expanding</p><p>roles for agriculture cooperatives in Malaysia, geografia: Malaysia. Journal of</p><p>Social Science, 8(1), 1-11.</p><p></p><p>Cicchetti, D., & Manly, J. (2001). Operationalizing child maltreatment: Developmental</p><p>process and outcomes. Journal of Development and Psychopathology, 13(1),</p><p>755757.</p><p></p><p>Clark, R.D., & Shields, G. (1997). Family communication and delinquency. Journal of</p><p>Adolescent, 32(125), 81-92.</p><p></p><p>Cohen., Manion, L.L., & Morrison, K. (2012). Research methods in education. Journal</p><p>of Professional Development in Education, 38(3), 507-509.</p><p></p><p>Conger, R.D. (2002). Economic pressure in African American families: A replication</p><p>and extension of the family stress model. Journal of Development Psychology,</p><p>38(1), 179- 193.</p><p></p><p>Conger, R.D. (2010). Socio-economic status, family processes, and individual</p><p>development. Journal of Marriage and Family, 72(1), 685-704.</p><p></p><p>Cook, E.H. (1999). The early development of child psychophamacogenetics. Journal</p><p>of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 38(12), 1478-1481.</p><p></p><p>Creswell, J.W. (2008). Educational research panning, conducting and evaluating</p><p>quantitative and qualitative research. New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc.</p><p></p><p>Cross, W.E. (1991). Shades of black. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.</p><p></p><p>Crutchfield, R.D., & Wadsworth, T. (2003). Poverty and violence. New York, NY:</p><p>Dordrecht, Springer.</p><p></p><p>DArcy Lyness. (2013). Coping with an alcoholic parent. Dimuat turun daripada</p><p>https://m.kidshealth.org/Nemours/en/teens/coping-alcoholic.html.</p><p></p><p>Decker, S.H., & Van Winkle, B. (1996). Life in the gang: Family, friends and violence.</p><p>Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.</p><p></p><p>Demuth, S., & Brown, S.L. (2004). Family structure, family processes and adolescent</p><p>delinquency: The significance of parental absence versus parental gender.</p><p>Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 41(1), 58-81.</p><p></p><p>Derman-Sparks, L. (1993). Revising multicultural education: What children need to</p><p>live in a diverse society. Dimension of Early Childhood Journal, 22(1), 6-10.</p><p></p><p>Dmitrieva, J., Gibson, L., Steinberg, L., Piquero, A., & Fagan, J. (2014). Predictors and</p><p>consequences of gang membership: Comparing gang members, gang leaders</p><p>and non- gang affiliated adjudicated youth. Journal of Research on Adolescence,</p><p>24(2), 220-234.</p><p></p><p>Dolbasar Kasan., Shahril Marzuki., & Jamal Yunus. (2013). Pelaksanaan perancangan</p><p>strategik dan faktor penyumbang terhadap keberkesanan sekolah di sekolah</p><p>kurang berkesan di Malaysia. Management Research Journal, 2(1), 1-18.</p><p></p><p>Drost, E.A. (2011). Validity and reliability in social science research. Education</p><p>Research and Perspectives, 38(1), 105-123.</p><p></p><p>Durkheim, E. (1951). Suicide: A study in sociology. New York: The Free Press.</p><p>Economic Planning Unit. (2002). Malaysian quality of life. Putrajaya: Government</p><p>Printers.</p><p></p><p>Economic Planning Unit. (2003). Mid-term Review of the 8th Malaysia Plan 2001-</p><p>2005. Dimuat turun daripada http:/ www.pmo.gov.my/ dokumenattached/</p><p>RMK/RMK8_ MTR.pdf.</p><p></p><p>Economic Planning Unit. (2013). The Malaysian economy in figures. Dimuat turun</p><p>daripada http://www.epu.gov.my/documents /10124/2257e64f-b08d-41b7-</p><p>bed0-b6e6498c38a3.</p><p></p><p>Epstein, J.L. (2008). Improving family and community involvement in secondary</p><p>schools. The Education Digest, 73(6), 9-12.</p><p></p><p>Faizah Ahmad., Wan Nor Azriyati., Noor Rosly Hanif., & Wan Hong Kok. (2011).</p><p>Pembasmian kemiskinan bandar ke arah bandar inklusif dan sejahtera, cabaran</p><p>Kuala Lumpur. Journal of Surveying, Construction and Property, 2(1), 8.</p><p></p><p>Farmer, A.Y., & Hairston, Jr.T. (2013). Predictors of gang membership: Variations</p><p>across grade levels. Journal of Social Service Research, 39(4), 530-544.</p><p></p><p>Farrington, D.P. (1993). Understanding and preventing bullying. Journal of Crime and</p><p>Justice, 17(1), 381-458.</p><p></p><p>Faturochman., & Ambar Widaningrum. (2011). Pendidikan untuk kaum kecil. Dimuat</p><p>turun daripada http:// fatur.staff. ugm.ac. id/file/ KORAN% 20-</p><p>%20Pendidikan%20untuk%20 Kaum%20Kecil.pdf.</p><p></p><p>Fauziah Hanim Jalal., Fairuz Ain Harun., Noraini Ismail., & Nazariah Abd Samad.</p><p>(2014). Penglibatan ibu bapa dalam pendidikan awal kanak-kanak di Pusat</p><p>Anak Permata Negara. Jurnal Pendidikan Awal Kanak-Kanak Kebangsaan,</p><p>3(1), 36-61.</p><p></p><p>Fauziah Hanim Jalal., NurulAin Daud., & Nazariah Abdul Samad. (2015). Kesan</p><p>program pembangunan sahsiah terhadap pembentukan karakter pelajar. Jurnal</p><p>Bitara Edisi Khas (Psikologi Kaunseling), 8, 1-18.</p><p></p><p>Florence Looi. (2011). Recognising Malaysias stateless Indians. Dimuat turun</p><p>daripada http:// www .aljazeera .com /news/ asia-pacific/ 2011/11/ 2011112440</p><p>14548316.html.</p><p></p><p>FMT News. (2019, Sept 18). Anwar mahu kaji semula garis kemiskinan Malaysia.</p><p>Dimuat turun daripada https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/bahasa/</p><p>2019/09/18/anwar-mahu-kaji-semula-garis-kemiskinan-malaysia/</p><p></p><p>Foy, D.W., Ritchie, I.K., & Conway, A.H. (2012). Trauma exposure, post-traumatic</p><p>stress and comorbidities in female adolescent offenders and implications from</p><p>recent studies. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 3(1), 1-13.</p><p></p><p>Fraenkel, J.R., Wallen, N.E., & Hyun, H.H. (1993). How to design and evaluate</p><p>research in education. New York: McGraw-Hill.</p><p></p><p>Freire, P. (1973). Pedagogy of the oppressed. London: The Continuum International</p><p>Publishing Group Inc.</p><p></p><p>Freud. (1953). Freuds concept of the family. London: Hogarth Press.</p><p></p><p>Fuad Hadinata Yaacob. (2017, Ogos 13). 15 Geng 24 Apachee diburu. Dimuat turun</p><p>daripada https://www.hmetro.com.my/mutakhir/2017/08/253242/15-geng-24-</p><p>apachee-diburu</p><p></p><p>Gabriel Jabanathan. (2013, Sept 9). Indian gangsterism: A brief introduction. Dimuat</p><p>turun daripada www.necf.org.my>indian-gangsterism</p><p></p><p>Ganesen Kamoo., & Norani Mohd Salleh. (2014). Pengaruh struktur keluarga dan stail</p><p>keibubapaan terhadap pencapaian akademik murid India di sekolah menengah</p><p>rendah. Jurnal Kurikulum dan Pengajaran Asia Pasifik, 2(1), 44-53.</p><p></p><p>Gengeswari Krishnapillai., Kwok See Ping., Pinky Cheong Li Xin., Cheong Ka Kit.,</p><p>Lee Ying Zhen., & Liew Zhun Yeau. (2016). Secondary school choice What</p><p>do parents concern? International Business Education Journal, 9(1), 66-77.</p><p></p><p>George, D., & Mallery, P. (2003). SPSS for Windows step by step: A simple guide and</p><p>reference 4th edition. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.</p><p></p><p>Ghazali Darusalam. (2003). Keberkesanan krusus Diploma Perguruan Malaysia</p><p>(Pengkhususan Pengajian Islam) di Maktab-Maktab Perguruan Malaysia. Tesis</p><p>doktor falsafah yang tidak diterbitkan, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur.</p><p></p><p>Ghazali Darusalam., & Sufean Hussin. (2016). Metodologi Penyelididkan dalam</p><p>pendidikan. Kuala Lumpur: Penerbit Universiti Malaya.</p><p></p><p>Gonzales Nancy, A. (2009, May). Family interventions to prevent or reduce adolescent</p><p>risk behaviour. Working paper presented at Science of Adolescence Workshop,</p><p>Social and Environmental Influences and Adolescent Risk Behaviour on 28th</p><p>May, 2009 at The National Academies, Washington, D.C.</p><p></p><p>Green. (1964). Psychology of adolescence. New Delhi, ND: Allied Publishers.</p><p></p><p>Greenberg, M.T., & Armsden, G.C. (1987). The inventory of parent and peer</p><p>attachment: Relationship to well-being in adolescence. Journal of Youth and</p><p>Adolescence, 16(1), 427-454.</p><p></p><p>Griffin, K.W., Botvin, G.J., Scheier, L.M., Daiz, T., & Miller, N.L. (2000). Parenting</p><p>practices as predictors of substance use, delinquency and aggression among</p><p>urban minority youth: Moderating effects of family structure and gender</p><p>psychology of addictive behaviours. Journal of Psychology of Addictive</p><p>Behaviours, 14, 174-184.</p><p></p><p>Gurr, T.B., & Ruttenburg, C. (1967). The conditions of civil violence: First tests of a</p><p>causal model. American Political Science Review Journal, 62(4), 1104-1124.</p><p></p><p>Haddock, E. (2011). Perceptions and risk factors of gang association in a UK sample.</p><p>Tesis doktor falsafah yang tidak diterbitkan, Universiti Birmingham, England.</p><p></p><p>Hafiz Zainuddin. (2012). Gangsterisme belia India, mencari jalan pulang. Dimuat</p><p>turun daripada https://www.roketkini.com/2012/10/20/gangsterisme-beliaindia-</p><p>mencari- jalan-pulang-oleh-hafiz-zainuddin/</p><p></p><p>Halimah Abdul Rahman., & Kamariah Ibrahim. (1993). Pengurusan dan pengelolaan</p><p>Pusat Pra Sekolah. Kuala Lumpur: Fajar Bakti.</p><p></p><p>Hamidah Yusof., & Norasibah Abdul Jalil. (2012). The relationship between family</p><p>factors and motivation with academic achievement of felda students. Journal of</p><p>Contemporary Issues and Thought, 2(1), 141-151.</p><p></p><p>Hamidah Yusof., Abdul Rahman Ahmad., & Khalip Musa. (2013). Pengaruh lingkungan</p><p>sosial dan keluarga murid tahun 5 Orang Asli Semai terhadap masalah</p><p>pembelajaran. Jurnal Pendidikan Bitara, 6(1), 84-90.</p><p></p><p>Hamzah Yaqub. (1985). Etika Islam. Indonesia, Bandung: CV Deponegoro Press.</p><p></p><p>Harper, G., & Robinson, L. (1999). Pathways to risk among inner-city African</p><p>American adolescent females, the influence of gang membership. American</p><p>Journal of Community Psychology, 27(1999), 383-404.</p><p></p><p>Haslina Hassan. (2000). Gejala gengsterisme di kalangan pelajar: Fenomena yang</p><p>semakin meresahkan. Buletin Dewan Masyarakat, 6(1), 14-27.</p><p></p><p>Hassan Mohd Salleh., Osman., Mohd Nizam., Azarian., & Zoheir Sabaghpour. (2009).</p><p>Effects of watching violent movies on the attitude concerning aggression among</p><p>middle age schoolboys (13-17 Years Old). European Journal of Scientific</p><p>Research, 38(1), 141- 156.</p><p></p><p>Hassan, A.R., & Hashim, S. (2001). Poverty Statistics in Malaysia. Putrajaya:</p><p>Government Printers.</p><p></p><p>Hiatt-Michael, D.B. (2008). Family, their children's education, and the public school:</p><p>An historical review. Marriage and Family Review Journal, 43(1), 39-66.</p><p></p><p>Hill, K.G., Howell, J.C., Hawkins, J.D., & Battin-Pearson, S.R. (1999). Childhood risk</p><p>factors for adolescent gang membership, results from the Seattle Social</p><p>Development Project. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 36(3),</p><p>300-322.</p><p></p><p>Hills, J., Le Grand., & Piachaud, D. (2002). Understanding social exclusion (Eds.).</p><p>London, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.</p><p></p><p>Hirschi, T. (1969). Causes of delinquency. Berkeley, CA: University of California</p><p>Press.</p><p></p><p>Hogue, B.K., & Pianta, R.C. (1995). Homophily of internalised distress in adolescent</p><p>peer groups. Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing Inc.</p><p></p><p>Howell, D.C. (1999). Fundamental statistics for the behavioural sciences (4th ed.).</p><p>California: Brooks/Cole Publishing Co.</p><p></p><p>Huang, J., Nam, Y., & Lee, E.J. (2014). Financial capability and economic hardship</p><p>among low-income older Asian immigrants in a supported employment</p><p>program. Journal of Family and Economics Issues, 48(1), 42-50.</p><p></p><p>Ibn Miskawaih. (1961). Tahdzib Al-Akhlak. Beirut: Mansyurat Dar Maktobat Al Hayat.</p><p></p><p>Ikaheimo, O., Laukkanen, M., Hakko., & Rasanen, P. (2013). Association of family</p><p>structure to later criminality: A population-based follow-up study of adolescent</p><p>psychiatry inpatients in Northern Finland. Journal of Child Psychiatry and</p><p>Human Development, 44(2013), 233-246.</p><p></p><p>Intan Hashima Mohd Hashim. (2007). Stress, coping and social supports in the</p><p>adolescent years. Tesis doktor falsafah yang tidak diterbitkan, Universiti Sains</p><p>Malaysia, Penang.</p><p></p><p>Jaafar, J. (2004). Emerging trends of urbanisation in Malaysia. Journal of the</p><p>Department of Statistics, Malaysia, 1(1), 43-54.</p><p></p><p>Jackson, S., Bijstra, J., Oostra, L., & Bosma, H. (1998). Adolescents perceptions of</p><p>communication with parents relative to specific aspects of relationships with</p><p>parents and personal development. Adolescence Journal, 21(3), 305-322.</p><p></p><p>Jal Zabdi Mohd Yusoff. (2010). Jenayah keganasan rumah tangga (Edisi ke-2). Kuala</p><p>Lumpur: Penerbit Universiti Malaya.</p><p></p><p>Jamaludin Ahmad. (2009). Salah guna dadah: Sebab, akibat, cegah, dan rawat.</p><p>Serdang: Universiti Putra Malaysia Press.</p><p></p><p>Janakey Raman. (2010a). The Malaysian Indian dilemma: The struggles and agony of</p><p>the Indian community in Malaysia. Selangor: Nationwide Human Development</p><p>and Research Centre Publisher.</p><p></p><p>Janakey Raman. (2016b). The Malaysian Indian: Forgotten history of the colonial era;</p><p>Sweat, blood and tears. Selangor: Nationwide Human Development and</p><p>Research Centre Publisher.</p><p></p><p>Jane Teng Yan Fang., & Chang Lee Hoon. (2012). An evaluation on the best practices of</p><p>human rights in Malaysian schools. International Journal of Assessment and</p><p>Evaluation in Education, 2(1), 32-48.</p><p></p><p>Jayasooria, D. (2005). Inclusive development for urban poor & bottom 40%</p><p>communities in Malaysia: Social unrest and low income families in urban</p><p>areas: Implications for national unity; Institut Kajian Etnik (KITA). Dimuat</p><p>turun daripada https:// www.ohchr.org/ Documents/ Issues/ Poverty/</p><p>VisitsContributions/ Malaysia/Mala ysian_CSO_SDG_Alliance_Annex2.pdf</p><p></p><p>Jevtic, B. (2014). Moral judgement of delinquents. Procedia-Social and Behavioural</p><p>Sciences Journal, 149(5), 449-445.</p><p></p><p>Jeyakumar, D. (2008). The Indian poor in Malaysia: Problems and solutions. Singapore:</p><p>Times Academic Press.</p><p></p><p>Johannan Sim. (2015, Mac 24). Dei, why are so many Malaysian gang members</p><p>Indians? Dimuat turun daripada https://cilisos.my/dei-why-are-so-manymalaysian-</p><p>gang- members-indian/.</p><p></p><p>John Knight., Li Shi., & Deng Quheng. (2010). Education and the poverty trap in rural</p><p>China. Oxford Development Studies Bulletin, 38(1), 1-24.</p><p></p><p>Johnson, L.R. (2012). The relationship of personality and parental and peer</p><p>attachments with the experience and expression of anger among juvenile</p><p>offenders. Charleston SC, United States: Proquest, Umi Dissertation Publishing.</p><p></p><p>Jonaidi Arius. (2012). Analysis pertumbuhan ekonomi dan kemiskinan di Indonesia.</p><p>Jurnal Kajian Ekonomi, 1(1), 1-11.</p><p></p><p>Juvonen, J., Espinoza, G., & Knifsend, C. (2012). The role of peer relationships in</p><p>student academic and extracurricular engagement. New York, NY: Springer.</p><p></p><p>Kabiru, M.K., Faridahwati, M.S., & Ajay, C. (2014). Effects of honour codes and</p><p>classroom justice on students deviant behaviour. Procedia Journal of Social</p><p>and Behavioural Sciences, 112(1), 77-86.</p><p></p><p>Kamarul Azmi Jasmi., & Abdul Halim Tamuri. (2007). Pendidikan Islam: Kaedah</p><p>pengajaran dan pembelajaran (Islamic education: Teaching and learning).</p><p>Skudai, Johor: Penerbit UTM Press.</p><p></p><p>Kamarulzaman Kamaruddin., & Abu Bakar Nordin. (2007). Family interaction and</p><p>anxiety in family of children with learning disabilities. Jurnal Pendidikan</p><p>Bitara, 1(1), 44-58.</p><p></p><p>Kamus Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. (2010). Edisi keempat. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan</p><p>Bahasa dan Pustaka.</p><p></p><p>Kattula, D., Venugopal, S., Velusamy, V., Sarkar, R., & Jiang, V. (2016). Measuring</p><p>Poverty in Southern India: A Comparison of Socio-Economic Scales Evaluated</p><p>against Childhood Stunting. Journal of Plosone, 11(8), 160-706.</p><p></p><p>Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia. (1993). Students school discipline report. Kuala</p><p>Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.</p><p></p><p>Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia. (2012). Perekayasaan ke atas perkhidmatan</p><p>bimbingan dan kaunseling di sekolah. Kuala Lumpur: Government Printers.</p><p></p><p>Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia. (2012). Preschool to post-secondary education;</p><p>Malaysia Education Blueprint 2013 2025. Putrajaya: Government Printers.</p><p></p><p>Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia. (2017, Ogos 17). KPM dedah senarai 402 buah</p><p>sekolah Hotspot yang bermasalah dari segi disiplin dan dadah. Dimuat turun</p><p>daripada https://www.thereporter.com.my/2017/08/kpm-dedah-senarai-402-</p><p>buah- sekolah.html?m=1</p><p></p><p>Kerlinger, F.N. (1970). Foundation of behavioural research. New York: Holt, Rinehart</p><p>and Winston Press.</p><p></p><p>Kernial Singh Sandhu. (1958). Indian migration and population change in Malaya,</p><p>c.100-1957 A.D. Tesis sarjana yang tidak diterbitkan, Universiti Malaya, Kuala</p><p>Lumpur.</p><p></p><p>Khadijah Alavi., & Ann Wan Seng. (2003). Memahami latar belakang penderaan</p><p>kanak- kanak. Bentxz: PTS Publications and Distributor Sdn. Bhd.</p><p></p><p>Kishen, K.C. (2017, Dec 12). Causes and effects of gangsterism. Dimuat turun daripada</p><p>https://prezi.com/eb0n_jmk6gcv/causes-and-effects-of-gangsterism/</p><p></p><p>Klein, M.W., & Maxson, C.L. (2006). Gangs structures, crime patterns, and police</p><p>responses. New York: Oxford University Press.</p><p></p><p>Koh, S.L. (2006). Write from the start. Dimuat turun daripada http://archives.emedia.</p><p>com.my/bin/main/exe?f=doc&state=8p7j4k.3.6.</p><p></p><p>Koh, C. (2012). Moral development and student motivation in Moral Education: A</p><p>Singapore study. Australian Journal of Education, 56(1), 83-101.</p><p></p><p>Kohlberg, L. (1969). Stage and sequence: The cognitive development approach to</p><p>socialization. Chicago: Rand McNally Press.</p><p></p><p>KPKT. (2015). Miskin tegar & miskin. Dimuat turun daripada</p><p>http://www.kpkt.gov.my/ index.php/pages/view/285.</p><p></p><p>KPWKM. (2018). Impak dan hasil kepada pembangunan negara. Dimuat turun</p><p>daripada https://www.kpwkm.gov.my/kpwkm/index.php?r=portal/about&id=</p><p>Vzh2VVk4OURn WWtSNExIUkRGb2xpUT09</p><p></p><p>Krejcie, R.V., & Morgan, D.W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities.</p><p>Educational and Psychological Measurement Journal, 30(1), 607-610.</p><p></p><p>Krivo, L.J., & Peterson, R.D. (1996). Extremely disadvantaged neighborhoods and</p><p>urban crime. United States, USA: The University of North Carolina Press.</p><p></p><p>Kuhne, M., Russell Schachar, M.D., & Rosemary Tannock. (1997). Impact of comorbid</p><p>oppositional or conduct problems on attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.</p><p>Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36(12),</p><p>1715-1725.</p><p></p><p>Kulik, J.A., Stein, K.B., & Sarbin, T.R. (1968). Dimensions and patterns of adolescent</p><p>antisocial behaviour. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 32(1),</p><p>375-382.</p><p></p><p>Kuperman, S., Schlosser, S.S., Jama Lidral., & Wendy Reich. (1999). Relationship of</p><p>child psychopathology to parental alcoholism and antisocial personality</p><p>disorder. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,</p><p>38(6), 686-692.</p><p></p><p>Kusnic, M.W., & Da Vanzo, J. (1982). Who are the poor in Malaysia? The Sensitivity</p><p>of Poverty Profiles to Definition of Income, Population and Development</p><p>Review, 8(1), 17-34.</p><p></p><p>Laderchi, C.R. (2000). The monetary approach to poverty: A survey of concepts and</p><p>methods. Working paper presented at Series-QEHWPS58 on 27-28 October,</p><p>2000 at Queen Elizabeth House, University of Oxford, England.</p><p></p><p>Lai Arcenas. (2020). How to use Likert Scale. Dimuat turun daripada</p><p>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pgzqs4Hz3Tw.</p><p></p><p>Lansford, J., Dodge., Pettit., Bates, J., Crozier, J., & Kaplow, J. (2002). A 12 years</p><p>prospective study of the long-term effects of early child physical maltreatment</p><p>on psychological. Behavioural and Academic Problems in Adolescence,</p><p>Archives of Paediatrics & Adolescent Medicine Journal, 156(8), 824830.</p><p></p><p>Lee, B.C. (2006). Hak minoriti dan ugutan perbalahan antara kaum. Dimuat turun</p><p>daripada https://www.malaysiakini.com/columns/59962.</p><p></p><p>Lee, B.P., & Rasiah, R. (2015). Youth crime in Malaysia: Breaking out from the vicious</p><p>circle of poverty. Journal of Public Security and Safety, 3(1), 19-52.</p><p></p><p>Lee, L.K., Chen, P.C.Y., Lee, K.K., & Kaur, J. (2007). Violence-related behaviours</p><p>among Malaysian adolescents: A cross sectional survey among secondary</p><p>school students in Negeri Sembilan. Journal of Annals Academy of Medicine</p><p>Singapore, 36(1), 169-174.</p><p></p><p>Lenzi, M., Sharkey, J., Vieno, A., Mayworm, A., Dougherty, D., & Nylund-Gibson, K.</p><p>(2015). Adolescent gang involvement: The role of individual, family, peer and</p><p>school factors in a multilevel perspective. Journal of Aggressive Behaviour,</p><p>41(1), 386-397.</p><p></p><p>Lokanadha Reddy, G., Shyamala, V., Kusuma, A., & Santhakumari, P. (2005).</p><p>Antisocial behaviour in students: Detection and management. New Delhi:</p><p>Discovery Publishing House.</p><p></p><p>Magesvari Ramasamy., Husaina Banu Kenayathulla., & Muhammad Faizal Ghani.</p><p>(2018). Faktor sosioekonomi yang mempengaruhi kemahiran literasi kewangan</p><p>pelajar sekolah menengah di Negeri Sembilan. Jurnal Kepimpinan Pendidikan,</p><p>JuPiDi, 5(3), 10-33.</p><p></p><p>Mahyuddin, R., Pihie, Z.A.L., Elias, H., & Konting, M. (2004). The incorporation of</p><p>thinking skills in the school curriculum. Jurnal Kajian Malaysia, 22(2), 23-33.</p><p></p><p>Mahzan Arshad. (2007). The role of parents in providing education to children at early</p><p>age. Social Sciences, Education and educational Research Journal, 30(20),</p><p>129-136.</p><p></p><p>Marcus, R.F., & Betzer, P.D.S. (1996). Attachment and antisocial behaviour in early</p><p>adolescence. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 16(2), 229248.</p><p></p><p>Marimuthu, T. (1975). The influence of home background on educational careers and</p><p>aspirations of Tamil youths in Peninsular Malaysia. Unpublished PhD</p><p>Dissertation, University of Manchester, England.</p><p></p><p>Marx, K., & Engels, F. (1948). Manifesto of the communist party. Moscow: Progress</p><p>Publishers.</p><p></p><p>Maslow, A.H. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Journal of Psychological Review,</p><p>50(4), 370-396.</p><p></p><p>Matsueda, R.L., & Heimer, K. (1987). Race, family structure and delinquency: A test</p><p>of differential association and social control theories. Journal of American</p><p>Sociological Review, 52(1), 826- 840.</p><p></p><p>McDaniel, D.D. (2012). Risk and protective factors associated with gang affiliation</p><p>among high-risk youth: A public health approach. Journal of the International</p><p>Society for Child and Adolescent Injury Prevention, 18(4), 253-258.</p><p></p><p>McMillan, J.H., & Schumacher, S. (1984). Research in education: A conceptual</p><p>introduction. Boston: Little Brown Press.</p><p></p><p>Melissa Bartolome., Nordin Mamat., & Abdul Halim Masnan. (2017). Parental</p><p>involvement in the Philippines: A review literatures, International Journal of</p><p>Early Childhood Education Care, 6(1), 41-50.</p><p></p><p>Merrin, G.J., Hong, J.S., & Espelage, D.L. (2015). Are the risk and protective factors</p><p>similar for gang-involved, pressured-to-join, and non-gang-involved youth? A</p><p>social- ecological analysis. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 85(6), 522-</p><p>535.</p><p></p><p>Mey, S.C. (2010). Psychological profile of adolescents in Malaysia. International</p><p>Journal of Educational and Psychological Assessment, 4(1), 7796.</p><p></p><p>MHDR. (2019). Malaysia human development report source. Dimuat turun daripada</p><p>http://www.mhdr.my/page/150/MHDR.</p><p></p><p>Miedel, W.T., & Renolds, A.J. (1999). Parents involvement in early intervention for</p><p>disadvantaged children: Does it matters. Chicago Longitudinal Study, Journal</p><p>of Psychology, 37(4), 379-402.</p><p></p><p>Mildred Nalliah., & Rosy Thiyagarajah. (1999). Malaysia: Review of educational</p><p>events in 1998. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, 19(2), 95-102.</p><p></p><p>Miller, S. (1980). One of the guys: Girls, gangs and gender. New York: Oxford</p><p>University Press.</p><p></p><p>Moh Usman Kurniawan., Ady Soejoto., & Yoyok Soesatyo. (2015). The casual</p><p>relationship between education level, income, unemployment and poverty in the</p><p>district of Sumenep period 2003-2012. Journal of Contemporary Issues and</p><p>Thought, 5(1), 99-118.</p><p></p><p>Mohamed, R., Awang, J., Long, A.S., & Rahman, Z.A. (2017). Keperluan gelandangan</p><p>terhadap sistem sokongan agama. Jurnal Sultan Alauddin Sulaiman Shah, 4(1),</p><p>82-92.</p><p></p><p>Mohammad Rahim. (2019). Parents, be alert: Gangsters are recruiting school</p><p>students. Dimuat turun daripada http://www. astroulagam. com.my/ lifestyle</p><p>/article/88433/ parents-be-alert-gangsters-are-recruiting-school-students</p><p></p><p>Mohd Annuar Abdul Rahman., & Norshahril Abdul Hamid. (2012). Kesan persekitaran</p><p>terhadap pembangunan emosi pelajar di Fakulti Pendidikan. Tesis doktor</p><p>falsafah yang tidak diterbitkan, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia.</p><p></p><p>Mohd Azirul Ismail. (2015). Dunia gelandangan dan penyalahgunaan dadah. Dimuat</p><p>turun daripada http://www.sinarharian.com.my/kampus/dunia-gelandangandan-</p><p>penyalahgunaan-dadah-1.453040/.</p><p></p><p>Mohd Fadhilah Kamsah. (2005). Kaedah mendidik anak cemerlang. Kuala Lumpur:</p><p>Telaga Biru.</p><p></p><p>Mohd Majid Konting. (1998). Teacher effectiveness: The beliefs of effective Bahasa</p><p>Melayu teachers pertanika. Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities, 6(1), 1-</p><p>12.</p><p></p><p>Mohd Sabri Muhamad. (2002). Pengangguran dan jenayah: Satu kajian keatas</p><p>banduan dipenjara Sg. Buluh. Projek Sains Siasatan yang tidak diterbitkan,</p><p>Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur.</p><p></p><p>Mohd Salleh Lebar. (1997). Penderaan kanak-kanak di Malaysia. Terengganu: Kolej</p><p>Universiti Sains dan Teknologi Malaysia, KUSTEM.</p><p></p><p>Mohd Sharani, A., Zainal, M., & Mohamad Ibrani Shahrimin, A.A. (2003). Psikologi</p><p>perkembangan manusia. Selangor: McGraw Hill.</p><p></p><p>Montemayor, R., & Hanson, E. (1985). A naturalistic view of conflict between</p><p>adolescents and their parents and siblings. Journal of Early Adolescence, 5(1),</p><p>23-30.</p><p></p><p>Morrison, G.S., Purcell-Raban, B., & Nolan, A. (1995). Early childhood education</p><p>today: Preschool childrens reading experiences. Journal of Parent</p><p>Participation, 47(1), 26- 27.</p><p></p><p>mStar. (2017, April 22). Geng 24: Sembilan lagi pelajar sekolah ditahan. Dimuat turun</p><p>daripada https://www.mstar.com.my/lokal/semasa/2017/04/22/sembilanpelajar-</p><p>ditahan</p><p></p><p>Muhamed, K., & Haron, S. (2011). Poverty mapping: An effective approach in</p><p>determining the poor area-case study of Johor. Journal of the Department of</p><p>Statistics of Malaysia, 1(1), 4-6.</p><p></p><p>Muhammad Wafi Ramli., & Sharifah Rohayah Sheikh Dawood. (2017). Memahami</p><p>permasalahan golongan terpinggir di bandar: Kajian kes gelandangan di George</p><p>Town, Pulau Pinang. Journal of Geografi, 5(2), 78-94.</p><p></p><p>Muhammed Sharif Mustaffa., & Suria Abd Jamil. (2012). Mengenal pasti punca-punca</p><p>masalah ponteng di kalangan pelajar sekolah rendah: Satu kajian kes. Tesis</p><p>doktor falsafah yang tidak diterbitkan, Fakulti Pendidikan, Universiti Teknologi</p><p>Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur.</p><p></p><p>myMetro. (2017, Okt 3). Kaji semula hukuman buang sekolah. Dimuat turun daripada</p><p>https://www.hmetro.com.my/mutakhir/2017/10/269224/kaji-semula-hukumanbuang-</p><p>sekolah</p><p></p><p>Nadler, N.J. (1979). Quantitation and resolution in electron microscope</p><p>radioautography. The Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry, 27(11),</p><p>1531-1533.</p><p></p><p>Namri Sidek. (2017). Negeri manakah yang mempunyai jumlah sekolah bermasalah</p><p>paling tinggi di Malaysia? Dimuat turun daripada</p><p>https://iluminasi.com/bm/negeri-manakah- yang-mempunyai-jumlah-sekolahbermasalah-</p><p>paling-tinggi-di-malaysia.html.</p><p></p><p>Nanthini Ramalo. (2011). Stateless undocumented Indians. Dimuat turun daripada</p><p>http://dhrramalaysia.org.my/stateless-undocumented-indians/.</p><p></p><p>Nasir, R., Zamani, Z.A., Khairudin, R., & Wan Shahrazad, W.S. (2011). Family</p><p>functioning, self-esteem, self-concept and cognitive distortion among juvenile</p><p>delinquents. The Journal of Social Sciences, 6(1), 155163.</p><p></p><p>New Straits Times. (2017, Apr 26). IGP: Police have identified schools with</p><p>gangsterism problems. Dimuat turun daripada https:// www.nst. com.my/</p><p>news/nation/ 2017/04/ 233971/igp-police-have-identified-schools-gangsterismproblems</p><p></p><p>New Straits Times. (2017, Julai 19). Police round up 62 secret society members</p><p>detained in 3 states: IGP. Dimuat turun daripada https:// www.nst. com.my</p><p>/news/crime-courts/2017/07/258760/police-round-62-secret-society-members-</p><p>3-states-igp</p><p></p><p>New Straits Times. (2017, Ogos 17). Revealed: Full list of 402 Malaysian schools with</p><p>disciplinary, drug issues. Dimuat turun daripada https://www.nst.com.my/news</p><p>/nation/2017/08/268913/revealed-full-list-402-malaysian-schools-disciplinary-drugissues</p><p></p><p>Nilay Ozkan Kuyel, B.S. (2002). A comparison of moral reasoning and moral</p><p>orientation American and Turkish university students. Masters thesis, which is</p><p>not been published, Department of Counselling, Development and Higher</p><p>Education, University of North Texas.</p><p></p><p>Ningsih, M.P., & Hardinto Prih. (2012). Analysis dampak bantuan program</p><p>penanggulangan kemiskinan terhadap kehidupan masyarakat miskin di Desa</p><p>Pait Kecamatan Kasembon Kabupaten Malang. Jurnal Ekonomi & Studi</p><p>Pembangunan, 4(1), 133-140.</p><p></p><p>Noor Erma Abu., & Leong Kwan Eu. (2014). Hubungan antara sikap, minat, pengajaran</p><p>guru dan pengaruh rakan sebaya terhadap pencapaian Matematik Tambahan</p><p>tingkatan 4. Jurnal Kurikulum & Pengajaran Asia Pasifik, 2(1), 1-10.</p><p></p><p>Noor Zulaika Zulkhifli., & Mohd Zaihidee Arshad. (2015). Visual foto penderaan</p><p>kanak- kanak: Kesedaran dan pendidikan terhadap masyarakat di Malaysia.</p><p>Jurnal Seni dan Pendidikan Seni, 3(1), 19-28.</p><p></p><p>Nooraisah Katmun., Siti Rafizah Zakaria., & Mohd Abdullah Jusoh. (2014). Faktor</p><p>penentu masalah disiplin dalam kalangan pelajar sekolah menengah di Wilayah</p><p>Persekutuan. Management Research Journal, 3(1), 140-154.</p><p></p><p>Noradilah Abdul Wahab., Najmi Muhamad., & Mohd Sani Ismail. (2019). Pengesahan</p><p>instrumen pengukuran masalah disiplin yang berlaku dalam kalangan pelajar</p><p>Islam: Analisis penerokaan faktor (EFA). Jurnal Islam dan Masyarakat</p><p>Kontemporari 20(3), 1-7.</p><p></p><p>Noraini Idris. (2013). Penyelidikan dalam pendidikan. Edisi kedua. Kuala Lumpur:</p><p>McGraw- Hill Education Press.</p><p></p><p>Norasmah Othman., & Zaidatol Akmaliah Lope Pihie. (2003). Perbandingan</p><p>pencapaian kognitif, afektif dan kompetensi pelajar program keusahawanan</p><p>remaja yang berlainan latar belakang keluarga. Journal of Social Science &</p><p>Humanity, 11(1), 69-79.</p><p></p><p>Norhasilah Mat Nor., Aspaniza Hamzah., & Nurul Farhana Junus. (2012). Faktor-faktor</p><p>yang mempengaruhi gejala ponteng di kalangan pelajar sekolah menengah</p><p>kebangsaan Taman Selesa Jaya 2, Skudai. Journal of Educational Psychology</p><p>& Counseling, 5(1), 12-29.</p><p></p><p>Normalina Alias., & Zaid Ahmad. (2015). Poverty eradication: Government policies</p><p>and challenges to eradicate urban poverty in Malaysia. Jurnal Perspektif, 7(3),</p><p>75-80.</p><p></p><p>Norruzeyati Che Mohd Nasir. (2016). Aspek-aspek keluarga dan penglibatan remaja</p><p>perempuan dalam tingkah laku delinkuensi. The Journal of Geografi, 4(2), 54-</p><p>64.</p><p></p><p>Norzalinda Mohd Lazim. (2004). Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi penglibatan ibu</p><p>bapa dalam aktiviti PIBG di sekolah menengah akademik luar bandar di Jitra</p><p>Kedah. Tesis ijazah sarjana muda yang tidak diterbitkan, Fakulti Pendidikan,</p><p>Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.</p><p></p><p>Nurhamizah Hashim., Eizah Mat Hussain., & Nur Yuhanis Mohd Nasir. (2017). Unsur</p><p>psikologi Maslow dalam novel terpilih. Jurnal Bahasa, Pendidikan dan Sastera</p><p>Melayu, 8(1), 72-81.</p><p></p><p>Nursuhaili Baharuddin. (2010). Hubungan antara kemahiran sosial dengan tingkah laku</p><p>sosial dalam kalangan kanak-kanak prasekolah di Tabika Kemas, Beaufort.</p><p>Tesis ijazah sarjana muda yang tidak diterbitkan, Universiti Malaysia Sabah.</p><p></p><p>Nurul Hidayah Liew Abdullah., Haryati Shafii., & Seow Ta Wee. (2014). Hubungan</p><p>antara latar belakang dan teladan ibu bapa dengan tingkah laku murid terhadap</p><p>alam sekitar. The Journal of Geografi, 2(2), 115-127.</p><p></p><p>Odia, L.O., & Omofonmwan. (2007). Educational system in Nigeria problems and</p><p>prospects. Journal Social Science, 14(1), 81-86.</p><p></p><p>Olweus, D. (1993). Bullying at school: What we know and what we can do. Cambridge</p><p>MA: Blackwell.</p><p></p><p>Ong, L.C., Chandran, V., Lim, Y.Y., Chen, A.H., & Poh, B.K. (2010). Factors</p><p>associated with poor academic achievement among urban primary school</p><p>children in Malaysia. Singapore Medical Journal, 51(1), 247-252.</p><p></p><p>Patonah Zakaria., Amna Mohd Noor., & Azlina Mohd Khir. (2018). Relationship</p><p>between self- concept, family relationship and externalizing behaviour among</p><p>adolescents in Selangor. Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities,</p><p>3(3), 6-16.</p><p></p><p>Pavalache, M.I., & Tirdia, A.F. (2015). Parental involvement and intrinsic motivation</p><p>with primary school students. Journal of Procedia-Social and Behavioral</p><p>Sciences, 187(1), 607-612.</p><p></p><p>Penyata Rasmi Parlimen. (2017, Nov 6). Parlimen ketiga belas penggal kelima</p><p>mesyuarat ketiga: Pelan tindakan Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia terhadap</p><p>sekolah bermasalah di Parlimen Lembah Pantai. Dimuat turun daripada www.</p><p>parlimen.gov.my>sekolah-bermasalah-di-lembah-pantai/</p><p></p><p>Persatuan Kebangsaan Pelajar Islam Malaysia. (2012, Mei 15). Gejala gangsterisme</p><p>dalam kalangan pemuda: Salah laku secara berpersatuan. Dimuat turun</p><p>daripada http://www.pkpim.org.my/2012/05/15/gejala-gangsterisme-dalamkalangan-</p><p>pemuda- salah-laku-secara-berpersatuan/</p><p></p><p>Polis Diraja Malaysia. (2012). Bukit Aman statistics on crime. Dimuat turun daripada</p><p>https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/207296.</p><p></p><p>PPPM. (2019). Pelan pembangunan pendidikan Malaysia 2013-2025: Pendidikan</p><p>prasekolah hingga lepas menengah. Putrajaya: Government Printers.</p><p></p><p>Prinzie, P., Dekovic, M., Akker, A.L., Haan, A.D.A., Stoltz, S.E.M.J., & Hendricks,</p><p>A.A.J. (2012). Fathers personality and its interaction with childrens personality</p><p>as predictors of perceived behaviour six years later. Journal of Personality and</p><p>Individual Differences, 52(1), 183-189.</p><p></p><p>Pym, A. (2010). Exploring Translation Theories. London: Routledge.</p><p></p><p>Pyrooz, D.C., & Sweeten, G. (2015). Gang membership between ages 5 and 17 years</p><p>in the United States, Journal of Adolescent Health, 56(4), 414-419.</p><p></p><p>Quintana, S.M. (1994). A model of ethnic perspective-taking ability applied to</p><p>Mexican- American children and youth. International Journal of Intercultural</p><p>Relations, 18(1), 419-448.</p><p></p><p>Rafidah Rajimin. (2006). Hubungan pengaruh ibu bapa terhadap pencapaian</p><p>Penilaian Menengah Rendah (PMR) bagi mata pelajaran sains. Tesis doktor</p><p>falsafah yang tidak diterbitkan, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor.</p><p></p><p>Ragayah, H., & Mat Zin. (2007). Understanding the formulation of the revised poverty</p><p>line in Malaysia. Akademika, Bangi: UKM.</p><p></p><p>Rahimah Ahmad., & Noraini Mohd Salleh. (1998). Violence at school: Global issues</p><p>and interventions. Paris: UNESCO Publishing.</p><p></p><p>Rajoo, R. (2008). Indian squatter settlers: Indian rural-urban migration in West</p><p>Malaysia. Singapore: Time Academic Press.</p><p></p><p>Ramasamy, P. (1993). Socio-economic transformation of Malaysian Indian plantation</p><p>workers. Singapore: Time Academic Press.</p><p></p><p>Ramesh, M., Gangaboraiah., & Praveen, K. (2013). An Exploratory Study on Socio</p><p>Economic Status Scales in a Rural and Urban Setting. Journal of Family</p><p>Primary Medicine and Primary Care, 2(1), 6973.</p><p></p><p>Rasimah Aripin., Puziawati Abdul Ghani., & Noorizam Daud. (2000). Data</p><p>management and analysis: A simplified approach. Tesis doktor falsafah yang</p><p>tidak diterbitkan, Fakulti Teknologi Maklumat dan Sains Kuantitatif, Universiti</p><p>Teknologi Mara, Selangor.</p><p></p><p>Ravichandran, S. (2016). Protes sosial yang di gambarkan dalam cerpen Tamil terbitan</p><p>akhbar Tamil Nesan. Tesis Sarjana Muda yang tidak diterbitkan, Universiti</p><p>Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Tanjong Malim, Perak.</p><p></p><p>Rey, J.M. (1993). Oppositional defiance disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry,</p><p>150(2), 1769-1778.</p><p></p><p>Richardson, H.S. (2017). Some tips about what were looking for, ethics. Journal of</p><p>Research, Policy & Practice of Teachers & Teacher Education, 8(2), 53-70.</p><p></p><p>Robert, F.M., & Phyllis, D.S.B. (1996). Attachment and antisocial behaviour in early</p><p>adolescence. Journal of Early Adolescence, 16(2), 229-248.</p><p></p><p>Robitoh Astuti. (2011). Komunikasi orang tua dan anak perspektif kisah dalam Al-</p><p>Quran. Tesis doktor falsafah yang tidak diterbitkan, Universiti Islam Negeri</p><p>Sunan Kalijaga, Yogyakarta.</p><p></p><p>Rokiah Ismail. (2000). Delinquensi di kalangan penghuni institusi pemulihan. Bangi:</p><p>Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.</p><p></p><p>Rose, S. (1962). Britain and South East Asia. England: Johns Hopkins Press.</p><p></p><p>Roslan Suraji. (2016, Mei). Gangsterism. Dimuat turun daripada http://roslansuraji.</p><p>blogspot.com/2016/05/gangsterisme-gengstarismemerupakan-satu.html?m=1</p><p></p><p>Rosmawati Mohamad Rasit., Siti Rugayah Tibek., Hamjah Salasiah., & Fariza Mohd</p><p>Sham. (2015). Educating film audience through social cognitive theory</p><p>reciprocal model. ProcediaSocial Behavioural Sciences Journal, 174(1),</p><p>1234-1241.</p><p></p><p>Rosnidar Mansor., Azlina Ahmad., & Nik Azmah Nik Yusuff. (2016). Pembinaan</p><p>karektor unggul murid menerusi aktiviti kokurikulum. Jurnal Pendidikan</p><p>Bitara, 9(1), 1-12.</p><p></p><p>Rosniza Mohd Taha. (2008). Salah laku pelajar, Kementerian anggap ponteng masalah</p><p>disiplin paling serius. Dimuat turun daripada https://mazlan66.wordpress.com</p><p>/2008/07/28/salah-laku-pelajar/</p><p></p><p>Roziah, S., Zulkarnain, M., & Nasruddin, Y. (2011). Pengajian Islam. Kuala Lumpur:</p><p>Oxford Fajar S/B.</p><p></p><p>Rozumah Baharudin., Steven Eric Krauss., Siti Nor Yacoob., & Tan Jo Pei. (2011).</p><p>Family processes as predictors of antisocial behaviours among adolescents from</p><p>urban, single mother Malay families in Malaysia. Journal of Comparative</p><p>Family Studies, 42(4), 509-522.</p><p></p><p>Rue, D.L., & Espelage, D.L. (2014). Family and abuse characteristics of gang-involved,</p><p>pressured-to-join, non gang-involved girls. Psychology of Violence Journal,</p><p>4(3), 253- 265.</p><p></p><p>Rueben Ananthan, S.D. (2019). Crime trends and patterns in Malaysia. Dimuat turun</p><p>daripada https://kyotoreview.org/trendsetters/crime-trends-and-patterns-inmalaysia/</p><p></p><p>Ryan, R.M., & Connell, J.P. (1989). Perceived locus of causality and internalization:</p><p>Examining reasons for acting in two domains. Journal of Personality and Social</p><p>Psychology, 57(1), 749-761.</p><p></p><p>Saat Sulaiman. (2011). Tip menjadi ibu bapa mithali. Selangor: PTS Publishing House.</p><p></p><p>Sabitha Marican. (2005). Kaedah penyelidikan sains sosial. Selangor: Pearson Prentice</p><p>Hall.</p><p></p><p>Saedah Abdul Ghani., Zainah Ahmad Zamani., Roseliza Murni Abdul Rahman., Ariffin</p><p>Zainal., & Wan Shahrazad Wan Sulaiman. (2008). Family functioning and its</p><p>relation with self-esteem among drug addicts. Jurnal Anti-Dadah Malaysia,</p><p>3(1), 91106.</p><p></p><p>Sampson, R.J., & Groves, W.B. (1989). Community structure and crime, testing socialdisorganization</p><p>theory. American Journal of Sociology, 94(4), 774-802.</p><p></p><p>Sapto Pradityo. (2018). India jadi gangster di Malaysia. Dimuat turun</p><p>daripada https://news.detik.com/x/detail/intermeso/20180213/India-Jadi-</p><p>Gangster-di-Malaysia/.</p><p></p><p>Sarjit Singh Gill., Nobaya Ahmad., & Marof Redzuan. (2014). Urban poverty among</p><p>Indians in Malaysia: A naturalistic inquiry. Life Science Journal, 11(7), 21-26.</p><p></p><p>Sathish Rao Appalanaidu. (2015). Pertimbangan moral dalam kalangan pelajar</p><p>bermasalah disiplin: Penggunaan Sociomoral Reflection Measure-Short Form</p><p>Objective (SRM- SFO). Journal of Research, Policy & Practice of Teachers &</p><p>Teacher Education, 5(2), 50-64.</p><p></p><p>Sathish Rao Appalanaidu. (2018). Pertimbangan moral dan motivasi pelajar dalam</p><p>Pendidikan Moral. Journal of Research, Policy & Practice of Teachers &</p><p>Teacher Education, 8(2), 53-70.</p><p></p><p>Science dan Wellness. (2019). The Malaysian Indian community. Dimuat turun</p><p>daripada https://m.facebook.com/scienceandwellnessorganization/</p><p></p><p>Seffetullah Kuldas., Shahabuddin Hashim., & Hairul Nizam Ismail. (2015). Malaysian</p><p>adolescent students needs for enhancing thinking skills, counteracting risk</p><p>factors and demonstrating academic resilience. International Journal of</p><p>Adolescence and Youth, 20(1), 32-47.</p><p></p><p>Seva Mandir. (2015). Annual Report 2013-2014. Dimuat turun daripada</p><p>http://www.sevamandir.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Annual-Report-</p><p>2013-14.pdf.</p><p></p><p>Shahril Marzuki., & Muhammad Faizal. (2010). Pembangunan modal insan menerusi</p><p>keberkesanan pengurusan kewangan sekolah. Kuala Lumpur: PTS Profesional</p><p>Publishing S/B.</p><p></p><p>Shamsie, J., & Hluchy, C. (1999). Youth with conduct disorder: What is to be done?</p><p>Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 36(6), 405-414.</p><p></p><p>Shamsuddin Muhammad., Ruzlan Mohd Ali., & Siti Noor Ismail. (2016). Tahap</p><p>amalan penerapan kemahiran pemikiran kritis (KPK) di sekolah menengah</p><p>berprestasi tinggi, sederhanan dan rendah. Kertas kerja yang dibentangkan</p><p>dalam International Seminar on Generating Knowledge Through Research</p><p>pada 25-27 Oktober, 2016 di Universiti Utara Malaysia, Sintok.</p><p></p><p>Shankar Durairaja., Geshina Ayu Mat Saat., & Mohammad Rahim Kamaluddin.</p><p>(2019). Meneroka faktor demografi dan sosiologi yang mempengaruhi</p><p>penyertaan kumpulan kongsi gelap dalam kalangan masyarakat India. Jurnal</p><p>Akademika 89(1), 33-43.</p><p></p><p>Shaw., & Clifford, R. (1931). The natural history of a delinquency career. Chicago:</p><p>University of Chicago Press.</p><p></p><p>Silver, H. (1994). Social exclusion and social solidarity: Three paradigms. International</p><p>Journal of Labour Review, 133(1), 1994-1996.</p><p></p><p>Simons, R.L., Wu, C., Conger, R.D., & Lorenz, F.O. (1994). Two routes to</p><p>delinquency: Difference between early and late starters in the impact of</p><p>parenting and deviant peers. Journal of Criminology, 32(2), 163-310.</p><p></p><p>Sinar Harian. (2019, Sept 18). Kadar sebenar kemiskinan negara mungkin lebih tinggi:</p><p>Anwar. Dimuat turun daripada https:// www.sinarharian. com.my/ article/</p><p>48286/BERITA/ Nasional/Kadar-sebenar-kemiskinan-negara-mungkin-lebihtinggi-</p><p>Anwar</p><p></p><p>Sinar Online. (2015, April 11). Pelajar direkrut jual, menagih dadah. Dimuat turun</p><p>daripada https://www.sinarharian.com.my/politik/pelajar-direkrut-jualmenagih-</p><p>dadah-1.378495</p><p></p><p>Siti Eshah Mokshein., Kung Teck Wong., & Haniz Ibrahim. (2016). Trends and factors</p><p>for dropout among secondary students in Perak. Journal of Research, Policy &</p><p>Practices of Teachers & Teacher Education, 6(1), 5-15.</p><p></p><p>Siti Hatiza Amat., Droteh Ellin., & Ritah Majip. (2017, Sept). Kesan-kesan</p><p>Gangsterisme. Dimuat turun daripa da http:// tadroza .blogspot .com/2017/</p><p>09/kesan-kesan- gangsterisme.html</p><p></p><p>Siti Khariah Zubir., & Nor Hasimah Ismail. (2014). Pertentangan keluarga dalam novel</p><p>terpilih Fatimah Busu. Jurnal Sains Sosial dan Kemanusiaan, 6(1), 1-18.</p><p></p><p>Siti Nurshahizan. (2014). Gaya keibubapaan terhadap pencapaian akademik pelajar</p><p>sekolah menengah. Tesis Sarjana yang tidak diterbitkan, Universiti Tun Hussein</p><p>Onn, Batu Pahat.</p><p></p><p>Sivalingam, A. (1993). Economics problems and challenges facing the Indian</p><p>communities in Southeast Asia. Singapore: Times Academic Press.</p><p></p><p>Siwar, C., & Kasim, M.Y. (1997). Urban development and urban poverty in Malaysia.</p><p>International Journal of Social Economies, 24(1), 1524-1535.</p><p></p><p>South China Morning Post. (2013, Nov 4). Malaysia gang violence fed by guns, drugs</p><p>and race. Dimuat turun daripada https://www.astroawani.com/gayahidup/</p><p>drugs-guns- and-race-feed-malaysia-gang-violence-25030</p><p></p><p>Srimathi, S. (2016). Malay Tamils real-life Kabalis: Racial discrimination, unequal pay</p><p>and lack of jobs in the 1970s introduced many Tamils in Malaysia to a life of</p><p>crime. Dimuat turun daripada https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/</p><p>tracking-indian-communities/malay-tamils-real-life-kabalis/.</p><p></p><p>Stark, R. (1987). Deviant places: A theory of the ecology of crime. Journal of</p><p>Criminology, 25(4), 893-910.</p><p></p><p>Studwell, J. (2008). Asian godfathers: Money and power in Hong Kong and South-East</p><p>Asia. London: Profile Books Ltd.</p><p></p><p>Suboh, A., Azizi, N., & Hamzah, M. (2011). Masalah salah laku agresif di kalangan</p><p>pelajar sekolah rendah dan hubungannya dengan gaya keibubapaan. Journal of</p><p>Education Psychology and Counselling, 1(5), 77-93.</p><p></p><p>Sulochana Nair., & Sagaran, S. (2015). Poverty in Malaysia: Need for a paradigm shift.</p><p>Institutions and Economics Journal, 7(3), 95-123.</p><p></p><p>Suppiah Nachiappan. (2015). Analisis faktor penyumbang terhadap penyalahgunaan</p><p>dadah dan usaha pemulihan dari segi kognisi di pusat PENGASIH Malaysia.</p><p>Journal of Social Science, EDUCATUM, 1(1), 34-39.</p><p></p><p>Suppiah Nachiappan., Sandra Piriya Perumalsamy., Fatimah Haji Mohd Zulkafaly., &</p><p>Harikrishnan Andi. (2014). Penyalahgunaan dadah dan langkah mengatasi dari</p><p>segi kognitif di pusat Pengasih Malaysia. Journal Peradaban Melayu, 9(1), 176-</p><p>184.</p><p></p><p>Sweeney, R.B., & Bracken, A.B. (2000). Influence of family structure on children's</p><p>self- concept development. Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 16(1), 39-</p><p>52.</p><p></p><p>Syarif, Z., & Roslan, N.M. (2011). Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi remaja terlibat</p><p>dalam masalah sosial di Sekolah Tunas Bakti, Sungai Lereh, Melaka. Journal</p><p>of Education Psychology and Counselling, 1(1), 115-140.</p><p></p><p>Syazwani Drani. (2016). Dinamik kehidupan golongan gelandangan di Pulau Pinang.</p><p>Tesis doktor falsafah yang tidak diterbitkan, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kuala</p><p>Lumpur.</p><p></p><p>Syed Yasir Mahmood Gillani., Hafeez Ur Rehman., & Abid Rasheed Gill. (2009).</p><p>Unemployment, poverty, inflation and crime nexus: Cointegration and causality</p><p>analysis of Pakistan. Pakistan Economic and Social Review Journal, 47(1), 79-</p><p>98.</p><p></p><p>Talib, A.T., Gill, S.S., Kawangit, R.M., & Kunasekaran, P. (2013). Serdang U.P.M.</p><p>religious tolerance: The key between one ASEAN one comunity. Life Science</p><p>Journal, 10(4), 1382-1385.</p><p></p><p>Talib, J., Mamat, M., Ibrahim, M., & Mohamad, Z. (2012). Analysis on sex education</p><p>in schools across Malaysia. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences Journal,</p><p>59(1), 340- 348.</p><p></p><p>Tan Cheng Im., Ewe Mee King., & Abdul Razak Othman. (2012). Fostering 1Malaysia</p><p>concept in Malaysian preschools. International Journal of Early Childhood</p><p>Education and Care, 1(1), 30-45.</p><p></p><p>Tan, P.S., Tohid, H., Su, X.V., Tan, K.T.M., Azimah, M.N., & Khairani, O. (2012). A</p><p>study of pregnant adolescents residing in a government home: Common</p><p>characteristics and their views on the pregnancy. Journal of Malaysian Family</p><p>Physician, 7(1), 1115.</p><p></p><p>Tapia, M. (2011). Gang membership and race as risk factors for juvenile arrest. Journal</p><p>of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 48(3), 364-395.</p><p></p><p>Tasneem Sharief. (2015). The stateless Hindus of Malaysia: A whitepaper. Dimuat</p><p>turun daripada http://indiafacts.org/the-stateless-hindus-of-malaysia-awhitepaper/.</p><p></p><p>Tattum, G. (1986). Accumulation of problems in social functioning in young</p><p>adulthood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(1), 381-391.</p><p></p><p>Taylor, C. (1989). Dangerous society. Michigan: Michigan State University Press.</p><p></p><p>The Sutton Trust. (2010). Poor children twice as likely to begin school with behaviour</p><p>problems. Dimuat turun daripada https://phys.org/news/2010-11-poor-childrenschool-</p><p>behavior-problems.html.</p><p></p><p>theReporter. (2017, Ogos 17). KPM dedah senarai 402 buah sekolah Hotspot yang</p><p>bermasalah dari segi disiplin dan dadah. Dimuat turun daripada</p><p>https://www.thereporter.my/2017/08/kpm-dedah-senarai-402-buah-sekolah.</p><p>html?m=1</p><p></p><p>theStar. (2005, Dec 10). Poverty and crime the focus. Dimuat turun daripada</p><p>https://www.thestar.com.my/news/community/2005/12/10/poverty-and-crimethe-</p><p>focus</p><p></p><p>Thinagaran, M.D., & Mohamad Fazli Sabri. (2017). The financial status and factors</p><p>affecting personal well-being among urban poor in Kuala Lumpur. Malaysian</p><p>Journal of Sciences and Humanities, 2(1), 21-39.</p><p></p><p>Thompson, G.L. (2003). What African American parents want educators to know?</p><p>Westport, CT: Praeger.</p><p></p><p>Thornberry, T. (1994). Risk factors for youth violence. In McCart (Eds.), Kids and</p><p>violence. Washington DC: National Governors Association Press.</p><p></p><p>Thornberry, T.P., & Krohn, M.D. (1997). Peers, drug use and delinquency. New York,</p><p>NY: Wiley.</p><p></p><p>Thrasher, F.M. (1963). The gang: A study of 1,313 gangs in Chicago. Chicago:</p><p>University of Chicago Press.</p><p></p><p>Tuckman, B.W. (1965). Development sequence in small groups. Journal of</p><p>Psychological Bulletin, 63(6), 384-399.</p><p></p><p>UNDP. (1996). Urban agriculture-food, jobs and sustainable cities. New York:</p><p>Publication Series for Habitat II.</p><p></p><p>Ungku Aziz. (1964). Poverty and rural development in Malaysia. Jurnal Kajian</p><p>Ekonomi Malaysia, 1(1), 70-105.</p><p></p><p>UNHCHR. (2019, Aug 23). Statement by Professor Philip Alston, United Nations</p><p>Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights. Dimuat turun</p><p>daripada https:// www .ohchr.org/ en/NewsEvents/ Pages/Display News.aspx?</p><p>NewsID=24912&LangID=E</p><p></p><p>UNICEF. (2010). Children without: A study of urban child poverty and deprivation in</p><p>low-cost flats in Kuala Lumpur. Dimuat turun daripada</p><p>https://www.unicef.org/malaysia.</p><p></p><p>Unis, J.E. (2001). Gang affiliation in adolescence and attachment in infancy. Dimuat</p><p>turun daripada https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/studentwork/2134</p><p></p><p>Utusan Borneo. (2017, April 26). 402 sekolah hotspot dikenal pasti di seluruh negara.</p><p>Dimuat turun daripada https://utusanborneo.com.my/2017/04/26/402-sekolahhotspot-</p><p>dikenal-pasti-di-seluruh-negara</p><p></p><p>Utusan Borneo. (2017, Jun 20). 4 remaja di dakwa bunuh T. Nhaveen. Dimuat turun</p><p>daripada https://www.utusanborneo.com.my/2017/06/20/4-remaja-dituduhbunuh-</p><p>tnhaveen</p><p></p><p>Utusan Malaysia. (2009, Ogos 15). Tangani ponteng sekolah, gangsterisme Muhyiddin.</p><p>Dimuat turun daripada https:// waktusolat .net/arkibskb. blogspot.com/</p><p>2009/08/ tangani- ponteng-sekolah-gangsterisme.html</p><p></p><p>Utusan Malaysia (2009, Oktober 16). Salah laku murid meningkat. Dimuat turun</p><p>daripada https://cikguhaidi.wordpress.com/2009/10/16/salah-laku-muridmeningkat/</p><p></p><p>Vanassche, S., Sodermans, A.K., & Swicegood, G. (2013). The effects of family type,</p><p>family relationships and parental role on delinquency and alcohol use among</p><p>flemish adolescent. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 23(1), 128-143.</p><p></p><p>Vania Ceccato., & Peter Sturmey. (2017). Does Poverty Cause Violence? Dimuat turun</p><p>daripada https:// onlinelibrary. wiley. com/doi/ abs/ 10.1002/</p><p>9781119057574.whbva031</p><p></p><p>Voisin, D.R., King, K.M., Diclemente, R.J., & Carry, M. (2014). Correlates of gang</p><p>involvement and health related factors among African American females with</p><p>a detention history. Journal of Children and Youth Services Review, 44(1), 120-</p><p>125.</p><p></p><p>Wan Mardziyah Wan Hasbullah. (2005). Harapan pelajar terhadap penglibatan ibu</p><p>bapa di sekolah untuk pencapaian akademik. Tesis Sarjana yang tidak</p><p>diterbitkan, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur.</p><p></p><p>Whaley, K., & Swadner, E. (1990). Multicultural education in infant and toddler</p><p>settings. Journal of Childhood Education, 66(1), 238-240.</p><p></p><p>Wood, M., Furlong, M.J., Rosenblatt, J.A., Robertson, L.M., Scozzari, F., & Sosna, T.</p><p>(1997). Understanding the psychosocial characteristics of gang involved youths</p><p>in a system of care, individual, family and system correlates. Journal of</p><p>Education and Treatment of Children, 20(3), 281-294.</p><p></p><p>World Bank. (2005). Overview: Understanding, measuring and overcoming poverty.</p><p>Dimuat turun daripada http:// www .colorado.edu/ philosophy/ heathwood/pdf</p><p>/worldbank.pdf.</p><p></p><p>Yacoub Yarlina. (2012). Pengaruh tingkat pengangguran terhadap tingkat kemiskinan</p><p>Kabupaten/Kota di Provinsi Kalimantan Barat. Jurnal EKSOS, 8(3), 185-200.</p><p></p><p>Yuli Setyowati. (2005). Pola komunikasi keluarga dan perkembangan emosi anak.</p><p>Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi, 2(1), 67-78.</p><p></p><p>Yusof Boon., Azizi Yahaya., Shahrin Hashim., & Rosnah Ujang. (2008). Profiling</p><p>cases of gangsterism in school in Malaysia. Dimuat turun daripada</p><p>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/44161175_Profiling_Cases_of_Gang</p><p>sterism_in_School_in_Malaysia</p><p></p><p>Zaba. (1992). Mencari Keluhuran Budi. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.</p><p></p><p>Zahara, H., Abu Daud, S., & Nazri, M. (2009). Kepimpinan beretika dan</p><p>kecemerlangan organisasi dalam perkhidmatan awam. Jurnal Pengajian Umum</p><p>Asia Tenggara, 10(1), 39-52.</p><p></p><p>Zainiah Mohamed Isa. (2016). Modul literasi: Penglibatan ibu bapa bagi</p><p>mempertingkatkan pencapaian literasi kanak-kanak. Jurnal Bahasa, Pendidikan</p><p>dan Sastera Melayu, 5(1), 241-259.</p><p></p><p>Zainizam Zakariya., Norimah Ramli., Norhanie Mahjom., & Noor Fazlin Mohamed</p><p>Noor. (2015). The incidence and wage effects of over and under-education</p><p>among ethnic groups in Malaysia. Journal of Contemporary Issues and</p><p>Thought, 5(1), 82-98.</p><p></p><p>Zainol Abidin Ishak., Mohammad Nasir Bistamam., & Mohd Noor Saper. (2017).</p><p>Tahap salah laku disiplin pelajar sekolah-sekolah negeri Kedah. Journal of</p><p>Sosial Science EDUCATUM, 3(1), 41-50.</p><p></p><p>Zainudin Sharif., & Norazmah Mohamad Roslan. (2011). Faktor-faktor yang</p><p>mempengaruhi remaja terlibat dalam masalah sosial di Sekolah Tunas Bakti,</p><p>Sungai Lereh, Melaka. Journal of Education Psychology & Counseling, 1(2),</p><p>115-140.</p><p></p><p>Zakaria Stapa., Ahmad Mubawar Ismail., & Noranizah Yusuf. (2012). Faktor</p><p>persekitaran sosial dan hubungannya dengan pembentukan jati diri. Jurnal</p><p>Hadhari Special Edition, 1(1), 155-172.</p><p></p><p>Zanariah Noor. (2015). Penderaan kanak-kanak oleh ibu bapa atau penjaga dan</p><p>implikasinya mengikut undang-undang sivil dan undang-undang keluarga Islam</p><p>di Malaysia. Jurnal Sains Sosial dan Kemanusiaan, 7(2), 66-80.</p><p></p><p>Zarinah Arshat., Rozumah Baharudin., Rumaya Juhari., & Rojanah Kahar. (2002).</p><p>Tingkah laku keibubapaan dan penyesuaian tingkah laku anak dalam keluarga</p><p>berisiko di luar bandar, Pertanika. Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities,</p><p>10(2), 165-178.</p><p></p><p>Zig Ziglar. (2018). Zig Ziglar quotes. Dimuat turun daripada https://www.</p><p>azquotes.com/author/16182-Zig_Ziglar.</p><p></p><p>Zulhilmi, H. (2009). Penguasaan kemahiran 3M murid orang Asli. Perak: Perpustakaan</p><p>Tunku Bainun.</p><p></p><p>Zulkarnain Hatta., & Isahaque Ali. (2013). Poverty reduction policies in Malaysia:</p><p>Trends, strategies and challenges. Journal of Asian Culture and History, 5(2),</p><p>48.</p><p></p><p>Zuria Mahmud., Abdul Razak Habib., & Salleh Amat. (2001). Perkara-perkara yang di</p><p>ceritakan oleh remaja kepada ibu bapa: Satu kajian analisis mengenai</p><p>pendedahan kendiri. Jurnal Pendidikan, 26(1), 81-92.</p><p></p>

Hubungan sosioekonomi keluarga dan pengaruh rakan sebaya terhadap gejala gengsterisme murid India

Similar Items